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東南闕里 南孔圣地

2021-05-31 02:56葉維潔
文化交流 2021年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:南宗孔氏家廟

葉維潔

觀古今,人事即世事。要講述中華數(shù)千年的文明故事,終有一人繞不過去——孔子。數(shù)千年來,他窮其一生創(chuàng)立與弘揚的儒學(xué),至今仍是中華傳統(tǒng)文化的璀璨明珠。

尋蹤溯源孔家血脈,也終有一地繞不過去——衢州。

自唐朝以來,全國郡縣皆設(shè)孔廟,祭祀讀書人的祖師爺孔夫子。清朝末年,全國有大小孔廟或文廟6000多座。而孔子家廟“普天下唯二焉”,其一在山東曲阜,其二便在浙江衢州。

孔子是山東人,家廟為什么會在衢州?數(shù)千年后的今天,孔子思想如何影響著衢州百姓生活?當(dāng)?shù)匕傩沼质侨绾螌⑵湔湎?、傳承并發(fā)揚光大?

衢州,老城區(qū),新橋街上,孔子文化公園內(nèi),佇立著一尊高約9米、重13噸的孔子青銅巨像。金屬的沉與光的灼相互碰撞,孔圣人的恭安之貌也顯出威嚴(yán)。

所謂“仁者見山”。孔子像身后,是見證衢州人文歷史的府山。他雙眼目望向的那片紅墻黑瓦,便是孔氏南宗家廟,是他的后裔繁衍生息了將近900年的地方。

孔氏南宗家廟,位于衢州市區(qū)府山街道新橋街,全國僅存的兩個孔氏家廟之一,素稱“南宗”,為全國重點文物保護單位。

“清朝兵部尚書李之芳《清康熙衢州重修孔氏家廟碑》撰文刻碑:孔氏之家廟者遍行天下,唯曲阜衢州耳。”孔氏后人孔祥楷,目前是曲阜、衢州、臺灣孔廟最后的奉祀官。

衢州孔廟含家廟、孔府、花園。坊間有言“曲阜有廟沒有人,臺北有人沒有廟,衢州有廟又有人”。所謂“有人”,指的就是孔祥楷。家廟是祭祀祖先的廟堂;孔府和家廟一墻之隔,他兒時曾在此居住。

人間滄桑,國學(xué)又熱。1992年,衢州成為省歷史文化名城。1994年,衢州入選全國重點歷史文化名城。幾乎是所有衢州人的共識,衢州獲“歷史文化名城”殊榮的第一大功臣正是孔氏南宗家廟。

可是,衢州怎么會有孔氏家廟呢?

據(jù)《衢州孔氏南宗家廟志》記載:建炎二年(112年),宋高宗趙構(gòu)在揚州祭天,孔子第48代嫡長孫、衍圣公孔端友奉詔陪祭。此后,金兵大舉南侵,高宗君臣倉皇南渡。建炎三年正月,高宗駐蹕臨安(杭州),因孔端友率近支族人扈蹕南渡有功,賜家衢州建家廟。

元世祖忽必烈統(tǒng)一中國后,令南宗孔子第53代嫡長孫孔洙從衢州北遷,載爵去曲阜奉祀。接詔后,孔洙即進京向元世祖面陳兩難心境:衢州已有五代墳?zāi)?,若遵皇上詔令北遷,自己實不忍離棄先祖的墳?zāi)?若不離棄先祖廟墓,又將有違圣意??卒ㄔ笇⒆约旱难苁ス粑蛔尳o他在曲阜的族弟世襲。元世祖乃稱贊孔洙“寧違榮而不違道,真圣人之后也”。

就這樣,在衢州孔氏南宗的禮讓下,曲阜孔治獲得“衍圣公”世襲爵位。

1935年1月18日,國民政府任命孔子77代孫、衍圣公孔德成為奉祀官。與此同時,衢州第二任“大成至圣先師奉祀官”孔繁豪改任“大成至圣先師南宗奉祀官”。1944年10月,孔繁豪逝世,虛齡7歲的二房長子孔祥楷承襲世職。1993年,孔祥楷在闊別家鄉(xiāng)38年后,受邀重回故里“中興南宗”。

孔府與家廟一墻之隔,是孔子嫡裔長支世代居住和辦理廟務(wù)的場所。現(xiàn)在的孔府是1998年在考古發(fā)掘遺址的基礎(chǔ)上,依照原來的地基復(fù)建的。

現(xiàn)存家廟,建于明朝正德年間,屢毀屢修。1999年,衢州市人民政府修葺家廟并復(fù)建了家廟西軸線上的五支祠、襲封祠、六代公爵祠以及孔府、花園,并于2000年5月竣工。2008年,東軸線的建筑物全部復(fù)建,依次是家塾、恩官祠、啟圣祠、圣澤樓。

孔府大堂高懸的匾額上書“泗淛同源”?!般簟敝盖贰般羲?,孔子墓就在泗水河北岸;“淛”是“浙”的古體字。短短四字,象征南北同源。

歷經(jīng)風(fēng)雨斜陽,衢州孔廟的建制一直按南渡家廟的規(guī)制。獨有的思魯閣表達(dá)著強烈的思鄉(xiāng)之情。

對于衢州人而言,孔廟是生活的一部分。兒時,學(xué)校春游都會來;長大了,每每有客到訪,也總要帶他們來轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)。可許多人聽罷,常會驚訝“曲阜的三孔(孔府、孔廟、孔林)聞名天下,沒想到還有衢州?!?/p>

“沒想到”三個字,惹人惆悵。

“有作為才有地位!”孔祥楷的另一個身份是孔氏南宗家廟管委會主任,他常說的這句話,亦是行為準(zhǔn)則。回歸故里后,他主持“南孔”發(fā)揚光大。這些年,隨著研究、宣傳工作的到位,“南孔”名號日趨響亮。尤其在2004年,衢州恢復(fù)中斷半個多世紀(jì)的祭孔大典后,“南孔”逐步走向全國,乃至世界。

祭拜孔子始于漢朝,明清時規(guī)模達(dá)到巔峰。

“慎終追遠(yuǎn),民德歸厚矣”。今時今日,到底是“誰”在祭祀孔夫子?“南孔”祭祀大典的重要歷史意義,在于創(chuàng)新性地回答了這個問題。

主殿大成殿,是廟內(nèi)的最高建筑。殿內(nèi)正中是孔子座像,兩旁侍立著其子伯魚及孫子思像。

孟子說:“孔子之謂集大成。集大成也者,金聲而玉振之也。”孔氏家廟的主殿,即是大成殿??资夏献诩覐R的祭孔大典主場便在這里。

殿外,幾棵銀杏巋然,樹齡已近五百年。其對面懸掛著雍正帝所書匾額?!吧裎从小睅讉€大字,概括了孔子“前無古人”的存在。

殿內(nèi),懸掛的“萬世師表”則是康熙御筆,寓意孔子是所有人學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。匾額之下,是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)古代帝王形象的孔子。他在唐玄宗時期被封文宣王。獨子孔鯉(字伯魚)、孫子孔伋(字子思)分別在兩旁??讈诚鄠魇恰吨杏埂纷髡?。

大成殿內(nèi)外,祖孫三人與老樹,一同見證孔氏南宗的綿延不息,也見證當(dāng)代人對孔子的追思與傳揚。

為何,又何為“當(dāng)代人”?

2000年5月上旬,孔祥楷到家廟主持工作。對孔氏南宗家廟祭孔的定位,是他認(rèn)為做得最有意義的事件之一。“曲阜的祭祀活動中,參祭者有的穿漢服,有的穿明代或清代的服飾。有不少人認(rèn)為,祭古人,就須用古人的祭祀儀式。我覺得未必?!?/p>

在一篇回憶文中,孔祥楷這樣表述他的觀點:“紀(jì)念孔子的方式,各個時代有各個時代的形式。祭祀者當(dāng)穿當(dāng)代人的服飾,行當(dāng)代人的禮節(jié),必須撤去那些與當(dāng)代習(xí)俗不合的古禮?!?/p>

2004年9月28日,孔子2555周年誕辰紀(jì)念日,衢州舉行了新中國成立以來的首次祭孔大典,與在臺北孔廟、曲阜孔廟同步舉行的大有不同。

在形式上,“獻(xiàn)五谷”代替了“供太牢”;著現(xiàn)代裝的市民代替了著古裝的“演員”;改佾舞為朗誦《論語》章句,全場合唱《大同頌》,歌詞是《禮運·大同篇》。

在規(guī)制上,由樂、歌、舞、禮四部分構(gòu)成的傳統(tǒng)大型廟堂祭祀樂舞被大膽革新:歌舞部分獨立為大典前一天的紀(jì)念晚會;而其余部分則簡化為“禮啟、祭禮、頌禮、禮成”四個篇章,整個禮程不到40分鐘。

每年祭祀也各有偏重。逢“五”逢“十”年份舉行的社會公祭,盡可能擴大參祭人員范圍;剩余四年中,交替舉行孔子文化節(jié)和學(xué)祭,由各校校長、老師、學(xué)生參祭,祭祀主題可與當(dāng)下社會熱點結(jié)合。例如,借“六藝”,2013年的學(xué)祭主題是“推動現(xiàn)代職業(yè)教育”,全市各類職業(yè)院校都有代表參加。

與時俱進的祭孔大典,被更多人看懂、認(rèn)可、稱贊。

曾參加衢州祭孔的美國學(xué)者馬黛蘭教授,給孔祥楷致信說:“孔子是人,不是神。我們敬佩你們的膽識,理解你們的苦心……你們移走了大型銅塑行教像,廢止了牛羊祭品……是很了不起的創(chuàng)造!”

巴西戈亞斯聯(lián)邦大學(xué)校長愛德華,曾受邀參加過南孔祭祀典禮。特別喜愛儒家文化的他,對此念念不忘。他期待著進一步加深對中國儒學(xué)文化的理解。

越來越多的外國學(xué)者,愿意走近“南孔”,分享儒學(xué)。自2004年開始,衢州以祭孔大典為載體,以孔子學(xué)院為媒介,到2018年底,先后有來自57個國家的130家孔子學(xué)院的270位負(fù)責(zé)人來衢,或參祭,或訪問。

有專家認(rèn)為,孔氏南宗與北宗的最大區(qū)別,在于孔子從圣壇走向民間,從“神本位”走向“人本位”。2011年,定位“當(dāng)代人祭祀孔子”的“南孔祭典”被列入國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。經(jīng)過十幾年實踐,“南孔”的祭祀始終體現(xiàn)著當(dāng)代老百姓對偉大先哲的崇敬。

“南孔”是一段歷史、一種托思,更是一種無處不在、與人共生的精神符號。

別的景點,門票多是印著代表性照片的薄紙一張。衢州孔廟不然,門票是袖珍《論語》半部,或“上”或“下”。精心的設(shè)計出自北宋趙普“半部《論語》治天下”的典故。

為事在人?!叭鍖W(xué)對中國社會的影響深遠(yuǎn)長久??鬃铀枷牒诵氖侨剩追蜃咏涛覀冊趺醋鋈?,怎么在社會上與人相處。”在孔府生活的日子里,孔祥楷始終浸潤在“做人”的道理之中。

比如,孔府大門的紀(jì)曉嵐所題楹聯(lián),上聯(lián)“與國咸休安富尊榮公府第”中,“富”的寶蓋頭少了點,意為“富貴無頂”;又如,內(nèi)宅屏風(fēng)上所畫神獸“犭貪?? ”生性饕餮、貪得無厭,是告誡子孫不要貪贓枉法。

“飯疏食飲水,曲肱而枕之,樂亦在其中矣”。兩處地方恰恰呼應(yīng)著孔子的“安貧樂道”價值觀。

孔祥楷熟知廟中的任何細(xì)微之處?;▓@魚塘邊,賣魚餌的地方無人值守,唯有支付二維碼,游客自付自取。夏日出售雪糕也同樣。從某種意義上,這種“放權(quán)”是對人品德的信任。

國人尊儒。作為儒學(xué)核心,仁、義、禮、智、圣、恕、忠、孝、悌等思想,塑造著中華民族的品性。孔廟不遠(yuǎn)處的中國儒學(xué)館著墨儒學(xué),收集著豐富的儒學(xué)典籍與文獻(xiàn)資料,成為傳播儒家文化的大課堂。

將儒學(xué)文化視為核心競爭力,衢州儒學(xué)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)2012年起建設(shè),2015年成為國家級文化產(chǎn)業(yè)試驗園區(qū)。水亭門歷史街區(qū)是園區(qū)的核心區(qū)域之一。這片衢州傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)貌建筑最集中、歷史文化遺存最豐富的街區(qū),商鋪林立,人來人往,有產(chǎn)業(yè)的物質(zhì),也有儒學(xué)的精神,更有“衢州有禮”城市品牌的詮釋。

隨意走進一家餐館,“公筷行動”的海報廣而告之“用餐文明”。新冠肺炎疫情期間,《衢州市文明行為促進條例》明確把用餐時使用公筷公勺,列為餐飲服務(wù)機構(gòu)和個人的法定義務(wù)。這是把使用公筷公勺和分餐制首次寫入我省地方性法規(guī)。

教育,不是說教,是春風(fēng)化雨的潛移默化。種種細(xì)節(jié),源于2018年衢州向全社會發(fā)布的“南孔圣地·衢州有禮”城市品牌。衢州要以“禮”字為核心,撐起整個城市品格的“四梁八柱”。

“德不孤、必有鄰”“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎”……儒學(xué)不僅是中國文化的珍貴遺產(chǎn)和瑰寶,而且也是全人類的文化財富。

2018年,“南孔爺爺”卡通形象登上美國紐約時代廣場納斯達(dá)克屏。“南孔”這一儒學(xué)符號化為紐帶,聯(lián)通中國與世界。

在紀(jì)念孔子2567周年誕辰的孔子文化節(jié)上,華東師范大學(xué)國際漢語教師研修基地儒學(xué)文化體驗中心在衢州揭幕。衢州,由此成為向外國教師和學(xué)者展示中國傳統(tǒng)文化的一扇窗口。

與當(dāng)年孔子的教師身份一樣,這些來到南孔圣地進行中國傳統(tǒng)文化培訓(xùn)的海外漢語教師,是中文的教學(xué)者,也是中國傳統(tǒng)文化、儒家思想的追隨者、愛好者、傳播者。他們把從“南孔”收獲的中國故事,講給世界更多人聽。

城市是一本打開的書,從中可以看到它的古今。

論古,在“南孔”的影響下,衢州300公里之內(nèi),出現(xiàn)了朱熹、王陽明、呂祖謙、葉適、黃宗羲等大儒;論今,浸染了衢州每一個角落的儒家文化,正在“讓南孔文化重重落地”。

Quzhou—A City Forged by Confucianism

by Ye Weijie

History is made by people. One cannot talk about the Chinese civilization without mentioning Confucius (551-479 BC), whose legacy remains a resplendent pearl in the national spirit. If the best way to understand something is to start from its root, Quzhou is the place to be to find out more, for it hosts the ancestral temple of Chinas most famous teacher and the founder of Confucianism.

Confucianism was so revered throughout most of the history of China that Confucius temples were all over the country in the Tang times; and by the late years of the Qing dynasty, the number had topped 6,000. The consensus has long been reached that Qufu and Quzhou, where the Ancestral Temple of Confucius is a must-visit for any tourist, are the two places that best represent the architectural heritage of Confucius.

It is interesting to notice the fact that the legacy of Confucius is the spiritual base of a city that is thousands of miles away from the mans birthplace; and it is inspiring to see with ones own eyes the active interaction between the teachings of a philosopher born about 2,500 years ago and the Quzhou locals today.

The centerpiece of the citys Confucius Culture Park, seated on Xinqiao Street in the old town area, is a statue of Confucius, standing 9 meters high and weighing 13 tons. The statue is positioned to cast the gaze towards the ancestral temple, where the mans descendents thrived for more than 900 years. The statues solemnity is a perfect match to Fushan Hill, another “time capsule” emblematic of the historic and cultural profundity of Quzhou.

The Confucius complex in Quzhou contains an ancestral temple, the family mansion and a garden, and is rich in life because of Kong Xiangkai, one of the descendents of Confucius. His childhood years were spent here. Quzhou joined the first-tier legion of Chinas “most historically and culturally distinct cities” in 1994; and it has long been a consensus among all Quzhou people that the Confucius? estate is the biggest contributor to such a significant laurel.

Records of the time suggest that Kong Duanyou, the 48th-generation descendant of Confucius, was rewarded by Zhao Gou, the first emperor of Southern Song dynasty, with an ancestral temple built in Quzhou in 113 AD, after the emperor and his followers fled in the warring chaos to the south and settled down in present-day Hangzhou.

Kong Xiangkai, the eldest son of Kong Fanhao, former chief of Confucius sacrificial activities of Quzhou, took over the torch after his father died, in 1944, when he was only 7. Kong Xiangkai visited Quzhou in 1993.

Originally built for residential and administrative purposes, the family mansion that sits right next to the Confucius Temple is a remake of the archaeological remains excavated in 1998. The ancestral temple people see today is also a remake of the original structures, and the restoration of many elaborate architectural details took years to complete. The writings on an inscribed board that welcome the visitor into this hallowed ground suggest the Confucian traditions of Qufu and Quzhou share the same root. And a special zone in the Confucius Temple in Quzhou, named “Si Lu” to suggest homesickness, only adds to the genetic connection between the two ancestral sites.

For Quzhou people, the Confucius Temple is an integrac part of social and cultural life. It is a favorite destination of the spring outings of school kids, and is a must-visit for visiting friends and tourists. The ceremonial celebration of Confucius began in the Han times and culminated in the Ming and Qing years. In 2004, the Confucius? memorial ceremony was restored in Quzhou, after a hiatus of half a century, putting the Confucius cultural glory of Quzhou back into the limelight of the world.

The Dacheng Hall, the highest structure of the ancestral temple, serves as the main venue of the activities. The gingko trees outside the hall have been the witness of the enduring Confucius spirituality of Quzhou and how people today are still profoundly influenced by the philosophy of Confucius.

The devoted work of Kong Xiangkai injected new blood into the inheritance of Confucian culture in Quzhou. “It is time to take modernity into consideration by skipping some anachronic formalities in the celebration of Confucius,” he proposed in a visit to Quzhou in 2000.

The first major one of its kind crafted by Quzhou since 1949, the ceremony held on September 28, 2004 took on a new look, with many programs boldly re-designed and performers replaced with ordinary citizens, with the quintessence of Confucius culture beautifully maintained and interpreted at the same time. The celebration was shortened and took less than 40 minutes to complete. The reform also focused on expanding participation and was woven into a theme design that aimed to incorporate hot social issues into the activities.

“The changes are amazing, and we respect you for your courage to discard the old and decayed formalities and celebrates the human nature of Confucius,” an American scholar wrote a letter to Kong Xiangkai.

The Quzhou celebration became a state-level cultural heritage in 2011. By 2018, 270 representatives of 130 Confucius Institute in 57 countries had visited Quzhou for a better understanding of Confucius.

Today in Quzhou, the soul of the sage can be felt everywhere. The spirituality of Confucius has become part of the mentality of the locals, and is celebrated in the minutest details, including the elegant design of the tickets of the Confucius Temple.

The ideals of Confucius have become intrinsically entwined with the citys identity. In his younger years in Quzhou, Kong Xiangkai was immersed in the Confucian belief that all people-and the society they live in-benefit from a lifetime of learning and a moral outlook.

Confucianism is now the core cultural competitiveness of Quzhou. The citys Confucian Culture Park was unveiled in 2015 as a state-level cultural innovation unit. Located in the most historical block in Quzhou, it has become a bustling community rich in entrepreneurial passion interacting with the citys proud Confucian core.

Confucian culture is not only a gem of the Chinese civilization; it is a cultural treasure open for sharing by the entire human world. The city logo, “Grandpa Confucius”, was featured on the big screen of Times Square in New York in 2018, showing to an international audience how a city embraces its history and culture in its own way.

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