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蒼白球大麻素對大鼠運動行為的調控及受體機制

2021-07-08 10:49于錦錦薛雁劉翠陳蕾
關鍵詞:受體

于錦錦 薛雁 劉翠 陳蕾

[摘要]目的 探究大鼠蒼白球大麻素對運動行為的影響及受體機制。方法 將70只大鼠隨機分為10組,單側或雙側蒼白球分別微量注射含二甲基亞砜(DMSO)的人工腦脊液、人工合成大麻素WIN 55,212-2、大麻素1型受體阻斷劑AM 251、大麻素2型受體阻斷劑AM 630、WIN 55,212-2+AM 251、WIN 55,212-2+AM 630。采用爬桿實驗和提升軀體搖擺實驗觀察大麻素對正常大鼠運動行為的影響。結果 雙側蒼白球微量注射藥物后,WIN 55,212-2組大鼠爬桿時間較對照組明顯縮短(F=9.436,t=4.941,P<0.01);與WIN 55,212-2組相比,聯(lián)合給予AM 251和WIN 55,212-2可明顯阻斷WIN 55,212-2對正常大鼠爬桿時間的影響(t=3.565,P<0.05),而聯(lián)合給予AM 630和WIN 55,212-2不能阻斷WIN 55,212-2的效應(t=0.514,P>0.05)。單側蒼白球微量注射WIN 55,212-2可引起大鼠明顯的對側搖擺(Z=3.641,P<0.01);聯(lián)合給予AM 251和WIN 55,212-2可明顯阻斷WIN 55,212-2誘導的對側搖擺(Z=3.416,P<0.01),然而這一效應并沒有被AM 630阻斷(Z=0.764,P>0.05)。結論 蒼白球給予人工合成大麻素WIN 55,212-2可通過激活大麻素1型受體增強正常大鼠的運動行為。

[關鍵詞]蒼白球;大麻酚類;運動活動;受體,大麻酚,CB1;大鼠

[中圖分類號]R338.2

[文獻標志碼]A

[文章編號]2096-5532(2021)02-0178-04

[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the effect of intrapallidal cannabinoid on motor behavior of rats and the related receptor mechanism.?Methods A total of 70 rats were randomly divided into ten groups, and the globus pallidus at unilateral or bilateral sides was given microinjection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing dimethyl sulfoxide, WIN 55,212-2 (synthetic cannabinoid), AM 251 (cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist), AM 630 (cannabinoid receptor type 2 antagonist), WIN 55,212-2+AM 251, or WIN 55,212-2+AM 630. The pole test and the elevated body swing test were used to observe the effect of cannabinoid on the motor behavior of normal rats.?Results After the microinjection of drugs into the globus pallidus at bilateral sides, the WIN 55,212-2 group had a significant reduction in the time to reach the floor compared with the control group (F=9.436,t=4.941,P<0.01), and compared with the WIN 55,212-2 group, the administration of AM 251 and WIN 55,212-2 significantly blocked the influence of WIN 55,212-2 on the time to reach the floor (t=3.565,P<0.05), while the administration of AM 630 and WIN 55,212-2 did not block the influence of WIN 55,212-2 (t=0.514,P>0.05). The microinjection of WIN 55,212-2 into the globus pallidus at unilateral side induced significant contralateral-biased swing in rats (Z=3.641,P<0.01), and the administration of AM 251 and WIN 55,212-2 significantly blocked the contralateral-biased swing induced by WIN 55,212-2 (Z=3.416,P<0.01), while such effect was not blocked by AM 630 (Z=0.764,P>0.05).?Conclusion Administration of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 into the globus pallidus enhances the motor behavior of normal rats by activating cannabinoid receptor type 1.

[KEY WORDS]globus pallidus; cannabinoids; motor activity; receptor, cannabinoid, CB1; rats

20世紀60年代鑒定出大麻的主要活性成分為△9-四氫大麻酚(△9-THC)[1],而內(nèi)源性大麻素(eCBs)是由人類或動物自身合成的類似天然大麻素的生物活性物質[2]。內(nèi)源性大麻素系統(tǒng)(ECS)主要由配體、受體以及配體的合成和降解酶組成。配體主要包括2-花生四烯基甘油(2-AG)[3]和花生四烯基乙醇酰胺(AEA)[4],二者的三維構象均類似于△9-THC,人體內(nèi)2-AG的含量遠高于AEA,2-AG的基礎水平是AEA的千倍[5-6]。大麻素1型受體(CB1R)[7]和大麻素2型受體(CB2R)[8]是eCBs作用的主要受體,均為Gi/o蛋白耦聯(lián)受體。CB1R是大腦中表達最廣泛的G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體[9],而CB2R主要分布在免疫系統(tǒng)[3, 10],在腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)元中有少量表達[11-12]。大量的研究結果表明,eCBs在食欲、成癮、痛覺、情緒、習慣養(yǎng)成、學習與記憶、獎賞與動機行為等方面發(fā)揮重要生理功能[2,13]。解剖學研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CB1R在基底神經(jīng)核中廣泛分布,提示eCBs參與運動調控[14]。有文獻報道,CB1R敲除小鼠轉輪運動減少[15]。蒼白球是基底神經(jīng)核重要的組成部分,其神經(jīng)纖維可投射到基底神經(jīng)核幾乎所有核團,起著重要的運動調節(jié)功能[16]。大量研究證實,CB1R在蒼白球中的表達尤為豐富[17-18],但蒼白球大麻素系統(tǒng)對正常大鼠運動行為的調控及其受體機制尚不清楚。因此,本研究采用爬桿實驗和提升軀體搖擺實驗等行為學方法,探討蒼白球給予人工合成大麻素WIN 55,212-2對正常大鼠運動行為的影響及受體機制?,F(xiàn)將結果報告如下。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實驗材料

1.1.1 實驗動物 體質量220~300 g健康雄性Wistar大鼠,由濟南朋悅實驗動物繁育有限公司提供。大鼠飼養(yǎng)在室溫(23±1)℃、濕度50%~55%、12 h-12 h晝夜交替光照條件下,自由飲水和進食。

1.1.2 實驗藥品 人工合成大麻素WIN 55,212-2購自于Tocris公司,CB1R選擇性拮抗劑AM 251、CB2R選擇性拮抗劑AM 630購于Sigma公司。使用時,用二甲基亞砜(DMSO)溶解,人工腦脊液稀釋至10 μmol/L。

1.2 實驗方法

1.2.1 實驗分組 將70只正常大鼠隨機分為10組。其中6組大鼠進行爬桿實驗,雙側蒼白球分別微量注射以下藥物:①人工腦脊液(含有DMSO);②WIN 55,212-2;③AM 251;④AM 630;⑤AM 251+WIN 55,212-2;⑥AM 630+WIN 55,212-2。另外4組大鼠進行提升軀體搖擺實驗,單側蒼白球分別微量注射以下藥物:①人工腦脊液(其中含有DMSO);②WIN 55,212-2;③AM 251+WIN 55,212-2;④AM 630+WIN 55,212-2。

1.2.2 雙側蒼白球套管埋置 用80 g/L水合氯醛(0.2 g/kg)麻醉后,將大鼠俯臥位固定于腦立體定位儀上,在頭部正中位置做縱向切口,將骨膜剝離干凈,充分暴露前后囟,調節(jié)鼻夾高度使前后囟處于同一水平面。參考大鼠腦圖譜確定蒼白球位置:前囟后1.0 mm,旁開3.0 mm,顱骨表面下5.0 mm。在該坐標處用牙科鉆各鉆一個小孔,將外徑0.6 mm、內(nèi)徑0.4 mm、長度11.0 mm的自制不銹鋼管置入蒼白球上方,并用自凝牙托粉固定套管。術后連續(xù)3 d注射8萬單位青霉素防止感染。套管埋置后恢復5 d進行運動行為學實驗。行為學實驗結束后通過組織學檢查確定注藥位置是否在蒼白球。

1.2.3 爬桿實驗 爬桿實驗用于測試動物的運動功能[19]。不銹鋼桿高100.0 cm,直徑2.5 cm,桿的頂端裝有小球,為保證桿表面粗糙,用膠布將小球及桿包裹起來。行大鼠蒼白球微量注射藥物(每側0.5 μL)后,將其頭朝上置于桿頂部位置,測試并記錄大鼠爬下的時間。實驗前讓大鼠進行爬桿訓練1次,實驗時連續(xù)測定5次(每次測試間隔不超過30 s),取平均值。

1.2.4 提升軀體搖擺實驗 篩選沒有偏轉傾向的大鼠進行雙側埋管后恢復5 d,單側(隨機左側或右側)注射藥物進行實驗。將大鼠放入大鼠籠里適應10~20 min,捏住距尾根2.0 cm處提起大鼠,使其頭朝下鼻尖距箱底2.0 cm,觀察并記錄提尾10次中大鼠頭部左右偏轉方向及次數(shù),計算左右搖擺的百分率。大鼠頭部偏離垂直位角度大于10°認定為搖擺行為。

1.3 統(tǒng)計學分析

應用SPSS軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析。計量資料數(shù)據(jù)以x2±s形式表示,大鼠爬桿時間的比較采用單因素方差分析,事后檢驗采用Bonferroni法;搖擺百分率的比較采用Kruskal-Wallis檢驗,組間兩兩比較采用Mann-Whitney檢驗。

2 結 果

2.1 蒼白球微量注射WIN 55,212-2對大鼠爬桿時間的影響

爬桿實驗結果顯示,對照組(n=6)、WIN 55,212-2組(n=6)、AM 251組(n=6)、AM 630組(n=6)、AM 251+WIN 55,212-2組(n=9)和AM630+WIN 55,212-2組(n=6)大鼠爬桿時間分別為(7.16±0.64)、(4.29±0.52)、(6.45±0.34)、(5.81±0.17)、(6.18±0.29)、(3.99±0.30)s。6組大鼠爬桿時間差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=9.436,P<0.01)。組間兩兩比較,WIN 55,212-2組大鼠爬桿時間較對照組顯著縮短(t=4.941,P<0.01);與WIN 55,212-2組相比較,AM 251+WIN 55,212-2組大鼠爬桿時間顯著延長(t=3.565,P<0.05),而AM 630+WIN 55,212-2組大鼠爬桿時間無明顯變化(t=0.514,P>0.05)。提示蒼白球給予WIN 55,212-2可通過激活CB1R增加大鼠運動行為。

2.2 蒼白球微量注射WIN 55,212-2對大鼠提升軀體搖擺行為的影響

提升軀體搖擺實驗結果顯示,對照組(n=9)、WIN 55,212-2組(n=9)、AM 251+WIN 55,212-2組(n=6)和AM 630+WIN 55,212-2組(n=6)大鼠的對側搖擺率分別為(50.00±2.36)%、(80.00±2.89)%、(50.00±2.18)%和(83.33± 2.11)%。單側蒼白球微量注射的4組間比較,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(H=39.830,P<0.01)。與對照組相比,WIN 55,212-2組大鼠出現(xiàn)明顯的對側搖擺行為(Z=3.641,P<0.01);聯(lián)合給予AM 251和WIN 55,212-2可明顯阻斷WIN 55,212-2誘導的對側搖擺行為(Z=3.416,P<0.01),而聯(lián)合給予AM 630和WIN 55,212-2則未能阻斷大鼠對側搖擺行為(Z=0.764,P>0.05)。

3 討 論

大麻素受體廣泛分布于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),對運動行為產(chǎn)生重要影響。有文獻報道,CB1R敲除的小鼠轉輪活動減少,包括跑步距離、跑步時間和最大跑步速度均下降[15]。小鼠腹腔注射CB1R拮抗劑SR141716得到相似結果,小鼠跑步距離和速度呈劑量依賴性下降[20]。WIN 55,212-2是人工合成大麻素[21],通過激活CB1R和CB2R產(chǎn)生多種效應,如抑制γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)釋放[22-23]。蒼白球表達高水平的大麻素受體。爬桿實驗和提升軀體搖擺實驗是評估動物運動行為的有效方法[19],本研究采用此兩種方法觀察蒼白球微量注射WIN 55,212-2對正常大鼠運動行為的調控及其受體機制。爬桿實驗結果顯示,雙側蒼白球微量注射WIN 55,212-2的大鼠爬桿時間明顯縮短;提升軀體搖擺實驗結果顯示,單側蒼白球微量注射WIN 55,212-2的大鼠出現(xiàn)明顯的對側搖擺行為。上述研究結果提示,蒼白球給予WIN 55,212-2可增強正常大鼠運動行為。WIN 55,212-2可非選擇性激活CB1R和CB2R。

本研究進一步聯(lián)合給予WIN 55,212-2和選擇性CB1R阻斷劑或CB2R阻斷劑,觀察蒼白球WIN 55,212-2調控運動的受體機制。實驗結果顯示,蒼白球聯(lián)合給予CB1R阻斷劑AM 251可阻斷WIN 55,212-2對正常大鼠運動行為的增強效應,而聯(lián)合給予CB2R阻斷劑AM 630則不能阻斷WIN 55,212-2對運動的調控作用,提示蒼白球給予WIN 55,212-2主要通過CB1R發(fā)揮增強大鼠運動行為的作用。早期的行為學研究也揭示,單側蒼白球、紋狀體或黑質網(wǎng)狀帶注射CB1R激動劑CP55,940可能通過非多巴胺機制改善帕金森病模型動物運動障礙[24]。

眾所周知,蒼白球是基底神經(jīng)核功能環(huán)路的關鍵核團,起著重要的運動調節(jié)功能[25]。基底神經(jīng)核主要通過直接通路和間接通路調節(jié)機體的隨意運動、肌緊張等。直接通路是紋狀體表達多巴胺D1受體的中型多棘GABA能神經(jīng)元與基底神經(jīng)核輸出核團(蒼白球內(nèi)側段/黑質網(wǎng)狀帶)的單突觸聯(lián)系。間接通路則來源于紋狀體表達D2受體的中型多棘GABA能神經(jīng)元,通過蒼白球和丘腦底核發(fā)生神經(jīng)纖維聯(lián)系,再由丘腦底核發(fā)出谷氨酸能投射纖維至基底神經(jīng)核輸出核團。這些輸出核團發(fā)出抑制性GABA能神經(jīng)纖維投射到丘腦的外側腹核和前腹核,進而投射至大腦皮質運動前區(qū),形成一個神經(jīng)回路。直接通路提高大腦皮質的興奮性,而間接通路作用相反,兩者相互協(xié)調、相互制約[26]。如果位于間接通路的蒼白球神經(jīng)元興奮性增加,通過其發(fā)出的GABA能神經(jīng)纖維就抑制丘腦底核,降低基底神經(jīng)核輸出核團的興奮性,從而解除其對丘腦和大腦皮質運動區(qū)的抑制效應,增強機體運動。本研究觀察到,蒼白球給予WIN 55,212-2可增強正常大鼠運動行為,提示W(wǎng)IN 55,212-2通過激活CB1R增加蒼白球神經(jīng)元興奮性。有文獻報道,CB1R在腦內(nèi)主要分布在突觸前末梢,可抑制GABA釋放[22-23]。蒼白球接受大量來自紋狀體神經(jīng)元軸突末梢以及蒼白球神經(jīng)元軸突側支的GABA能神經(jīng)纖維支配。我們推測,蒼白球給予WIN 55,212-2可能通過激活突觸前末梢的CB1R,減少GABA釋放,增加蒼白球神經(jīng)元興奮性,進而發(fā)揮其對運動的調控效應。

綜上所述,蒼白球微量注射人工合成大麻素WIN 55,212-2可通過激活CB1R增強正常大鼠運動行為。本實驗結果為腦內(nèi)大麻素系統(tǒng)在運動調控中的作用研究提供了一定的實驗依據(jù)。

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(本文編輯 馬偉平)

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