宋立梅 肖志新 謝俊霞 徐華敏
[摘要]目的 研究1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氫吡啶(MPTP)誘導(dǎo)的帕金森?。≒D)小鼠模型黑質(zhì)(SN)及內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)(mPFC)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)變化。方法 將12只9周齡C57BL/6J雄性小鼠隨機(jī)分為對照組和MPTP組。對照組小鼠給予生理鹽水腹腔注射,MPTP組小鼠給予MPTP 30 mg/kg腹腔注射,5 d后進(jìn)行爬桿實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測小鼠的運(yùn)動協(xié)調(diào)能力,Western Blot檢測鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果 爬桿實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,MPTP組小鼠轉(zhuǎn)頭時間和下桿時間均明顯增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.420、3.464,P<0.05)。Western Blot結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,MPTP組小鼠SN區(qū)的重鏈鐵蛋白(H-Ferritin)和二價金屬離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白1(DMT1)表達(dá)明顯增加(t=3.969、3.333,P<0.01),轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體1(TfR1)表達(dá)明顯下降(t=2.318,P<0.05);兩組mPFC區(qū)的DMT1、TfR1和H-Ferritin表達(dá)差異均無顯著性。結(jié)論 MPTP能夠改變小鼠SN區(qū)的鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá),但并不影響mPFC區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]帕金森病;1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氫吡啶;鐵蛋白質(zhì)類;受體,轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白;額葉前皮質(zhì);黑質(zhì);小鼠
[中圖分類號]R338.2
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號]2096-5532(2021)02-0198-04
[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the changes in the expression of iron metabolism-related proteins in the substantia nigra (SN) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson disease (PD).?Methods A total of 12 male C57BL/6J mice, aged 9 weeks, were randomly divided into control group and MPTP group. The mice in the control group were given intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, and those in the MPTP group were given intraperitoneal injection of MPTP 30 mg/kg. After 5 days, the pole test was used to observe motor coordination ability, and Western blot was used to measure the expression of iron metabolism-related proteins.?Results The results of the pole test showed that compared with the control group, the MPTP group had significant increases in the time to turn around and the time to climb down the pole (t=2.420,3.464;P<0.05). The results of Western blot showed that compared with the control group, the MPTP group had significant increases in the expression of heavy-chain ferritin and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) (t=3.969,3.333;P<0.01) and a significant reduction in the expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) (t=2.318,P<0.05) in the SN of mice, while there were no significant differences between the two groups in the expression of DMT1, TfR1, and heavy-chain ferritin in the mPFC of mice.?Conclusion MPTP can change the expression of iron metabolism-related proteins in the SN of mice, but it does not affect the expression of iron metabolism-related proteins in the mPFC of mice.
[KEY WORDS]Parkinson disease; 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; ferritins; receptors, transferring; prefrontal cortex; substantia nigra; mice
帕金森?。≒D)是中老年人神經(jīng)退行性疾病中僅次于阿爾茲海默病的第二大神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,其主要的臨床表現(xiàn)為運(yùn)動障礙,主要的病理變化為黑質(zhì)(SN)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元受損,但其病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚未完全闡明。眾多研究結(jié)果已證實(shí),鐵代謝障礙參與了PD的發(fā)病[1-3]。1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氫吡啶(MPTP)是由1-甲基-4-苯基-4-丙氧基哌啶(MPPP)合成的副產(chǎn)物[4]。MPTP本身不具有毒性,但進(jìn)入大腦后在單胺氧化酶B(MAO-B)的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化成具有毒性的甲基-苯基-吡啶離子(MPP+),被多巴胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(DAT)特異性轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到SN多巴胺能神經(jīng)元內(nèi)誘導(dǎo)PD的發(fā)生[5-8]。有研究表明,MPTP能夠誘導(dǎo)小鼠SN鐵的沉積[9]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦內(nèi)鐵運(yùn)輸具有兩條途徑,其中一條途徑為腹側(cè)海馬(vHip)到內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)(mPFC)再到SN[10]。但是,此途徑異常是否是導(dǎo)致PD模型SN區(qū)鐵沉積的重要原因,目前尚未有報(bào)道。本研究采用MPTP誘導(dǎo)PD小鼠模型,檢測其SN區(qū)及mPFC區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)變化。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物 SPF級8周齡雄性C57BL/6J小鼠購自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動物公司。飼養(yǎng)條件:溫度(21±2)℃,濕度(50±5)%,12-12 h循環(huán)晝夜光照,自由飲水進(jìn)食。實(shí)驗(yàn)前適應(yīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室環(huán)境1周。
1.1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)藥品 MPTP(Sigma-Aldrich),用生理鹽水稀釋成6 g/L,注射量為30 mg/kg。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 動物分組及處理 將12只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠隨機(jī)分為對照組和MPTP組,每組6只小鼠。MPTP組小鼠連續(xù)5 d給予MPTP 30 mg/kg腹腔注射構(gòu)建亞急性PD動物模型,對照組小鼠給予等量生理鹽水腹腔注射。
1.2.2 爬桿實(shí)驗(yàn) 自制直徑1.2 cm、高50 cm的直木桿,桿頂部有一小木球,用紗布包裹防止小鼠打滑。實(shí)驗(yàn)前1 d訓(xùn)練小鼠,實(shí)驗(yàn)時在安靜的實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境下將小鼠頭向上放于爬桿頂端,用秒表記錄小鼠開始運(yùn)動至完全轉(zhuǎn)為頭向下的時間(轉(zhuǎn)頭時間)和小鼠爬下桿至四肢落地的時間(下桿時間)。每次檢測間隔1 min,共檢測5次,取平均值。
1.2.3 Western Blot檢測SN和mPFC區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)變化 行為學(xué)檢測結(jié)束后,給予小鼠聯(lián)合麻藥(水合氯醛+烏拉坦)40 g/L腹腔注射麻醉,在冰上迅速解剖SN和mPFC區(qū),將剖出組織按每4 mg加入100 μL裂解液充分研磨后冰上裂解30 min,4 ℃下以12 000 r/min離心20 min,提取上清。用BCA蛋白測定試劑盒測定蛋白濃度。按1∶4加入Loading buffer,金屬浴100 ℃煮5 min。蛋白經(jīng) SDS-PAGE 電泳(電壓80~120 V)后濕轉(zhuǎn)至 PVDF膜上,用含有50 g/L脫脂奶粉的TBST溶液室溫封閉2 h,再分別加入二價金屬離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白1(DMT1,1∶800)、轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體1(TfR1,1∶1 000)、鐵蛋白重鏈(H-Ferritin,1∶1 000)和β-actin(1∶10 000)一抗,4 ℃搖床過夜。加HRP偶聯(lián)的二抗(用TBST稀釋至1∶10 000),室溫孵育1 h。用UVP BioDoc-It成像系統(tǒng)(美國Upland)和ECL高靈敏化學(xué)發(fā)光液試劑盒(Milipore)顯影,采用Image J分析軟件進(jìn)行灰度值分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以x2±s表示,兩組數(shù)據(jù)間比較用Students t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 MPTP對小鼠運(yùn)動功能的影響
爬桿實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,對照組和MPTP組小鼠轉(zhuǎn)頭時間分別為(1.925±0.182)和(3.242±0.513)s,下桿時間則分別為(6.001±0.396)和(9.872±1.045)s,MPTP組小鼠轉(zhuǎn)頭時間和下桿時間與對照組相比較均明顯增加,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.420、3.464,P<0.05)。
2.2 MPTP對小鼠SN區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響
本文實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,與對照組相比較,MPTP組小鼠SN區(qū)H-Ferritin、DMT1蛋白的表達(dá)明顯增加(t=3.969、3.333,P<0.01),TfR1蛋白的表達(dá)明顯下降(t=2.318,P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 MPTP對小鼠mPFC區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響
兩組小鼠mPFC區(qū)DMT1、TfR1和H-Ferritin蛋白表達(dá)比較,差異均無顯著性(t=0.096~0.4279,P>0.05)。見表2。
3 討 論
PD是中老年人常見的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病,其臨床特征為靜止性震顫、肌強(qiáng)直、運(yùn)動減少等運(yùn)動障礙。目前PD的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,可能與環(huán)境因素、遺傳因素、氧化應(yīng)激以及炎癥反應(yīng)等有關(guān)。有研究表明,SN區(qū)的鐵沉積參與了PD的發(fā)病[11-12]。在MPTP和6-羥基多巴胺(6-OHDA)構(gòu)建的PD小鼠模型中均出現(xiàn)了明顯的鐵沉積及鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)異常[13-18]。
鐵代謝對于正常腦功能的發(fā)育至關(guān)重要。鐵攝取主要通過轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白(Tf)-轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體(TfR)途徑和非轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白結(jié)合鐵(NTBI)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑。Tf-TfR途徑被認(rèn)為是大腦攝取鐵的主要途徑,而TfR1是該途徑的主要受體。NTBI途徑主要通過DMT1來攝取二價鐵離子。鐵的儲存主要由鐵蛋白來完成,鐵蛋白由H-Ferritin和輕鏈鐵蛋白(L-Ferritin)組成,H-Ferritin具有亞鐵氧化酶的活性,能將二價鐵離子轉(zhuǎn)為三價鐵離子;L-Ferritin存在成核位點(diǎn),能促進(jìn)鐵核的形成。在腦鐵代謝過程中任何環(huán)節(jié)異常均可能引起鐵代謝障礙,導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生。有病例對照研究結(jié)果表明,Tf-TfR可能參與了PD的發(fā)病,其機(jī)制可能與多巴胺能神經(jīng)元內(nèi)的鐵代謝失調(diào)或線粒體功能障礙有關(guān)[19-21]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究證實(shí),DMT1表達(dá)增加和鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白(Fpn)表達(dá)下降可能是導(dǎo)致SN區(qū)鐵沉積的重要原因[14,22-23]。在PD病人和PD模型SN區(qū)均發(fā)現(xiàn),鐵轉(zhuǎn)入蛋白DMT1的表達(dá)明顯升高[22-27]。有研究結(jié)果表明,PD動物模型SN區(qū)的鐵轉(zhuǎn)出蛋白Fpn表達(dá)下降[14,23,28-29],但這一結(jié)果在PD病人中并未得到證實(shí)。
最新的研究證實(shí)了腦內(nèi)存在兩條鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑:一條是從vHip到mPFC再到SN的鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑;另一條則是從丘腦(Tha)到杏仁核(AMG)再到mPFC的鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑[10]。并且證實(shí)vHip到mPFC再到SN的鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑異常是焦慮發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)[10]。PD病人的臨床表現(xiàn)中,除運(yùn)動功能障礙外,還存在非運(yùn)動癥狀的發(fā)生如焦慮、抑郁及記憶力障礙等[30]。mPFC區(qū)主要負(fù)責(zé)情緒調(diào)節(jié),與焦慮、抑郁等有關(guān),但是PD病人mPFC區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)是否發(fā)生改變尚未有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)選用MPTP誘導(dǎo)的亞急性PD小鼠模型,進(jìn)行行為學(xué)和鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)檢測。行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,MPTP組小鼠轉(zhuǎn)頭時間和下桿時間與對照組相比均明顯延長,提示PD小鼠模型構(gòu)建成功。Western
Blot結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,MPTP組SN區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白H-Ferritin和DMT1表達(dá)水平明顯增加,TfR1蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯下降。提示DMT1的表達(dá)上調(diào)可能是SN鐵沉積的重要原因,而經(jīng)典鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑Tf-TfR途徑可能并不參與SN鐵沉積。此外,SN區(qū)H-Ferritin表達(dá)上調(diào),可能與SN鐵水平增加有關(guān)。但mPFC區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白DMT1、TfR1、H-Ferritin的表達(dá)與對照組相比均無明顯變化。表明MPTP誘導(dǎo)的PD小鼠模型鐵代謝蛋白的表達(dá)異常僅出現(xiàn)在SN,而mPFC區(qū)并無明顯的改變,提示mPFC區(qū)可能本身不具有儲存鐵的能力,與有關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致[10]。
綜上所述,MPTP能夠誘導(dǎo)小鼠運(yùn)動障礙及SN區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)改變,但并不會引起mPFC區(qū)鐵代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)改變。腦鐵代謝的機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜且目前尚未完全闡明,仍需進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)