司馬一民
又到端午節(jié),我們來讀一首與端午相關(guān)的詞——蘇東坡的《南歌子·杭州端午》(也有寫作《南歌子·游賞》的):
山與歌眉斂,波同醉眼流。
游人都上十三樓。
不羨竹西歌吹、古揚(yáng)州。
菰黍連昌蜀欠,瓊彝倒玉舟。
誰家水調(diào)唱歌頭。
聲繞碧山飛去、晚云留。
宋哲宗元祐五年(1090),蘇東坡第二次到杭州為官,這回做的官是知州。端午節(jié)時(shí),蘇東坡與朋友在杭州十三樓游賞,這首詞描寫了他們游賞的情景,當(dāng)然也有東坡先生的聯(lián)想和感受。
十三樓,宋代杭州的一處名勝。竹西,即竹西亭,唐代揚(yáng)州的名勝,《輿地紀(jì)勝》有述:“揚(yáng)州竹西亭在北門外五里。”揚(yáng)州竹西亭,得名于杜牧《題揚(yáng)州禪智寺》的“誰知竹西路,歌吹是揚(yáng)州”。菰黍,裹粽子的菰葉,這里指粽子。昌歜,把菖蒲嫩莖切碎撒點(diǎn)兒鹽上去吃。瓊彝、玉舟,玉制的酒器。
這首詞的大意為,青山如同歌女的眉毛那樣,清澈的碧波就像醉酒之人游離的眼光。游人都喜歡去十三樓賞玩,不再羨慕古揚(yáng)州那個(gè)笙歌悠揚(yáng)的竹西亭。吃著粽子和昌歜,喝著從玉壺里倒出來的美酒。是誰唱起了水調(diào)歌頭?歌聲環(huán)繞青山似乎要飛去,晚霞急忙過去將它留住。
這首詞,通過寫物,點(diǎn)出了時(shí)令端午;寫景不刻意,又有湖光山色之美;寫人很隨意,又含宴飲之樂;尤其是把景與人融合起來寫,有人與自然融為一體的意境。
欣賞完了這首詞,有兩點(diǎn)值得再探究一下:第一,十三樓在哪里?第二,宋代杭州人怎樣過端午?
我們先來說說“十三樓”。
宋孝宗乾道五年(1169年)周淙撰寫的《乾道臨安志》卷二有這樣的記載:“樓·十三間樓,去錢塘門二里許,蘇軾治杭日,多治事于此。廢?!?/p>
宋理宗淳祐十二年(1252)施諤撰寫的《淳祐臨安志》卷第六也有記載:“樓觀:十三間樓,去錢塘門二里許,蘇軾治杭日,多治事于此。今為相嚴(yán)院,在大佛頭纜船石山后?!本淼诰牛骸爸T石:秦王纜船石,在錢塘門外,昔秦始皇東游泛海,艤舟于此。陸羽《武林山記》云:‘自錢塘門至秦王纜船石,俗呼西石頭。北關(guān)僧思凈,刻大石佛于此。舊傳西湖本通海,東至沙河塘,向南一岸皆大江也。故始皇纜舟于此?!?/p>
南宋周密(1232—1298)撰寫的《武林舊事》“卷五·湖山勝概”同樣有類似的記載 :“十三間樓相嚴(yán)院舊名‘十三間樓石佛院。東坡守杭日,每治事于此。有冠勝軒、雨亦奇軒。大石佛院舊傳為秦始皇纜船石。俗名‘西石頭。宣和中,僧思凈就石鐫成大佛半身?;蛟疲骸峦êQ??!笔崂磉@三則記載可以得出這樣以下信息:
一是蘇東坡詞中的“十三樓”即“十三間樓”,省略一個(gè)“間”字可能是為了符合《南歌子》的句式。
二是“蘇軾治杭日,多治事于此”,蘇東坡在杭州為官時(shí)經(jīng)常去十三間樓?!爸问隆眱蓚€(gè)字有點(diǎn)費(fèi)解,是否可以把“治事”理解為處理公務(wù)?而且還“多”(經(jīng)常)?莫非東坡先生習(xí)慣在風(fēng)景宜人之處處理公務(wù)?如此瀟灑,很有可能。蘇東坡弟子秦觀有一首詩《東坡守杭》,似乎就記敘了蘇東坡處理公務(wù)的情形:
十里荷花菡萏初,
我公所至有西湖。
欲將公事湖中了,
見說官閑事亦無。
“欲將公事湖中了”,說的就是在西湖風(fēng)景區(qū)內(nèi),或船上或亭中,蘇東坡輕輕松松就處理完了公務(wù)。以此推斷,蘇東坡經(jīng)常在十三間樓處理公務(wù)完全有可能。在哪里辦公不重要,重要的是把公務(wù)處理好。
三是“十三間樓,去錢塘門二里許”,即十三間樓離錢塘門不遠(yuǎn)。具體位置在哪里?“十三間樓相嚴(yán)院舊名‘十三間樓石佛院……大石佛院舊傳為秦始皇纜船石。俗名‘西石頭。宣和中,僧思凈就石鐫成大佛半身?;蛟疲骸峦êQ??!笨芍g樓在大石佛院內(nèi)?!扒厥蓟世|船石”,即寶石山的“秦皇系纜石”?!按笫鹪骸奔创蠓鸲U寺,俗稱大石佛院,以有大石佛而聞名,在寶石山南麓。后周顯德三年(956),吳越國王錢弘俶始建此寺,時(shí)稱妙行寺。宋宣和元年(1119)寺毀。蘇東坡在杭州寫這首《南歌子》時(shí),十三間樓應(yīng)當(dāng)還在妙行寺內(nèi)或者附近。據(jù)傳宋時(shí)有位姓喻的小孩子,游覽西湖時(shí)見到“秦皇纜船石”,便立誓要刻石成佛。長大后便在妙行寺出家,法名思凈。他年復(fù)一年在寺旁纜船石上鑿石,宋宣和六年(1124),纜船石被刻成高達(dá)5米的大佛半身像。不久思凈無疾而化。元至元年間(1335—1340),寺殿被焚。明永樂年間(1403—1424),志琳法師重建寺院,明成祖賜寺額為“大佛禪寺”。清咸豐年間(1851—1861)寺毀,僧海萍重建。光緒年間(1875—1908),僧醒徹在石佛西建彌勒佛殿,并在大悲閣遺址建祖堂、僧房。
由北山路23號(hào)上幾十級(jí)石階,在長滿古樹、枯藤、灌木、荒草的石谷中,有塊巨石矗立其間,這就是當(dāng)年的“秦皇系纜石”,又稱大佛頭,旁邊有“杭州市級(jí)文保單位”的石碑。現(xiàn)有部分古建筑和乾隆御詩碑等鑲嵌在墻壁上。
這些都是后話了。
四是十三間樓不是單獨(dú)一座樓,是個(gè)景區(qū),里面有“冠勝軒、雨亦奇軒”等景點(diǎn),很可能還有其他景點(diǎn),所以才會(huì)“游人都上十三樓”,在蘇東坡任杭州知州時(shí)這里游客眾多。
五是“廢”。指的是南宋時(shí),十三間樓這個(gè)景區(qū)已廢棄或不存在了。
回過頭來,我們?cè)賮碚f說宋代杭州人怎樣過端午。
《武林舊事》“卷三·端午”的記載以宮廷官宦為主:
先期學(xué)士院供帖子,如春日禁中排當(dāng),例用朔日,謂之“端一”?;騻髋f京亦然。插食盤架,設(shè)天師艾虎,意思山子數(shù)十座,五色蒲絲百草霜,以大合三層,飾以珠翠葵榴艾花。蜈蚣、蛇、蝎、蜥蜴等,謂之“毒蟲”。及作糖霜韻果,糖蜜巧粽,極其精巧。又以大金瓶數(shù)十,遍插葵、榴、梔子花,環(huán)繞殿閣。及分賜后妃諸大? 近侍翠葉、五色葵榴、金絲翠扇、真珠百索、釵符、經(jīng)筒、香囊、軟香龍涎佩帶,及紫練、白葛、紅蕉之類。
大臣貴邸,均被細(xì)葛、香羅、蒲絲、艾朵、彩團(tuán)、巧粽之賜。而外邸節(jié)物,大率效尤焉。巧粽之品不一,至結(jié)為樓臺(tái)舫輅。又以青羅作赤口白舌帖子,與艾人并懸門楣,以為禳。道宮法院,多送佩帶符篆。
而市人門首,各設(shè)大盆,雜植艾蒲葵花,上掛五色紙錢,排饤果粽。雖貧者亦然。湖中是日游舫亦盛,蓋迤邐炎暑,宴游漸稀故也。俗以是日為馬本命,凡御廄邸第上乘,悉用五彩為鬃尾之飾,奇韉寶轡,充滿道途,亦可觀玩也。
《夢(mèng)粱錄》“卷三·五月”的記載側(cè)重于民間:
仲夏一日,禁中賜宰執(zhí)以下公服羅衫。五日重午節(jié),又曰“浴蘭令節(jié)”,內(nèi)司意思局以紅紗彩金子,以菖蒲或通草雕刻天師馭虎像于中,四圍以五色染菖蒲懸圍于左右。又雕刻生百蟲鋪于上,卻以葵、榴、艾葉、花朵簇?fù)怼?nèi)更以百索彩線、細(xì)巧鏤金花朵,及銀樣鼓兒、糖蜜韻果、巧粽、五色珠兒結(jié)成經(jīng)筒符袋、御書葵榴畫扇、艾虎、紗匹段,分賜諸閣分、宰執(zhí)、親王。兼之諸宮觀亦以經(jīng)筒、符袋、靈符、卷軸、巧粽、夏橘等送饋貴宦之家。
如市井看經(jīng)道流,亦以分遺施主家。所謂經(jīng)筒、符袋者,蓋因《抱樸子》問辟五兵之道,以五月午日佩赤靈符掛心前,今以釵符佩帶,即此意也。
杭都風(fēng)俗,自初一日至端午日,家家買桃、柳、葵、榴、蒲葉、伏道,又并市茭、粽、五色水團(tuán)、時(shí)果、五色瘟紙,當(dāng)門供養(yǎng)。自隔宿及五更,沿門唱賣聲,滿街不絕。以艾與百草縛成天師,懸于門額上,或懸虎頭白澤?;蚴炕碌燃乙陨煊谖鐣r(shí)書“五月五日天中節(jié),赤口白舌盡消滅”之句。此日采百草或修制藥品,以為辟瘟疾等用,藏之果有靈驗(yàn)。杭城人不論大小之家,焚燒午香一月,不知出何文典。其日正是葵榴斗艷,梔艾爭香,角黍包金,菖蒲切玉,以酬佳景。不特富家巨室為然,雖貧乏之人,亦且對(duì)時(shí)行樂也。
這兩則記載告訴我們,在宋代,端午是個(gè)重要的節(jié)日,端午期間的活動(dòng),既有祭祀的成分,又與驅(qū)邪防毒蟲侵害有關(guān),還有就是享樂了。
“與艾人并懸門楣,以為禳禬”,禳禬指古代為消災(zāi)除病而舉行的祭祀?!拔迦罩匚绻?jié),又曰‘浴蘭令節(jié),內(nèi)司意思局以紅紗彩金子,以菖蒲或通草雕刻天師馭虎像于中,四圍以五色染菖蒲懸圍于左右。又雕刻生百蟲鋪于上,卻以葵、榴、艾葉、花朵簇?fù)?。”“以艾與百草縛成天師,懸于門額上,或懸虎頭白澤?!薄笆腥碎T首,各設(shè)大盆,雜植艾蒲葵花,上掛五色紙錢,排饤果粽。雖貧者亦然?!边@些描述說明無論是宮廷還是民間,菖蒲、艾草都是作為驅(qū)邪防毒的用品被普遍采用的。人們還在身上掛香袋、掛驅(qū)邪消災(zāi)符,“以五月午日佩赤靈符掛心前”。過節(jié)當(dāng)然還少不了吃,不但吃粽子,而且吃“五色水團(tuán)、時(shí)果”等。
在宋代,端午“其日正是葵榴斗艷,梔艾爭香,角黍包金,菖蒲切玉,以酬佳景。不特富家巨室為然,雖貧乏之人,亦且對(duì)時(shí)行樂也”,這與紀(jì)端午節(jié)最初的來源似乎沒有啥關(guān)系了。
(作者系杭州市政協(xié)智庫專家、杭州文史專家。)
Su Dongpos Dragon Boat Festival in Hangzhou
By Sima Yimin
In the year 1089, Su Shi (1037-1101, also known as Su Dongpo) was appointed to Hangzhou a second time, to serve as its prefect. During the Dragon Boat Festival, Su Shi traveled to Shi San Lou in Hangzhou with his friends, and wrote a Ci poem about it.
“To the Tune of Nan Ge Zi: Dragon Boat Festival in Hangzhou”
Like singsong girls eyebrows the mountains stand, and like drunken eyes the lake ripples slow.
People all go to Shi San Lou.
Envying not the song-filled Zhuxi Pavilion in old Yangzhou.
Sticky rice dumplings and sweet flag, jade wine vessels flow.
Someone is chanting the prelude to water melody high and low.
Around the green mountains, the song is flying away, only to be held by the sunset glow.
Befitting the traditions of the Dragon Boat Festival, as the poem described, people went on an outing to the mountains and lakeside, enjoying sticky rice dumplings and a bit alcohol. According to Su Shi, they also thronged to one place—Shi San Lou.
Which then begs the question: what is Shi San Lou and where is it?
Shi San Lou, literally “a house with thirteen rooms”, “was about two li [half a kilometer] away from the Qiantang Gate,” according to the Annals of Linan during the Reign of Qiandao, written in the year 1169, “When Su Shi was in Hangzhou, he often executed his official duties here. Disused.”
In the Annals of Linan during the Reign of Chunyou,compiled in the year 1252, an almost identical entry could be found, except that some additional information was also provided, “…Now the place is Stone Buddha Court, situated behind the large Buddha stone around which Emperor Qin Shi Huang was said to have once tied his touring boat.” It explained, “West Lake was believed to be connected with the sea some time ago…Therefore, Emperor Qin Shi Huang anchored his boat here.”
Walking up scores of stone steps along the trail lying at No. 23 Beishan Road, people today will still find the giant Buddha stone in a stony valley overgrown with old trees, withered vines, shrubs and weeds.
As to Shi San Lou, as indicated in the annals, it had already ceased to exist in Southern Song (1127-1279). The “house with thirteen rooms” was in fact not a single house, but a “scenic area”, which also contained other “scenic spots”, such as Guansheng Pavilion, Yuyiqi Pavilion. No wonder Su Shi preferred to go through official business amid such poetic surroundings.
While the disappearance of Shi San Lou might have meant one less place for Hangzhou people to go during the Dragon Boat Festival,shelves with food plates are set up, posters of Taoist Celestial Master Zhang on a tiger are pasted on doors…threads of five colors are worn…perfume satchels in the shape of centipedes, snakes, scorpions, lizards, spiders, namely the so-called ‘poisons, are carried around…” the customs of the imperial court were documented as such in Wulin Jiushi, or Ancient Matters from Wulin Garden, a book reporting the happenings of Linan (present-day Hangzhou), capital of Southern Song at that time.
Indeed, Menglianglu, or A Dream of Sorghum, another book about Linan during the same period, recorded quite similar, albeit less extravagant, customs among the general public: rituals of a sacrificial nature, charms and perfume satchels to ward off evils and the poisonous insects, and, last but not least, food, i.e. sticky rice dumplings, in-season fruit and wine, among others.
The Dragon Boat Festival during the Song dynasty, therefore, seems less to do with commemorating Qu Yuan (ca. 340-278 BC), a patriotic poet in the latter part of the Warring States Period (476-221 BC), from whom the Dragon Boat Festival is widely believed to have originated, and more to do with performing sacrificial rites, exorcising evil spirits, repelling poisonous insects and of course having a little fun.