王嵩

英語分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)，在學(xué)習(xí)與使用中，如果不注意就會出現(xiàn)誤用語態(tài)、誤用構(gòu)成、漏用詞、誤用詞或詞組等錯誤。下面把這些情況分別作示例解析，供同學(xué)們參考。

一、誤用語態(tài)

練習(xí)：選擇正確的答案

1. —Have all the students known that our class will visit the factory this afternoon？

—Yes， every student _____ about it.

A. tells B. told C. was told D. has told

2. —Dad， please open the door， it _____.

—OK， dear. I’m coming.

A. locks B. locked C. is locked D. was locked

3. The story _____ hundreds _____ years ago.

A. was happened; of B. happened; of C. was happened; × D. happened; ×

4. Everyone says the novel is worth _____ because it’s very interesting.

A. to read B. read C. reading D. to be read

簡析：

1.常會有“人作主語用主動語態(tài)”的思維定式，從而誤選主動語態(tài)。

2.本句為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，而非被動結(jié)構(gòu)。

3.用漢語思維選會選擇A項。happen為不及物動詞，沒有被動語態(tài)。

4.此處為主動形式表被動意義。

答案：C、B、B、C。

主語是動作的執(zhí)行者即謂語動作是主語發(fā)出的用主動語態(tài);強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者即謂語動作不是主語發(fā)出的、不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者時用被動語態(tài)。

二、誤用構(gòu)成

練習(xí)：用所給詞適當(dāng)?shù)男问教羁?/p>

1. It （say） that over 20 people died in the big fire.

2. This song is often （sing） by children.

3. This dictionary mustn’t （take） away from the library.

4. The new computers （give） to the village school as presets last month.

解析：1.“據(jù)說”譯為“It’s said that”，故應(yīng)填is said。

2. sing的過去分詞應(yīng)為sung，故應(yīng)填sung。

3. 含情態(tài)動詞構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)形式為：情態(tài)動詞 + be + 過去分詞，應(yīng)填be taken。

4. 應(yīng)填一般過去時的被動語態(tài)即were given。

被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成不能缺“be”和“過去分詞”任何一個，被動語態(tài)各種時態(tài)均取決于be的變化。

三、漏用詞

練習(xí)：把下列句子改為被動語態(tài)

1. Someone bought him a present.

誤：A present was bought him.

析：him后加for。帶雙賓語的主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)時，當(dāng)直接賓語作主語時，要在間接賓語前加介詞“for”或“to”。如：

A present was given to everybody here. 這兒人人都給了一份禮物。

2. We often hear Ken apologize to his teacher.

誤：Ken is often heard apologize to his teacher.

析：heard后加to。在see/ hear / feel / let / make等動詞后，作“賓補(bǔ)”的不定式在主動語態(tài)下不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后要還原to。如：

The man was made to pay for the lost book. 這個人要賠丟失的書。

3. We must take good care of the old man.

誤：The old man must be taken good care.

析：care后加of。構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的動詞短語是一個整體，不能省略動詞后的介詞或副詞。如：

The letter was written to him. 這封信是寫給他的。

四、誤用詞或短語

練習(xí)：翻譯句子

1. 我習(xí)慣于起早。

誤：I’m always used to get up early.

正：I’m always used to getting up early.

析：used to do sth.意為“過去常常做某事”，be used to doing意為“習(xí)慣于……”。如：

She used to drink a cup of tea before he had breakfast. 以前，她常在早餐前喝一杯茶。

2. 郵票是用來寄信的。

誤：Stamps are used by sending letters.

正：Stamps are used to send / for sending letters.

Be used to do / for doing sth.均有“被用于……”之義，be used by意為“被……所使用”。

3. 中國共產(chǎn)黨是1921年7月1日誕生的。

誤：The Party was found on July 1st， 1921.

正：The Party was founded on July 1st， 1921.

析：found為find的過去分詞，意為“找到”;而founded為found的過去分詞，意為“建立”“成立”。