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辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)設(shè)計與試驗(yàn)

2021-09-16 08:27韓長杰肖立強(qiáng)李洪雷
農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報 2021年13期
關(guān)鍵詞:棘輪氣缸辣椒

韓長杰,肖立強(qiáng),徐 陽,張 靜,李洪雷

辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)設(shè)計與試驗(yàn)

韓長杰1,肖立強(qiáng)1,徐 陽1,張 靜1,李洪雷2

(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)電工程學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052;2. 德州福瑞特農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械制造有限公司,德州 253000)

針對新疆廣泛應(yīng)用的半自動辣椒移栽機(jī)效率低、勞動強(qiáng)度大的問題,該研究設(shè)計了一種辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)。整機(jī)主要由全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)與栽植機(jī)構(gòu)組成,采用整排取苗再分苗投苗的方式,實(shí)現(xiàn)128(16列×8行)穴辣椒穴盤苗的自動取苗、投苗。在分析現(xiàn)有移栽機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理的基礎(chǔ)上,確定了辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)的整體結(jié)構(gòu),完成了全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)設(shè)計;制定了全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)的氣動回路方案,并基于FluidSIM軟件進(jìn)行仿真及優(yōu)化。采用平均苗高166.7 mm的辣椒苗,以取投苗成功率,栽植頻率,株距變異系數(shù),倒伏率為評價指標(biāo)進(jìn)行田間試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:在工作氣壓0.4 MPa及移栽機(jī)作業(yè)速度1.4~1.7 km/h時,平均取投苗成功率為97.07%,栽植頻率為123株/min,倒伏率1.67%,株距變異系數(shù)為3.67%,各項性能指標(biāo)均滿足辣椒穴盤苗移栽的農(nóng)藝要求。該研究可為自動化移栽機(jī)的研究提供參考。

農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械;設(shè)計;試驗(yàn);自動移栽機(jī);辣椒穴盤苗;氣動

0 引 言

育苗移栽技術(shù)有提高蔬菜生長期間抗災(zāi)能力、增加幼苗成活率、提高蔬菜品質(zhì)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),目前新疆的辣椒種植已經(jīng)開始大力推廣育苗移栽技術(shù)。新疆辣椒移栽作業(yè)以半自動辣椒移栽機(jī)為主,移栽作業(yè)時人工取苗、輸苗,勞動強(qiáng)度大、成本高、效率低[1-4]。辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)可實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化自動取苗、投苗,提高工作效率,降低勞動強(qiáng)度,因此,辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)是新疆地區(qū)現(xiàn)階段迫切需求的種植機(jī)械。

發(fā)達(dá)國家蔬菜移栽機(jī)的形式主要分為2類,以日本為代表的小型自動移栽機(jī)和以歐美為代表的大型自動移栽機(jī)[5-7]。小型自動移栽機(jī)如日本洋馬株式會社生產(chǎn)的PA10型及PW10型自動移栽機(jī),久保田株式會社生產(chǎn)的A500型及SKP-100mpci型自動蔬菜移栽機(jī),其自動化程度高、穩(wěn)定性好,但只適合小地塊壟上移栽,不適合新疆大田作業(yè)。大型自動移栽機(jī)如意大利Ferrari公司生產(chǎn)的Futura自動移栽機(jī),美國FMC及英國Pearson生產(chǎn)的全自動移栽機(jī),其整機(jī)體積龐大、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,無法在新疆推廣應(yīng)用[8]。為滿足國內(nèi)作物移栽的農(nóng)藝要求,一些學(xué)者提出了夾莖式[9-11]、夾缽式[12-16]、頂出式[17-20]等多種取投苗機(jī)構(gòu),文永雙等[21]結(jié)合頂出式和插入夾持式取苗設(shè)計了一種插入頂出式取苗裝置,解決了蔬菜穴盤苗自動取苗裝置結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、取苗性能差等問題。王蒙蒙等[22]基于辣椒穴盤苗抗壓特性設(shè)計了一種曲柄擺桿式夾苗機(jī)構(gòu),對不同含水率穴盤苗適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、損傷小。張靜等[23]設(shè)計了一種可實(shí)現(xiàn)整排取苗間隔投苗的機(jī)械驅(qū)動式自動取投苗系統(tǒng),利用凸輪與齒輪齒條結(jié)合的機(jī)械驅(qū)動方式代替電氣裝置,完成自動取投苗作業(yè),但取投苗效率不高、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、整機(jī)質(zhì)量大。作者實(shí)地調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),新疆巴州良佳公司設(shè)計了一種回轉(zhuǎn)夾莖式自動移栽機(jī),移栽效率有所提高,但該機(jī)分苗漏斗有卡苗現(xiàn)象。山東青州火絨機(jī)械制造有限公司設(shè)計了一種單擺夾缽式自動移栽機(jī),取苗適應(yīng)性好,但需要2名作業(yè)人員在兩側(cè)放置苗盤,人工成本高。

基于以上分析,為進(jìn)一步提高自動移栽機(jī)的工作效率及穩(wěn)定性,本文采用整排取苗再分苗投苗的方式,由機(jī)械構(gòu)件觸發(fā)機(jī)械閥,按順序控制氣缸運(yùn)動,完成穴盤苗的自動移栽。通過理論與試驗(yàn),驗(yàn)證辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)設(shè)計的合理性。

1 辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)

1.1 整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)

辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)如圖1所示,由懸掛主梁、栽植機(jī)構(gòu)、地輪、機(jī)架、全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)組成。全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)如圖2所示,由取投苗機(jī)構(gòu)、移盤機(jī)構(gòu)、柔性鏈輸苗機(jī)構(gòu)、氣動系統(tǒng)組成。

1.2 工作原理

辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)由拖拉機(jī)牽引,拖拉機(jī)動力輸出軸驅(qū)動的空氣壓縮機(jī)產(chǎn)生壓縮空氣為全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)提供動力,地輪驅(qū)動栽植機(jī)構(gòu)和柔性鏈輸苗機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)動。穴盤苗被移盤機(jī)構(gòu)輸送至取苗位置,取投苗機(jī)構(gòu)將取苗位置的穴盤苗移動至投苗位置并投入柔性鏈輸苗機(jī)構(gòu)的苗杯中,柔性鏈輸苗機(jī)構(gòu)將苗杯中的穴盤苗逐個投入栽植機(jī)構(gòu),由栽植機(jī)構(gòu)將穴盤苗植入土壤中。

全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)的升降氣缸由機(jī)械閥DT0控制,步進(jìn)氣缸、移位氣缸、分苗氣缸由機(jī)械閥DT1控制,夾苗裝置氣缸及升降控制氣缸由機(jī)械閥DT2控制。辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)工作原理如圖3所示,柔性鏈輸苗機(jī)構(gòu)每輸送8個苗杯,投苗控制裝置觸發(fā)一次機(jī)械閥DT2,夾苗裝置將8株穴盤苗投入苗杯中,取苗中,升降控制氣缸觸發(fā)機(jī)械閥DT0,升降氣缸驅(qū)動夾苗裝置及行程槽板下降,行程槽板下降至最低位置時觸發(fā)機(jī)械閥DT1,移位氣缸及分苗氣缸驅(qū)動各夾苗裝置移位合并至取苗位置,夾苗裝置固定架觸發(fā)機(jī)械閥DT2,夾苗裝置夾取8株穴盤苗;投苗中,機(jī)械閥DT0彈簧自動復(fù)位,升降氣缸驅(qū)動夾苗裝置及行程槽板上升,行程槽板上升至最高位置時觸發(fā)機(jī)械閥DT1,移位氣缸及分苗氣缸驅(qū)動各夾苗裝置移位分散至對應(yīng)苗杯上方,等待投苗,同時移盤機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行縱向移盤動作,準(zhǔn)備執(zhí)行下次取苗過程。

1.3 性能參數(shù)

辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)性能參數(shù)如表1所示。

2 關(guān)鍵部件設(shè)計

2.1 移盤機(jī)構(gòu)

移盤機(jī)構(gòu)用于苗盤的進(jìn)給。如圖4所示,該機(jī)構(gòu)由主動軸、主動鏈輪、變步距角棘輪裝置、步進(jìn)氣缸、鏈條、苗盤推桿、中心導(dǎo)向桿、從動軸、從動鏈輪組成。作業(yè)人員將苗盤倒V型間隙卡在移盤機(jī)構(gòu)中的苗盤推桿上,機(jī)械閥DT1來控制步進(jìn)氣缸做往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動,通過變步距角棘輪裝置驅(qū)動主動軸作間歇轉(zhuǎn)動,主動軸帶動苗盤推桿移動,使穴盤向取苗位置進(jìn)給;主動軸另一端部設(shè)有摩擦輪,產(chǎn)生一定的摩擦力,防止棘輪由于慣性轉(zhuǎn)動,導(dǎo)致苗盤位移不準(zhǔn)確。

2.1.1 苗盤推桿與苗穴的運(yùn)動學(xué)分析

如圖5所示,將苗盤的進(jìn)給運(yùn)動分2個階段,第1階段從放苗盤位置,直線進(jìn)給至取苗位置;第2階段取苗完成后,苗盤在左右側(cè)板的限制下,進(jìn)行曲線運(yùn)動,隨從動鏈輪向下彎曲,從移盤機(jī)構(gòu)底部送出。為避免苗盤在運(yùn)動過程中與苗盤推桿相互干涉,對苗盤推桿與苗穴的運(yùn)動軌跡進(jìn)行分析。

根據(jù)圖5的幾何關(guān)系有:

式中1為從動鏈輪齒數(shù);l為苗盤推桿圓心至點(diǎn)的距離,mm;l為點(diǎn)至點(diǎn)的距離,mm。128穴軟苗盤常規(guī)尺寸3≈100°,縱向苗穴間距為31.75 mm,l為半個縱向苗穴間距,取l=15.875 mm,且由式(1)可得1>36,為保證移盤機(jī)構(gòu)動作順暢及鏈輪齒數(shù)常選奇數(shù),取1=51,計算得≥129 mm時,苗盤推桿與苗穴不相互干涉。

2.1.2 變步距角棘輪裝置的運(yùn)動學(xué)分析

變步距角棘輪裝置用于苗盤的變步距角進(jìn)給,實(shí)現(xiàn)兩銜接苗盤間隙的跨越。如圖6所示,變步距角棘輪裝置由棘輪、棘爪搖臂、棘爪、棘爪固定轉(zhuǎn)軸、棘爪彈簧組成,棘爪搖臂受往復(fù)運(yùn)動的步進(jìn)氣缸驅(qū)動,做往復(fù)擺動,棘爪隨棘爪搖臂往復(fù)擺動,棘爪受棘爪彈簧控制,始終與棘輪外邊緣接觸;棘爪搖臂帶動棘爪每次滑過的步距角大于1個正常棘齒加特殊棘齒的距離,且接近2個正常棘齒距離,即每次棘爪推動棘輪轉(zhuǎn)動1個步距角,僅當(dāng)棘爪從特殊棘齒上滑過時,棘輪隨棘爪向前推進(jìn)2個步距角2。移盤機(jī)構(gòu)中鏈條旋轉(zhuǎn)1周可放置3個苗盤,每個苗盤對應(yīng)5根(一組)苗盤推桿,每組首根苗盤推桿標(biāo)記為紅色,兩銜接苗盤間隙為一個縱向苗穴間距,紅色苗盤推桿與棘輪的特殊棘齒相對位置對應(yīng)不變,放置苗盤時,將苗盤起始行置于紅色苗盤推桿位置即可實(shí)現(xiàn)苗盤變步距進(jìn)給。

1.主動軸 2.棘輪 3.棘爪彈簧 4.棘爪 5.棘爪搖臂 6.步進(jìn)氣缸 7.連桿 8.棘爪固定轉(zhuǎn)軸 9.特殊棘齒

1.Driving shaft 2.Ratchet 3.Pawl spring 4.Pawl 5.Pawl rocker arm 6.Stepping cylinder 7.Connecting rod 8.Pawl fixed shaft 9. Special ratch

注:為步進(jìn)氣缸在初始位置時與連桿鉸接點(diǎn)的位置;為步進(jìn)氣缸在初始位置時連桿與棘爪鉸接點(diǎn)的位置;為步進(jìn)氣缸在終止位置時與連桿鉸接點(diǎn)的位置;為步進(jìn)氣缸在終止位置時連桿與棘爪鉸接點(diǎn)的位置;為步進(jìn)氣缸活塞桿中心軸線至軸的垂直距離,mm;φ為棘爪搖臂的工作轉(zhuǎn)角,(°);為步進(jìn)氣缸在初始位置時棘爪搖臂與軸的夾角,(°)。

Note:is the position of the hinge point of the stepping cylinder and the connecting rod when the stepping cylinder is in the initial position;is the position of the hinge point of the connecting rod and the pawl when the stepping cylinder is in the initial position;is the position of the hinge point of the stepping cylinder and the connecting rod when the stepping cylinder is at the end position;is the position of the hinge point between the connecting rod and the pawl when the stepping cylinder is at the end position;is the vertical distance from the center axis of the piston rod of the stepping cylinder to theaxis, mm;φis the working angle of the pawl rocker arm, (°);is the angle between the pawl rocker arm and theaxis when the stepping cylinder is in the initial position, (°).

圖6 變步距角棘輪裝置結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖

Fig.6 Structure diagram of variable step angle ratchet device

為保證移盤位置精準(zhǔn),對棘輪的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)進(jìn)行計算[24],設(shè)計要求棘輪轉(zhuǎn)動1周進(jìn)給1個苗盤并跨越兩銜接苗盤間隙,共進(jìn)給17個苗穴縱向間距,棘爪推動1個棘齒,驅(qū)動苗盤推桿前進(jìn)1個縱向苗穴間距,故棘輪齒數(shù)3=17,棘輪的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)為:

式中為棘輪步距角,(°);為棘爪運(yùn)動一次推過的棘齒數(shù)量;為送苗行程,mm;2為主動鏈輪齒數(shù);為節(jié)距,mm;為棘輪模數(shù);d為棘輪齒頂圓直徑,mm;為棘齒齒高,mm;d為齒根圓直徑,mm;1為棘齒齒距,mm;1為棘爪工作長度,mm;1為棘爪高度,mm。本文鏈條鏈號取10A,則=15.875 mm;128穴軟苗盤縱向苗穴間距為31.75 mm,因此送苗行程31.75 mm;按照強(qiáng)度要求確定模數(shù)m為7,將代入式(2)得出≈21°、2=34、d=119 mm、=5.25 mm、d=108.5 mm、1≈22 mm、1≈44 mm、1=10.5 mm。

如圖6所示,以棘輪轉(zhuǎn)動中心為原點(diǎn),豎直方向作為軸建立坐標(biāo)系,記φ為棘爪搖臂的工作轉(zhuǎn)角,圖中棘輪轉(zhuǎn)動中心及根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)安裝位置給定,可得到x==148mm,棘輪各關(guān)鍵參數(shù)已知,棘輪步距角≈21°,棘爪的工作轉(zhuǎn)角應(yīng)在42°~68°之間,取棘爪的工作轉(zhuǎn)角為50°,由于棘爪隨棘爪搖臂往復(fù)擺動,故棘爪搖臂的工作轉(zhuǎn)角也為50°。

為滿足機(jī)構(gòu)工作要求,需同時滿足以下約束:

當(dāng)機(jī)構(gòu)處于初始位置時,為保證棘爪在棘輪齒根圓上,有約束式[25]:

當(dāng)機(jī)構(gòu)在轉(zhuǎn)動過程中,為保證搖臂轉(zhuǎn)動正常,有約束式[26]:

取不等式(4)作為設(shè)計的優(yōu)化目標(biāo),使ll在滿足機(jī)構(gòu)工作要求的條件下取得最小值,以保證變步距角棘輪裝置結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,使用Matlab對不等式(4)進(jìn)行求解,最終取整得到解l=25 mm,l=146 mm。

2.2 取投苗機(jī)構(gòu)

取投苗機(jī)構(gòu)用于從穴盤中自動取出穴盤苗并準(zhǔn)確投入苗杯中。如圖7所示,該機(jī)構(gòu)主要由移位氣缸、移位滑軌、分苗氣缸、分苗滑軌、夾苗裝置、升降氣缸、投苗擋片、機(jī)械閥組成。取苗行程時,分苗氣缸活塞桿收縮使夾苗裝置合并,移位氣缸活塞桿伸出使夾苗裝置移動至取苗位置,夾苗裝置夾取8株穴盤苗,升降氣缸活塞桿收縮,將穴盤苗從苗穴中取出;投苗行程時,移位氣缸活塞桿收縮使夾苗裝置移動至投苗位置,同時分苗氣缸活塞桿伸出使夾苗裝置分散至對應(yīng)苗杯上方,夾苗裝置將8株穴苗準(zhǔn)確投入苗杯中,完成1次取苗投苗的過程。取投苗機(jī)構(gòu)縱向移動采用雙滑軌倒掛設(shè)計,在風(fēng)沙天氣,可以減少磨粒磨損,延長使用壽命。

1.移位氣缸 2.升降氣缸 3.方管 4.夾苗裝置 5.行程槽板 6.分苗氣缸 7.機(jī)械閥DT1 8.機(jī)械閥DT2 9.移位滑軌 10.夾苗裝置固定架 11.機(jī)械閥DT0 12.限位板 13.投苗擋片

1.Shift cylinder 2.Lifting cylinder 3.Square tube 4.Seedling clamping device 5.Stroke groove plate 6.Seedling dividing cylinder 7.Mechanical valve DT1 8.Mechanical valve DT2 9.Moving slide 10.Fixing frame of seedling clamping device 11.Mechanical valve DT0 12.Limit plate 13. Seedling dropping block

注:→表示氣缸活塞桿移動方向;為移位氣缸;為升降氣缸;為分苗氣缸;下標(biāo)1和2為各氣缸的運(yùn)動次序。

Note: → the moving direction of cylinder rod;is shift cylinder;is lifting cylinder;is seedling dividing cylinder; subscript 1 and 2 refers to the order of movement of each cylinder.

圖7 取投苗機(jī)構(gòu)工作原理圖

Fig.7 Working principle diagram of seedling picking and dropping mechanism

2.2.1 夾苗裝置

夾苗裝置用于夾取和投放辣椒苗,為實(shí)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)確夾取及投放苗的自動化控制,使用氣缸控制夾苗裝置的開合,夾苗裝置機(jī)構(gòu)簡圖如圖8所示。

1.夾苗裝置氣缸 2.鉸接點(diǎn) 3.固定支點(diǎn) 4.夾苗臂 5.辣椒苗莖稈

1.Cylinder of seedling clamping device 2.Hinge point 3.Fixed fulcrum 4.Seedling holding arm 5.Chili seedling stem

注:L為夾苗臂總長,mm;L為夾苗臂寬度,mm;1為氣缸推力,N;F1和F2是兩側(cè)夾苗臂對辣椒苗的夾持力,N;為鉸接點(diǎn)氣缸壓力方向與豎直方向夾角,(°)。

Note:Lis the total length of the seedling holding arm, mm;Lis the width of the seedling holding arm, mm;1is the cylinder thrust, N;F1andF2is the clamping force of the seedling holding arms on both sides of the chili seedling, N;is the angle between the cylinder pressure direction and the vertical direction at the hinge point, (°).

圖8 夾苗裝置機(jī)構(gòu)簡圖

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of seedling clamping device

為保證成功取苗,對夾苗裝置取苗狀態(tài)進(jìn)行受力分析。夾苗裝置在夾持狀態(tài)下,各力之間的關(guān)系如式(5)所示:

式中為辣椒苗的重力,N;為摩擦系數(shù)。當(dāng)辣椒幼苗摩擦系數(shù)較小且重力較大時,夾苗裝置可以牢固夾持辣椒幼苗,則證明夾苗裝置可以保證取苗成功。故取L=50 mm,L=10 mm,=0.49[27],=0.4 N,=5°。將已知數(shù)值代入式(5)中,可得氣缸所需的理論最小推力1=2.0 N。

2.2.2 分苗裝置

由于取苗時苗穴間距與投苗時苗杯間距不同,所以采取整排取苗再分苗的方式投苗,分苗裝置主要包括分苗導(dǎo)軌、分苗氣缸、方管、限位板。8個夾苗裝置安裝在8個滑塊上,相鄰?qiáng)A苗裝置之間使用限位板連接,2個分苗氣缸驅(qū)動8個夾苗裝置在分苗導(dǎo)軌上運(yùn)動,夾苗裝置合并取苗時,夾苗裝置間距L=32 mm;夾苗裝置分散投苗時,夾苗裝置間距L=127 mm,由結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系可得

式中2為分苗氣缸行程,mm;L為分散時夾苗裝置間隔距離,mm;L為合并時夾苗裝置間隔距離,mm;為夾苗裝置氣缸個數(shù),為分苗氣缸個數(shù)。將L、L、按式(6)計算得分苗氣缸行程2=332.5 mm,取整后分苗氣缸行程為333 mm。

2.3 柔性鏈輸苗機(jī)構(gòu)

柔性鏈輸苗機(jī)構(gòu)用于將苗杯中的穴盤苗逐個投入至栽植機(jī)構(gòu)中。如圖9所示,該機(jī)構(gòu)由苗杯、柔性鏈主動鏈輪、活門托板、投苗控制裝置、柔性鏈、支架組成。動力經(jīng)地輪通過鏈輪鏈條及六方軸,變速箱,傳遞至柔性鏈,苗杯隨柔性鏈移動,當(dāng)苗杯移動到落苗口時,苗杯下方的活門打開,將苗落入栽植機(jī)構(gòu)中。苗杯的間距127 mm,苗杯數(shù)量為18個。

投苗控制裝置用于控制取投苗機(jī)構(gòu)將取出的穴盤苗投入苗杯中。如圖10所示,該裝置由柔性鏈從動鏈輪、柔性鏈主動鏈輪、變速箱、六方軸、機(jī)械閥DT3、螺栓型滾動軸承、從動齒輪、主動齒輪組成,柔性鏈主動鏈輪和主動齒輪通過方軸連接,主動齒輪與從動齒輪嚙合傳動,螺栓型滾動軸承安裝于從動齒輪側(cè)面。設(shè)計要求每經(jīng)過8個苗杯,螺栓型軸承觸發(fā)一次機(jī)械閥DT3,控制取投苗機(jī)構(gòu)將8株穴盤苗準(zhǔn)確投入苗杯中。根據(jù)運(yùn)動關(guān)系有:

式中L為苗杯間距,mm;為投苗數(shù)量,株;為鏈條節(jié)距,mm;4為柔性鏈主動鏈輪齒數(shù),取4=16;5為從動齒輪齒數(shù);6為主動齒輪齒數(shù)。將4L代入式(7)得主動齒輪與從動齒輪傳動比為1∶4。

1.柔性鏈從動鏈輪 2.柔性鏈主動鏈輪 3.變速箱 4.六方軸 5.機(jī)械閥DT3 6.螺栓型滾動軸承 7.從動齒輪 8.主動齒輪

1.Flexible chain driven sprocket 2.Flexible chain driving sprocket 3.Gearbox 4.Hexagonal shaft 5.Mechanical valve DT3 6.Bolt type rolling bearing 7.Driven gear 8.Driving gear

圖10 投苗控制裝置結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖

Fig.10 Structure diagram of seedling dropping control device

3 氣動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計

辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)中的氣動元件包括升降氣缸A、步進(jìn)氣缸B、移位氣缸C、分苗氣缸D、夾苗裝置氣缸E、升降控制氣缸F、投苗控制氣缸G。如圖11所示,升降氣缸由機(jī)械閥DT0控制,由節(jié)流閥1及2進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)速度。步進(jìn)氣缸、移位氣缸、分苗氣缸由機(jī)械閥DT1控制,由節(jié)流閥3及4進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)速度。夾苗裝置氣缸及升降控制氣缸由機(jī)械閥DT2控制。投苗控制氣缸由機(jī)械閥DT3控制。

3.1 氣動系統(tǒng)的仿真分析

為驗(yàn)證氣動系統(tǒng)中各氣缸動作時序是否滿足設(shè)計要求,對氣動回路進(jìn)行仿真分析,首先利用FluidSIM對系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行建模,設(shè)置各個元?dú)饧挠嘘P(guān)參數(shù),如氣源氣體的壓力、節(jié)流閥的開度、氣缸的缸徑、行程一系列參數(shù),再運(yùn)用軟件的查錯功能對所建立的系統(tǒng)模型進(jìn)行檢查,完成模型的建立[28]。

在完成系統(tǒng)建模后,針對不同的系統(tǒng)參數(shù)對氣動系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行仿真,觀察各缸完成規(guī)定行程所用的時間,各氣缸動作時序是否滿足要求,從而可以設(shè)計出結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、工作可靠、效率較高的最優(yōu)回路。

在表2所示的系統(tǒng)建模參數(shù)下,對氣動系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行仿真。圖12為各氣缸動作時序圖,橫坐標(biāo)為時間,縱坐標(biāo)為各氣缸活塞桿位置,從夾苗裝置氣缸活塞桿第一次收縮至0 mm開始至第二次收縮至0 mm結(jié)束為一個工作循環(huán),整個動作循環(huán)時間約4s。整個過程氣缸時序動作為:夾苗裝置氣缸活塞桿收縮且升降控制氣缸活塞桿伸出,升降氣缸活桿伸出,移位氣缸及步進(jìn)氣缸活塞桿伸出且分苗氣缸活塞桿收縮,夾苗裝置氣缸活塞桿伸出且升降控制氣缸收縮,升降氣缸活塞桿收縮,移位氣缸及步進(jìn)氣缸活塞桿收縮同時分苗氣缸活塞伸出,夾苗裝置活塞桿收縮。各氣缸動作時序符合全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)投苗-下降-移位合并-取苗-提升-移位分散及縱向移盤-投苗動作次序的要求。

3.2 耗氣量的計算

根據(jù)氣缸參數(shù)計算總耗氣量,并依據(jù)總耗氣量選擇較合適的空氣壓縮機(jī)。各氣缸往返一次的平均耗氣量按式(8)[29]計算。計算總耗氣量時,按自動移栽機(jī)每行栽植頻率為128株/min。各氣缸耗氣量計算結(jié)果見表3。

式中平均為氣缸耗氣量,L/min;為氣缸動作頻率;為氣缸缸徑,cm;為氣缸行程,cm;為氣缸工作壓力,MPa。

表3 耗氣量計算

由表3可知全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)耗氣總量為53.06 L/min,為保證氣源壓力穩(wěn)定,辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)中2組全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)應(yīng)選擇容積流量160 L/min以上的空氣壓縮機(jī)提供壓縮空氣。

4 田間試驗(yàn)

4.1 試驗(yàn)條件

如圖13所示,田間試驗(yàn)于2020年8月在德州福瑞特農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械制造有限公司試驗(yàn)地進(jìn)行,試驗(yàn)前,對試驗(yàn)地進(jìn)行旋耕作業(yè)保證土壤疏松平整。采用育苗大棚所培育的辣椒苗,苗齡為60 d,平均苗高為166.7 mm;基質(zhì)為草炭、蛭石、珍珠巖按照體積比1∶1∶1混合制得,基質(zhì)含水率24%~32%。

4.2 試驗(yàn)方法及評價指標(biāo)

移栽機(jī)與拖拉機(jī)掛接方式為三點(diǎn)懸掛,拖拉機(jī)額定功率為36.8 kW,參照J(rèn)B/T 10291-2013[30],在工作氣壓0.4 MPa及移栽機(jī)作業(yè)速度1.4~1.7 km/h時進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),以取投苗成功率,栽植頻率,株距變異系數(shù),倒伏率為性能評價指標(biāo)。

4.2.1 取苗投苗成功率試驗(yàn)

對穴盤苗移栽機(jī)進(jìn)行取投苗成功率試驗(yàn),任選8盤辣椒穴盤苗分別進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)前,確認(rèn)穴盤內(nèi)辣椒苗株數(shù)為128株;試驗(yàn)中,分別統(tǒng)計取苗成功的株數(shù),投苗成功的株數(shù),苗杯輸苗成功的株數(shù);試驗(yàn)后,對試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析。

4.2.2 栽植頻率試驗(yàn)

移栽機(jī)進(jìn)行3次單程作業(yè),每次每行移栽1盤辣椒苗,栽植時間用秒表計時,試驗(yàn)后,分別測定每次作業(yè)一個栽植行內(nèi)的栽植株數(shù)并按式(9)計算栽植頻率。

式中為栽植頻率,株/min;為栽植株數(shù);為栽植時間,s。

4.2.3 株距變異系數(shù)及倒伏率試驗(yàn)

在測定栽植頻率的同時,分別測定株距變異系數(shù)及倒伏率。每行選取中間連續(xù)的120株辣椒苗進(jìn)行測定,共測定6行。

理論株距為X(mm),相鄰兩株的實(shí)測株距為X(mm),株距變異系數(shù)按(10)計算。

式中CV為株距變異系數(shù),%;S為株距標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,cm;為實(shí)測株距數(shù),株。

每行選取中間連續(xù)的120株辣椒苗測定倒伏率,共測定6行。行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定秧苗主莖與地面夾角小于30°為倒伏,試驗(yàn)采用萬能角度尺測量移栽后辣椒苗主莖與地面的夾角,并用式(11)計算倒伏率。

式中為倒伏率,%;N為倒伏株數(shù),株;為測定株數(shù)。

4.3 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與分析

由表4試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)平均取投苗成功率為97.07%,取苗成功率為97.85%,投苗成功率為99.50%,苗杯輸苗成功率為99.70%。各運(yùn)動部件配合良好,但由于部分試驗(yàn)辣椒幼苗枝葉過于緊湊,一定程度上影響了取苗成功率。由表5試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)栽植頻率為每行123株/min,滿足設(shè)計要求。由表6試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)倒伏率為1.67%,滿足行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。由表7試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)株距變異系數(shù)為3.67%,結(jié)合觀察試驗(yàn)過程,發(fā)現(xiàn)地輪存在打滑現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致地輪傳動存在誤差,影響了株距變異系數(shù)。

表4 取投苗成功率試驗(yàn)結(jié)果

表5 栽植頻率測量結(jié)果

表6 倒伏率測量結(jié)果

表7 株距測量結(jié)果

5 結(jié) 論

1)本文將機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)與氣動控制原理結(jié)合設(shè)計了一種以全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)為關(guān)鍵部件的辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī),可完成自動送苗、取苗、投苗、栽種等多道作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié),其控制系統(tǒng)簡單,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。

2)對全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動學(xué)及力學(xué)分析,完成了關(guān)鍵參數(shù)設(shè)計。制定了全自動取投苗系統(tǒng)氣動回路方案,并基于FluidSIM軟件進(jìn)行仿真,氣動系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行滿足設(shè)計要求。

3)通過田間試驗(yàn)測得,在工作氣壓為0.4 MPa及移栽機(jī)作業(yè)速度為1.4~1.7 km/h時,平均取投苗成功率達(dá)97.07%,栽植頻率為123株/min,倒伏率1.67%,株距變異系數(shù)為3.67%,各項性能指標(biāo)可以滿足新疆地區(qū)辣椒作物移栽的農(nóng)藝要求。在前期機(jī)械驅(qū)動式辣椒穴盤苗自動取投苗系統(tǒng)的研究基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步提高了工作效率及取投苗成功率。

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Design and experiment of the automatic transplanter for chili plug seedlings

Han Changjie1, Xiao Liqiang1, Xu Yang1, Zhang Jing1, Li Honglei2

(1.,,830052,;2..,.,253000,)

Most of vegetable varieties have widely been applied in China at present. Transplanting plug seedlings can greatly contribute to the survival ratio of seedlings, and the resistance to disasters during the growth for better quality and yield of vegetables. However, current manual seedling fetching and transporting seedlings were commonly used in a semi-automatic transplanting machine with high cost and labor intensity. In this study, a fully automatic plug-seedling transplanting and planting machine was developed to meet the transplanting operation mode and agronomic requirements for high efficiency, where the seedlings were taken in a row to be divided, and then be dropped. The transplanting machine was mainly composed of a tray transfer, a seedling picking and dropping, a flexible chain seedling transporting, and a planting mechanism. Plug seedling transplanting was automatically realized under the cooperation of the valve control cylinder movement and mechanical transmission. The simple control system presented a novel structure to gain higher work efficiency. Furthermore, only one operator was required to place the seedling tray, indicating the labor cost-saving. A tractor was used to haul the automatic plug-seedling transplanter, where an air pump driven by a power output shaft was selected to generate the compressed air, thereby providing power for the automatic seedling picking and dropping system. The ground wheel was also utilized to drive the planting and flexible chain conveying mechanism when rotating the plug seedling. A three-dimensional design Solidworks software was used to design the specific structure after the valve control strategy was determined. Correspondingly, the movement trajectories of seedling plate putter and plug seedlings were analyzed to determine the key structure parameters of the plate-moving mechanism. A variable-step ratchet device was also characterized to confirm the size of key components. MATLAB platform was utilized to carry out the structural optimization. The force was thus determined for a seedling clamping device, together with the main component of the seedling picking and dropping mechanism. The key parameters were also determined for the cylinder of a seedling clamping device. FluidSIM software was used to simulate the pneumatic circuit system under different system parameters, further optimizing the design of a pneumatic circuit with simple structure, reliable work performance, and high efficiency. A field trial was conducted using chili seedlings with an average seedling height of 166.7 mm. Evaluation indicators were set as the success rate of seedling taking and dropping, planting frequency, coefficient of variation of plant spacing, and lodging rate. The test results showed that the average success rate of planting and dropping seedlings was 97.07%, and the planting frequency was 123 plants/min, when the working pressure was 0.4 MPa, while the operating speed of a transplanter was 1.4-1.7 km/h, and the moving parts of the machine cooperated well during working. Specifically, the lodging rate was 1.67%, and the coefficient of variation of plant spacing was 3.67%. The data was well in accordance with the machinery industry standard JB/T10291-2013 “Transplanter of dry land plant”. It verifies the rationality of plug seedlings with automatical transplanting. The finding can provide sound technical support to improve the automation level of a plug-seedling transplanter in agricultural production.

agricultural machinery; design; experiment; automatic transplanting machine; chili plug seedling; pneumatic

韓長杰,肖立強(qiáng),徐陽,等. 辣椒穴盤苗自動移栽機(jī)設(shè)計與試驗(yàn)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報,2021,37(13):20-29.

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.003 http://www.tcsae.org

Han Changjie, Xiao Liqiang, Xu Yang, et al. Design and experiment of the automatic transplanter for chili plug seedlings[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(13): 20-29. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.003 http://www.tcsae.org

2021-03-11

2021-05-11

國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃(2017YFD0700800);國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(50905153,51565059);自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃(2018B01001-3);自治區(qū)天山青年計劃(2017Q018)

韓長杰,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計與智能農(nóng)業(yè)裝備的研究。Email:hcj_627@163.com

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.13.003

S223.9

A

1002-6819(2021)-13-0020-10

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