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解答“七選五”閱讀的5個(gè)技巧

2021-10-13 18:42余佰香
廣東教育·高中 2021年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:空格語(yǔ)義選項(xiàng)

余佰香

筆者分析近三年的全國(guó)卷試題得知,文章體裁雖然以說明文為主,但也有議論文和記敘文;而主題涉及人與自我、人與社會(huì)及人與自然;話題涉及健康、成長(zhǎng)、生活、交流等各個(gè)方面。側(cè)重考查考生的承上、啟下、語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)義等思維能力。

每種題型都有其解答的技巧,而技巧的獲得和掌握,絕非老師講解而所能,而必須通過我們反復(fù)訓(xùn)練、摸索才能獲得。我們以2021年新高考全國(guó)I卷為例,說明我們?cè)诮獯祟}時(shí)需要哪些技巧。

My?husband?and?I?just?spent?a?week?in?Paris.???36???So?the?first?thing?we?did?was?rent?a?fantastically?expensive?sixth-floor?apartment?the?size?of?a?cupboard.?It?was?so?tiny?that?we?had?to?leave?our?suitcases?in?the?hallway.

The?place?wasnt?entirely?authentic,?though.?Unlike?a?normal?Parisian?apartment,?the?plumbing(水管)worked.???37???Our?building?even?had?a?tiny?lift?with?a?female?voice?that?said,?“Ouverture?des?portes,”in?perfect?French.?That?is?the?only?French?phrase?I?mastered,?and?its?a?shame?I?dont?have?much?use?for?it.

Parisians?are?different?from?you?and?me.?They?never?look?lazy?or?untidy.?As?someone?noted?in?this?paper?a?couple?of?weeks?ago,?they?eat?great?food?and?never?gain?weight.???38???French?strawberries?do?not?taste?like?cardboard.?Instead,?they?explode?in?your?mouth?like?little?flavor?bombs.

39???On?our?first?morning?in?Paris,?I?went?around?the?corner?to?the?food?market?to?pick?up?some?groceries.?I?bought?a?handful?of?perfectly?ripe?small?strawberries?and?a?little?sweet?melon.?My?husband?and?I?agreed?they?were?the?best?fruit?we?had?ever?eaten.?But?they?cost?$18!

In?France,?quality?of?life?is?much?more?important?than?efficiency(效率).?You?can?tell?this?by?cafés?life.?French?cafés?are?always?crowded.???40???When?do?these?people?work??The?French?take?their?35-hour?workweek?seriously?—?so?seriously?that?some?labor?unions?recently?struck?a?deal?with?a?group?of?companies?limiting?the?number?of?hours?that?independent?contractors?can?be?on?call.

A.?Not?all?the?customers?are?tourists.

B.?The?quality?of?life?in?France?is?equally?excellent.

C.?There?was?a?nice?kitchen?and?a?comfortable?bed.

D.?The?amazing?food?is?mainly?consumed?by?local?farmers.

E.?Thats?not?the?only?reason?the?French?eat?less?than?we?do.

F.?Our?aim?was?to?see?if?we?could?live,?in?some?way,?like?real?Parisians.

G.?The?food?is?so?delicious?that?you?dont?need?much?of?it?to?make?you?happy.

一、依據(jù)復(fù)現(xiàn)詞匯

詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)通常指同一詞語(yǔ)在前后語(yǔ)境中重復(fù)出現(xiàn),以便使文章前后意思連貫。它是保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫作手段。如第38題,依據(jù)前面一句they?eat?great?food?and?never?gain?weight中的food一詞在選項(xiàng)中找到D、G兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這樣,選擇的范圍大大縮小,加快了選擇速度。

詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)除了同一詞的復(fù)現(xiàn),即原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)外,還有同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等,我們也應(yīng)該了解和掌握。

二、依據(jù)語(yǔ)義關(guān)系

文章中句子的意思總是前后相連,相互印證的,而絕對(duì)不是互不相干而獨(dú)立存在的,因此,在選擇中,必須從上下文的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系入手。如第38題在確定D、G兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)后,就應(yīng)該根據(jù)后面句子French?strawberries?do?not?taste?like?cardboard來判斷。這個(gè)句子中的taste暗含選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該與食物的“味道”有關(guān),由此可知選G項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)D講述食物的消費(fèi)者,與此句無關(guān),應(yīng)該予以排除。

三、依據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系

文章中,前后句子之間必然存在某種內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系,如因果、順承、轉(zhuǎn)折、條件、結(jié)論、先后、遠(yuǎn)近等。這樣,句子之間才會(huì)緊密連接,成為一個(gè)不可分割的整體。因此,解題時(shí)可從邏輯關(guān)系的理解出發(fā)進(jìn)行分析和判斷。如第36題,前面一句My?husband?and?I?just?spent?a?week?in?Paris是說作者和其丈夫剛在巴黎呆了一周;而后面一句So?the?first?thing?we?did?was?rent?a?fantastically?expensive?sixth-floor?apartment?the?size?of?a?cupboard解釋他們所做的第一件事。由表示結(jié)果的so可知,空格句應(yīng)是表示其原因,即說明:作者為什么要與丈夫在巴黎呆一周?為什么首先要租房子?由此很快找到選項(xiàng)F.?Our?aim?was?to?see?if?we?could?live,?in?some?way,?like?real?Parisians,作者跟丈夫那樣做的目的是看能否體驗(yàn)像巴黎人那樣生活。

四、依據(jù)相關(guān)事物

現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,一切事物都是按照一定關(guān)系而存在的,如教室、黑板、課桌、作業(yè)等經(jīng)常會(huì)在一起出現(xiàn)。文章與現(xiàn)實(shí)一樣,上下文語(yǔ)境中所談的事物必須前后相關(guān),因此,我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí),可根據(jù)前后事物的相關(guān)性來做出選擇。如第37題,前面句子是Unlike?a?normal?Parisian?apartment,?the?plumbing(水管)?worked,而后面句子是Our?building?even?had?a?tiny?lift?with?a?female?voice,由此可見,空格句中的事物應(yīng)該與apartment及building中的事物the?plumbing,tiny?lift類似,即生活設(shè)施,于是很快找到選項(xiàng)C.?There?was?a?nice?kitchen?and?a?comfortable?bed.

再如第40題,空格前面“You?can?tell?this?by?cafés?life.?French?cafés?are?always?crowded.”中的cafés?life和crowded可以聯(lián)系到顧客、服務(wù)等事情,根據(jù)詞匯(life)復(fù)現(xiàn)找到選項(xiàng)B,而根據(jù)相關(guān)事物找到選項(xiàng)A。再由下文的When?do?these?people?work??排除選項(xiàng)B,得出A項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。

五、根據(jù)解釋描述

英語(yǔ)文章中,首句往往是主題句,然后再圍繞主題句展開,即對(duì)首句進(jìn)行解釋和說明等,因此,我們解題時(shí),在根據(jù)首句推斷下文的同時(shí),也要注意根據(jù)下文的解釋、說明來推斷首句。如第39題,這道題設(shè)計(jì)在段首。而后面句子內(nèi)容描述作者與丈夫買水果的經(jīng)歷。直到最后一句My?husband?and?I?agreed?they?were?the?best?fruit?we?had?ever?eaten.?But?they?cost?$18!?提到水果是最好吃的,but表示轉(zhuǎn)折,很貴。暗含之意:由于很貴,也是法國(guó)人少吃的原因,即這(指前段講的“食物美味,不需要吃得太多”)不是法國(guó)人吃得比我們少的唯一原因,顯然,答案為E項(xiàng)。

盡管從2021年新高考Ⅰ卷的解法來看,用到了以上5條依據(jù),但是,具體問題還須具體分析,解題依據(jù)還有:代詞的替代關(guān)系;語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)記語(yǔ)(如thus,?therefore,?so等);表示結(jié)構(gòu)層次的firstly,?secondly,?thirdly等;表示改變?cè)掝}的by?the?way等;表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的besides,?whats?more等;表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的before,?so?far,?meanwhile等。

總之,我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的解題中,不要局限于某種或某幾種方法或技巧,而要在解題中不斷思考、領(lǐng)悟和探索恰當(dāng)?shù)慕忸}方法,方可提升解題能力。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青

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