崔德壯 房亮 馮春林 李玉雯
[摘要]目的:探究丙泊酚在乳腺癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合背闊肌轉(zhuǎn)移皮瓣乳房再造術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果。方法:選取2014年3月-2019年10月入院施行乳腺癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合背闊肌轉(zhuǎn)移皮瓣乳房再造術(shù)治療的患者80例作為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)分為研究組及對(duì)照組,每組40例。研究組術(shù)中采用丙泊酚全憑靜脈麻醉,對(duì)照組使用七氟醚吸入麻醉。比較兩組手術(shù)及麻醉情況、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)相關(guān)參數(shù)[心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)及經(jīng)皮脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)],術(shù)后惡心嘔吐(PONV)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:研究組麻醉蘇醒時(shí)間明顯低于對(duì)照組,24h恢復(fù)質(zhì)量評(píng)分明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組拔管時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。研究組術(shù)中心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)相比對(duì)照組變化更為穩(wěn)定(P<0.05)。研究組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率為12.50%,明顯低于對(duì)照組的32.50%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。研究組術(shù)后24h內(nèi)PONV發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。研究組麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為12.50%,與對(duì)照組(15.00%)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:丙泊酚麻醉應(yīng)用于乳腺癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合背闊肌轉(zhuǎn)移皮瓣乳房再造術(shù)中患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)相關(guān)參數(shù)具有良好的穩(wěn)定作用,可明顯降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,且麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率較低,具有良好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞]丙泊酚;七氟醚;乳腺癌根治術(shù);背闊肌皮瓣;乳房再造術(shù);血流動(dòng)力學(xué);并發(fā)癥
[中圖分類號(hào)]R622? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2021)09-0029-04
Application of Propofol in Breast Cancer Radical Mastectomy Combined with Breast Reconstruction with Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap
CUI De-zhuang1,F(xiàn)ANG Liang1,F(xiàn)ENG Chun-lin1,LI Yu-wen2
(1.Department of Anesthesiology,Zibo First Hospital,Zibo 255200,Shandong,China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,Shandong Cancer Hospital,Jinan 250000,Shandong,China)
Abstract: Objective? To explore the clinical application effect of propofol in patients with breast cancer undergoing radical mastectomy combined with breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. Methods? A total of 80 patients undergoing radical mastectomy combined with breast reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap in the hospital were enrolled as the research objects between March 2014 and October 2019. They were randomly divided into the study group and the control group, 40 cases in each group. The study group was given propofol for total intravenous anesthesia, while the control group was given sevoflurane for inhalation anesthesia. The differences in hemodynamic related parameters [heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), percutaneous pulse oximetry (SpO2)] and incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), postoperative complications and related adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results? The recovery time of anesthesia in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the 24h recovery quality score was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in extubation time and intraoperative bleeding between the two groups (P>0.05). The changes of intraoperative heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the study group were more stable than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total incidence of postoperative complications in the study group was 12.50%, significantly lower than that in the control group (32.50%, P<0.05). The incidence of PONV in the study group within 24 hours after operation was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of anesthesia related adverse reactions in the study group was 12.50%, which had no significant difference compared with the control group (15.00%,P>0.05). Conclusion? Propofol anesthesia can effectively stabilize hemodynamic related parameters in patients undergoing radical mastectomy combined with breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, significantly reduce postoperative complications, with low incidence of anesthesia-related adverse reactions and good application value.
Key words: propofol; sevoflurane; radical mastectomy; latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap; breast reconstruction; hemodynamics; complication
乳腺癌為當(dāng)今社會(huì)女性高發(fā)生率的癌癥,研究表明其病理過(guò)程為腺上皮組織細(xì)胞惡性增殖至浸潤(rùn)性癌癥[1]。保乳術(shù)對(duì)于早期乳腺癌有良好的療效,但中后期較常采用乳房切除術(shù)進(jìn)行治療。乳房切除后胸大肌缺失,胸部瘢痕增加,腋前壁形態(tài)消失。背闊肌皮瓣攜帶扇形肌肉組織,可較良好的對(duì)乳房切除部分進(jìn)行覆蓋,因此,利用背闊肌皮瓣進(jìn)行乳房再造術(shù)為常見(jiàn)的乳房再造方法[2]。得益于我國(guó)整形外科的迅速發(fā)展,其手術(shù)成功率已經(jīng)達(dá)到了較高水平。目前臨床上對(duì)于該手術(shù)多采用吸入麻醉維持,丙泊酚全憑靜脈麻醉為臨床常見(jiàn)的麻醉方法,但該法在乳房再造術(shù)中較為少見(jiàn)。因此,本研究對(duì)丙泊酚麻醉對(duì)術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的影響進(jìn)行探討,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1? 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:選取2014年3月-2019年10月入院施行乳腺癌根治術(shù)后即刻行背闊肌轉(zhuǎn)移皮瓣乳房再造術(shù)治療的患者80例作為研究對(duì)象。隨機(jī)數(shù)字法將其分為研究組與對(duì)照組,每組40例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥20歲;②無(wú)其他乳腺疾病者;③經(jīng)病理學(xué)及細(xì)胞學(xué)確診為原發(fā)性乳腺癌并行根治術(shù)者;④美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①孕期及哺乳期女性;②有嚴(yán)重精神性疾病及傳染疾病者;③有認(rèn)知功能障礙者;④合并其他乳腺疾病者。將所有患者均分為研究組與對(duì)照組,研究組術(shù)中采用丙泊酚全憑靜脈麻醉,對(duì)照組采用七氟醚吸入麻醉。兩組一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 麻醉方法:兩組于乳腺癌根治術(shù)前30min進(jìn)行前期鎮(zhèn)靜,研究組采用丙泊酚進(jìn)行麻醉:乳腺癌根治術(shù)前給予2mg/kg丙泊酚(四川國(guó)瑞藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司產(chǎn))+1.5μg/kg瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司產(chǎn))進(jìn)行麻醉誘導(dǎo),術(shù)中維持采用每小時(shí)輸注5mg/kg丙泊酚+0.25μg/kg瑞芬太尼,直至完成乳房再造術(shù)后結(jié)束麻醉。對(duì)照組采用七氟醚吸入全麻麻醉,乳腺癌根治術(shù)前使用8.5%七氟醚(上海恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司產(chǎn))+5L/min氣體流量吸入麻醉進(jìn)行麻醉誘導(dǎo);以2.5%濃度七氟醚維持呼吸麻醉,同時(shí)以0.25μg/(kg·min)劑量靜脈注射瑞芬太尼,直至完成乳房再造術(shù)后結(jié)束麻醉。對(duì)兩組進(jìn)行腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS)監(jiān)測(cè),維持BIS值40~60。對(duì)患者心輸出量和每搏變異度及動(dòng)脈壓進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè),當(dāng)平均動(dòng)脈壓小于65mmHg時(shí),加用麻黃堿或去氧腎上腺素。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo):①手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo):對(duì)兩組麻醉蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、24h恢復(fù)質(zhì)量評(píng)分進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)比較;②并發(fā)癥:統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組術(shù)中知曉、頭痛頭暈、術(shù)后夢(mèng)幻、低氧血癥情況;③血流動(dòng)力學(xué)及SpO2檢測(cè):使用HemoSphere監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)(Edwards美國(guó))對(duì)患者手術(shù)過(guò)程中不同時(shí)期:麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、皮瓣切取完畢前(T1)、皮瓣縫合完畢前(T2)、手術(shù)結(jié)束后20min(T3),血流動(dòng)力學(xué)相關(guān)指標(biāo)包括心率(Heart rate,HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(Mean arterial pressure,MAP)及經(jīng)皮脈搏血氧飽和度(Oxygen saturation,SpO2)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè);④麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng):對(duì)兩組患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)間術(shù)后惡心嘔吐(Postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV),術(shù)后24h內(nèi)胃腸反應(yīng)、嗆咳、躁動(dòng)發(fā)生情況進(jìn)行比較。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料采用“x?±s”表示,比較用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,采用χ2或Fisher精確概率檢驗(yàn);等級(jí)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組手術(shù)情況比較:研究組麻醉蘇醒時(shí)間明顯低于對(duì)照組,24h恢復(fù)質(zhì)量評(píng)分明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組拔管時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 兩組血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)比較:兩組T0時(shí)刻HR、SpO2、MAP水平比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T1、T2時(shí)刻研究組HR、MAP明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);T3時(shí)刻研究組HR水平明顯低于對(duì)照組,MAP明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組T1、T2時(shí)刻相比T0時(shí)刻HR、MAP水平明顯降低,T3時(shí)刻相比T0時(shí)刻HR明顯上升、MAP明顯下降,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組各時(shí)刻SpO2相比差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.3 兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較:研究組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率為12.50%,明顯低于對(duì)照組的32.50%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
2.4 兩組術(shù)后不同時(shí)間PONV發(fā)生情況比較:術(shù)后0~2h內(nèi)研究組惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后2~8h、8~24h內(nèi)研究組惡心嘔吐癥狀發(fā)生率與對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后0~24h內(nèi)研究組總發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表5。
2.5 兩組麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況比較:研究組麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率為12.50%,對(duì)照組為15.00%,組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表6。
3? 討論
利用背闊肌皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行乳房重建是改善乳腺癌術(shù)后乳房美容效果的可靠治療方法[3]。麻醉方式與患者預(yù)后存在一定關(guān)系,選擇合適的麻醉方法,降低患者麻醉期間應(yīng)激反應(yīng)及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)使患者術(shù)后快速清醒,并減少并發(fā)癥的產(chǎn)生尤為重要[4]。本研究對(duì)兩組手術(shù)情況進(jìn)行了比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),研究組蘇醒時(shí)間明顯低于對(duì)照組,24h恢復(fù)質(zhì)量評(píng)分明顯高于對(duì)照組,而拔管時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量比較無(wú)明顯差異。表明利用丙泊酚進(jìn)行麻醉不僅具有良好的效果還能明顯降低患者蘇醒時(shí)間,且不增加術(shù)中出血量。其作用機(jī)制可能為丙泊酚為一種短效麻醉藥,可降低血管阻力以及通過(guò)激活氯離子復(fù)合體增加離子傳導(dǎo)速率,使相關(guān)神經(jīng)受體脫敏從而抑制中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)以達(dá)到良好的鎮(zhèn)靜效果。
有研究表明[5],七氟醚麻醉對(duì)于患者術(shù)中血液動(dòng)力學(xué)影響較小,誘導(dǎo)期患者較平靜,對(duì)患者氣道刺激較小,對(duì)心率的影響效果不顯著。同時(shí)也有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[6]七氟醚麻醉患者術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)相比其他μ受體激動(dòng)劑如瑞芬太尼麻醉患者波動(dòng)更大。有研究[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用丙泊酚麻醉方式較七氟醚對(duì)患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定效果更好,在同等麻醉深度下,七氟醚導(dǎo)致的心率波動(dòng)更加明顯,易使患者出現(xiàn)躁動(dòng)情緒。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[8]通過(guò)丙泊酚靶控輸注能有效降低患者呼吸抑制,促進(jìn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。本研究中研究組患者術(shù)中HR及MAP較對(duì)照組波動(dòng)更平穩(wěn),結(jié)論與上述相符,提示丙泊酚對(duì)該手術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響更小,可能與丙泊酚的擴(kuò)張血管,降低血壓功能有關(guān)。
丙泊酚可通過(guò)抑制缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α(Hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)及線粒體膜的通道抑制線粒體相關(guān)活性氧化物的產(chǎn)生,對(duì)組織缺血再灌注損傷具有一定效果,對(duì)皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移重建術(shù)的皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)歸有良好的促進(jìn)作用,具有見(jiàn)效快、半衰期短的特點(diǎn)[9],但不具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用,同時(shí)大劑量的丙泊酚可對(duì)患者心血管系統(tǒng)及呼吸系統(tǒng)造成不同程度抑制,容易引起血壓下降及心率減慢的癥狀因此需要與鎮(zhèn)痛作用麻醉藥物聯(lián)合使用[10]。七氟醚作為臨床常用麻醉藥物,研究證實(shí)可保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮功能,降低毛細(xì)血管濾過(guò)系數(shù)[11],因此臨床上推薦皮瓣再造術(shù)中使用七氟醚,由于臨床缺乏特異性指標(biāo),七氟醚作用機(jī)制尚未十分清楚[12]。靜脈麻醉應(yīng)用藥物通過(guò)血管進(jìn)入體內(nèi)以達(dá)到麻醉作用,具有副作用少、蘇醒快、污染少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[13],但可控性較差,麻醉藥物需于患者體內(nèi)代謝,麻醉藥物過(guò)量可抑制呼吸中樞系統(tǒng),長(zhǎng)時(shí)間易導(dǎo)致低氧血癥的產(chǎn)生。本研究中研究組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,提示利用丙泊酚麻醉相比七氟醚麻醉可明顯降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,而兩組低氧血癥發(fā)生率相比無(wú)明顯差異,可能與本研究丙泊酚與瑞芬太尼聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可減少單藥物用量以減少藥物蓄積,減輕藥物濃度過(guò)大導(dǎo)致副作用有關(guān)。
PONV為臨床術(shù)后患者常見(jiàn)不適反應(yīng),為影響圍麻醉期患者麻醉質(zhì)量的重要因素[14]。臨床研究表明[15],90%以上的行皮瓣乳房再造術(shù)患者術(shù)前接受了預(yù)防PONV的藥物,但其中仍有70%以上患者發(fā)生PONV反應(yīng)。本研究中研究組術(shù)后PONV發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,表明丙泊酚麻醉可有效降低麻醉相關(guān)不良癥狀,其機(jī)制可能與丙泊酚對(duì)5-羥色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)受體及迷走神經(jīng)核功能的抑制有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)比較無(wú)明顯差異,提示丙泊酚麻醉具有良好的安全性。
綜上所述,丙泊酚麻醉在乳腺癌患者接受乳腺癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合背闊肌轉(zhuǎn)移皮瓣乳房再造術(shù)期間的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)具有良好的穩(wěn)定作用,可明顯降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,具有良好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
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[收稿日期]2020-09-24
本文引用格式:崔德壯,房亮,馮春林,等.丙泊酚在乳腺癌根治術(shù)聯(lián)合背闊肌轉(zhuǎn)移皮瓣乳房再造術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果探討[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2021,30(9):29-32.