周強(qiáng) 吳思凡 王熙堯 楊元素 陶瑛瑛 黃曉暉 魏萌
中圖分類號(hào) R542.5;R973 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1001-0408(2022)02-0230-06
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2022.02.17
摘 要 目的 比較新型口服抗凝藥(NOACs)與華法林用于心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后患者抗凝的有效性和安全性,旨在為臨床用藥提供循證參考。方法 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Cochrane圖書館、Embase、Web of Science、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)、維普網(wǎng),收集NOACs(試驗(yàn)組)對(duì)比華法林(對(duì)照組)用于心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后患者抗凝的臨床研究,檢索時(shí)限均為建庫(kù)起至2021年7月。篩選文獻(xiàn)、提取資料后,采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)員手冊(cè)5.2.0推薦的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具對(duì)納入的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究(RCT)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),采用紐卡斯?fàn)?渥太華量表(NOS)對(duì)納入的隊(duì)列研究進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),采用RevMan 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析和敏感性分析。結(jié)果 共納入9項(xiàng)研究,包括7項(xiàng)RCT和2項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究,共計(jì)4 962例患者。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后,試驗(yàn)組患者的卒中/系統(tǒng)性栓塞(SSE)發(fā)生率[OR=0.71,95%CI(0.52,0.97),P=0.03]、大出血發(fā)生率[OR=0.40,95%CI(0.30,0.54),P<0.000 01]、顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.04,0.95),P=0.04]均顯著低于華法林組,兩組患者的全因死亡率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.25,95%CI(0.88,1.79),P=0.22]。機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后,兩組患者的SSE發(fā)生率[OR=1.52,95%CI(0.04,60.29),P=0.82]、全因死亡率[OR=0.26,95%CI(0.04,1.84),P=0.18]比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。按隨訪時(shí)間進(jìn)行的亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后,當(dāng)隨訪時(shí)間≤3個(gè)月時(shí),試驗(yàn)組患者的SSE發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.06,0.74),P=0.03],而兩組患者大出血發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.67,95%CI(0.19,2.38),P=0.53];當(dāng)隨訪時(shí)間>3個(gè)月時(shí),兩組患者的SSE發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.74,95%CI(0.54,1.02),P=0.07],而試驗(yàn)組患者的大出血發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.39,95%CI(0.29,0.52),P<0.001]。按研究類型進(jìn)行的亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后,RCT研究中試驗(yàn)組患者的SSE發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.51,95%CI(0.29,0.92),P=0.03],而兩組患者大出血發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.58,95%CI(0.33,1.03),P=0.06]。隊(duì)列研究中兩組患者的SSE發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.03,95%CI(0.40,2.66),P=0.95],而試驗(yàn)組患者的大出血發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.06,0.74),P<0.001]。敏感性分析結(jié)果顯示,所得結(jié)果較穩(wěn)健。結(jié)論 對(duì)于生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者,NOACs的有效性和安全性均優(yōu)于或與華法林相當(dāng);對(duì)于機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者,NOACs與華法林的有效性和安全性均無(wú)顯著差異。
關(guān)鍵詞 新型口服抗凝藥;華法林;心臟瓣膜置換術(shù);術(shù)后抗凝;療效;安全性;Meta分析
Anticoagulant effectiveness and safety of new oral anticoagulants versus warfarin after heart valve replacement: a meta-analysis
ZHOU Qiang1,WU Sifan2,WANG Xiyao3,YANG Yuansu4,TAO Yingying1,HUANG Xiaohui1,WEI Meng1(1. Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Nanjing 210002, China; 2. College of Pharmacy, Nanjing Jiangbei Hospital, Nanjing 210032, China; 3. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; 4. Dept. of Research Training Division, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Nanjing 210002, China)
ABSTRACT ? OBJECTIVE To compare the anticoagulant effectiveness and safety of new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and warfarin after heart valve replacement, and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical drug use. METHODS Retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang database and VIP, clinical studies about the use of NOACs versus warfarin after heart valve replacement were collected during the inception to July 2021. After literature screening and data extraction, the quality of included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were evaluated by bias risk assessment tool recommended by Cochrane system evaluator manual 5.2.0. After the quality of the included cohort studies was evaluated by Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS A total of 9 studies involving 4 962 patients were included, of which 7 were RCTs and 2 were cohort studies. Results of meta-analysis showed that after biological valve replacement/repair, the incidence of stroke and systemic embolism (SSE) [OR=0.71, 95%CI (0.52, 0.97), P=0.03], major bleeding [OR=0.40,95%CI(0.30,0.54),P<0.000 01] and intracranial hemorrhage [OR=0.20,95%CI(0.04,0.95),P=0.04] in trial group were significantly lower than warfarin group; there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between 2 groups [OR=1.25,95%CI(0.88,1.79),P=0.22]. After mechanical valve replacement/repair, there were no significant difference in the incidence of SSE [OR=1.52,95%CI(0.04,60.29),P=0.82] or all-cause mortality [OR=0.26,95%CI(0.04,1.84),P=0.18] between 2 groups. The results of subgroup analysis according to the follow-up time showed that after biological valve replacement/repair, the incidence of SSE in trial group was significantly lower than that in control group when the follow-up time was ≤3 months [OR=0.20, 95%CI (0.06, 0.74), P=0.03]; but there was no significant difference in the incidence of major bleeding between 2 groups [OR=0.67, 95%CI (0.19, 2.38), P=0.53]; when the follow-up time was longer than 3 months, there was no statistical significance in the incidence of SSE between 2 groups [OR=0.74,95%CI(0.54,1.02),P=0.07], while the incidence of major bleeding in trial group was significantly lower than control group [OR=0.39,95%CI(0.29,0.52),P<0.001]. Subgroup analysis by study type showed that after biological valve replacement/repair, the incidence of SSE in the RCT in trial group was significantly lower than that in control group [OR=0.51, 95%CI (0.29, 0.92), P=0.03], but there was no significant difference in the incidence of major bleeding between 2 groups[OR=0.58,95%CI(0.33,1.03),P=0.06]. In cohort study, there was no significant difference in the incidence of SSE between 2 groups [OR=1.03,95%CI(0.40,2.66),P=0.95], while the incidence of major bleeding in trial group was significantly lower than control group [OR=0.20,95%CI(0.06,0.74),P<0.001]. Sensitivity analysis results showed that the results of the above-mentioned meta-analysis were relatively robust. CONCLUSIONS For the patients underwent biological valve replacement/repair, the effectiveness and safety of NOACs are better than or similar to those of warfarin; for the patients underwent mechanical valve replacement/repair, there is no significant difference in the effectiveness and safety between NOACs and warfarin.
KEYWORDS ? new oral anticoagulant; warfarin; heart valve replacement; postoperative anticoagulation; efficacy; safety; meta-analysis
心臟瓣膜?。╲alvular heart disease,VHD)是指因先天性發(fā)育異?;蛴善渌鞣N疾病(如風(fēng)濕、退行性病變、感染等)引起的心臟瓣膜及其附屬結(jié)構(gòu)解剖學(xué)或功能異常,最終可引發(fā)心力衰竭、心律失常等臨床綜合征[1]。該疾病影響著全球1億以上的人口,每年有數(shù)十萬(wàn)嚴(yán)重的VHD患者需要進(jìn)行心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)以提高生存質(zhì)量和延長(zhǎng)生存期,但由于心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)血栓,故患者需要接受抗凝治療[2]。華法林為維生素K拮抗劑(vitamin K antagonists,VKAs),主要用于心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后血栓的預(yù)防性治療,雖然抗凝效果明確,但其體內(nèi)代謝過程易受遺傳和環(huán)境因素(食物、藥物等)的影響,且治療窗窄,臨床用藥時(shí)需要通過頻繁調(diào)整劑量來達(dá)到目標(biāo)治療濃度[3]。
新型口服抗凝藥(new oral anticoagulants,NOACs)主要包括凝血因子Ⅹa抑制劑(如利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班)和直接凝血酶抑制劑(如達(dá)比加群)。與華法林相比,NOACs具有更快的藥動(dòng)學(xué)行為、更少的副作用,且無(wú)需頻繁調(diào)整劑量及監(jiān)測(cè)患者凝血功能[4]。2021年歐洲心律協(xié)會(huì)相關(guān)指南指出,對(duì)于生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后合并房顫的患者,尤其是在術(shù)后8~12周,NOACs可作為其有效的治療選擇,但缺乏相關(guān)的循證證據(jù);而對(duì)于機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)患者,VKAs是上述指南唯一推薦的用于該類患者預(yù)防卒中/系統(tǒng)性栓塞(stroke and systemic emblism,SSE)的口服抗凝藥[5]。最新臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NOACs可用于預(yù)防機(jī)械瓣膜性心臟病患者SSE的發(fā)生[6]。在近年來的研究中,對(duì)于非瓣膜性房顫患者,NOACs已逐步替代華法林,但NOACs用于心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后抗凝有效性和安全性的結(jié)果不一[7]。基于此,本研究采用Meta分析的方法比較了NOACs與華法林用于心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后患者抗凝的有效性和安全性,旨在為臨床用藥提供循證參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 研究類型 研究類型為國(guó)內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究(randomized controlled trial,RCT)和隊(duì)列研究;語(yǔ)種限定為中文和英文。
1.1.2 研究對(duì)象 研究對(duì)象為接受心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)(包括機(jī)械瓣膜和生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù))且術(shù)后需要進(jìn)行抗凝治療的患者。
1.1.3 干預(yù)措施 試驗(yàn)組患者給予NOACs,包括利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班或達(dá)比加群。對(duì)照組患者給予華法林,需根據(jù)患者的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)調(diào)整劑量,INR目標(biāo)范圍為2~3。兩組患者的療程或劑量不限。
1.1.4 結(jié)局指標(biāo) 本研究的結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括:(1)有效性指標(biāo),如SSE發(fā)生率(主要療效指標(biāo))、全因死亡率(次要療效指標(biāo));(2)安全性指標(biāo),如大出血發(fā)生率(主要安全性指標(biāo),大出血標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照國(guó)際血栓形成和止血學(xué)會(huì)相關(guān)指南定義[8])、顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率(次要安全性指標(biāo))。
1.1.5 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括:(1)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)/Meta分析、病例分析、會(huì)議摘要或綜述;(2)重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);(3)無(wú)相應(yīng)結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的文獻(xiàn)。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Cochrane圖書館、Embase、Web of Science、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)、維普網(wǎng)等,同時(shí)補(bǔ)充搜索未公開發(fā)表的臨床試驗(yàn)或交流會(huì)議。中文檢索詞為“新型口服抗凝藥”“直接口服抗凝藥”“利伐沙班”“達(dá)比加群”“阿哌沙班”“依度沙班”“華法林”“維生素K拮抗劑”“生物瓣膜”“機(jī)械瓣膜”;英文檢索詞為“new oral anticoagulant”“direct oral anticoagulant”“rivaroxaban”“dabigatran”“apixaban”“edoxaban”“warfarin”“vitamin K antagonist”“bioprosthetic valve”“mechanical heart valve”。檢索時(shí)限均為各數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建庫(kù)起至2021年7月。以PubMed為例,具體檢索策略見表1。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選與資料提取
由2位研究者嚴(yán)格按照文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn),提取有效數(shù)據(jù)并交叉核對(duì),如遇分歧則與第3位研究者商議。提取資料包括:第一作者及發(fā)表年份、國(guó)家、手術(shù)類型、研究類型、患者例數(shù)、年齡、干預(yù)措施、CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分、HAS-BLED評(píng)分、隨訪時(shí)間和結(jié)局指標(biāo)等。
1.4 納入文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)員手冊(cè)5.2.0推薦的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具對(duì)納入的RCT進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),包括隨機(jī)方法、分配隱藏、盲法實(shí)施、數(shù)據(jù)完整性、報(bào)告偏倚和其他偏倚,每個(gè)方面均分為高偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、低偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不清楚[9-13]。采用紐卡斯?fàn)?渥太華量表(Newcastle-Ottawa scale,NOS)對(duì)納入的隊(duì)列研究進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),包括研究對(duì)象選擇(0~4分)、組間可比性(0~2分)、結(jié)果/暴露因素測(cè)量(0~3分);1~3分為低質(zhì)量,4~9分為高質(zhì)量[14-15]。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用RevMan 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(odds ratio,OR)及其95%置信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI)表示。若各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性或異質(zhì)性較?。↖ 2≤50%,P>0.1),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析;反之,則進(jìn)行亞組分析或逐一剔除納入研究后進(jìn)行敏感性分析,尋找異質(zhì)性來源,明確是否存在臨床和方法學(xué)異質(zhì)性,若無(wú)明顯的臨床和方法學(xué)差異,則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。對(duì)結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行敏感性分析。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果與納入研究基本信息
初檢共獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)679篇,經(jīng)閱讀題目、摘要和全文后,最終納入9篇文獻(xiàn)[9-17],其中7項(xiàng)RCT[9-13,16-17]、2項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究[14-15];共計(jì)4 962例患者,其中試驗(yàn)組1 642例、對(duì)照組3 320例。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見圖1,納入研究的基本信息見表2。
2.2 納入研究質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果
7項(xiàng)RCT分別采用區(qū)組隨機(jī)化、交互式語(yǔ)音應(yīng)答系統(tǒng)或計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)數(shù)字發(fā)生器等隨機(jī)分組方法[9-13,16-17];7項(xiàng)RCT均采用了分配隱藏和雙盲試驗(yàn),結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)均完整[9-13,16-17],其中4項(xiàng)研究存在報(bào)告偏倚[9-10,12,16];7項(xiàng)RCT均不清楚是否存在其他偏倚來源[9-13,16-17]。2項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究的NOS評(píng)分均為8分,為高質(zhì)量研究[14-15]。結(jié)果見圖2、圖3。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 SSE發(fā)生率 9項(xiàng)研究(包括7項(xiàng)生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)和2項(xiàng)機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù))報(bào)道了SSE發(fā)生率[9-17]。生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者中,各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.32,I 2=14%)[10-15,17],采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖4。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者的SSE發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.71,95%CI(0.52,0.97),P=0.03]。機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者中,各研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.05,I 2=75%)[9,16],排除臨床和方法學(xué)異質(zhì)性后,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖5。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的SSE發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.52,95%CI(0.04,60.29),P=0.82]。
2.3.2 全因死亡率 7項(xiàng)研究(包括5項(xiàng)生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)和2項(xiàng)機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù))報(bào)道了全因死亡率[9-10,12-16]。生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者中,各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P<0.1,I 2=84%)[10,12-14];排除Duan等[15]的研究后,異質(zhì)性降低(P=0.48,I 2=0),考慮到異質(zhì)性可能為該研究納入的兩組樣本量差異較大,故刪除該研究,對(duì)其余4項(xiàng)研究采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖6。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的全因死亡率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.25,95%CI(0.88,1.79),P=0.22]。機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者中,各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.93,I 2=0)[9,16],采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖7。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的全因死亡率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.26,95%CI(0.04,1.84),P=0.18]。
2.3.3 大出血發(fā)生率 6項(xiàng)研究(均為生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù))報(bào)道了大出血發(fā)生率[11-15,17],各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.26,I 2=23%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖8。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者的大出血發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.40,95%CI(0.30,0.54),P<0.000 01]。
2.3.4 顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率 3項(xiàng)研究(均為生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù))報(bào)道了顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率[12-13,17],各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.72,I 2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,詳見圖9。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者的顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.04,0.95),P=0.04]。
2.3.5 亞組分析 因納入的機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的樣本量較小,故未對(duì)其進(jìn)行亞組分析,本文僅對(duì)生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者的主要療效和安全性指標(biāo)進(jìn)行亞組分析。首先,將生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者按隨訪時(shí)間進(jìn)行亞組分析。當(dāng)隨訪時(shí)間≤3個(gè)月時(shí),試驗(yàn)組患者的SSE發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.06,0.74),P=0.03],而兩組患者的大出血發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.67,95%CI(0.19,2.38),P=0.53]。當(dāng)隨訪時(shí)間>3個(gè)月時(shí),兩組患者的SSE發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.74,95%CI(0.54,1.02),P=0.07],而試驗(yàn)組患者的大出血發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.39,95%CI(0.29,0.52),P<0.001]。其次,將生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者按研究類型進(jìn)行亞組分析。在RCT研究中,試驗(yàn)組患者的SSE發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.51,95%CI(0.29,0.92),P=0.03],而兩組患者的大出血發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=0.58,95%CI(0.33,1.03),P=0.06]。在隊(duì)列研究中,兩組患者的SSE發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.03,95%CI(0.40,2.66),P=0.95],而試驗(yàn)組患者的大出血發(fā)生率顯著低于對(duì)照組[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.06,0.74),P<0.001]。結(jié)果見表3。
2.4 敏感性分析
分別以SSE發(fā)生率、全因死亡率、大出血發(fā)生率和顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生率為指標(biāo)進(jìn)行敏感性分析。結(jié)果顯示,分別逐一剔除單項(xiàng)原始研究后,各結(jié)局指標(biāo)均未發(fā)生顯著變化,提示所得結(jié)果較穩(wěn)健。
3 討論
無(wú)論是接受機(jī)械瓣膜還是生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù),患者術(shù)后均需長(zhǎng)期服用抗凝藥物,其中無(wú)房顫患者在生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后需服用3~6個(gè)月的抗凝藥物,而生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后合并房顫和機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者,則需終生服用抗凝藥物[18]。NOACs主要包括直接凝血酶抑制劑和凝血因子Ⅹa抑制劑,前者能特異性阻滯凝血酶活性,后者通過與凝血因子Ⅹa的活性位點(diǎn)結(jié)合來阻止凝血酶原轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟?,從而發(fā)揮抗凝作用[5]。但心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后,NOACs是否可以替代華法林用于抗凝治療仍存在爭(zhēng)議[19]。Malik等[20]一項(xiàng)關(guān)于生物瓣膜置換術(shù)后合并房顫患者的Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,NOACs與華法林的有效性和安全性均相當(dāng)。Adhikari等[21]的Meta分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于生物瓣膜置換術(shù)后合并房顫患者,NOACs與華法林的有效性相似,但安全性更高。雖然上述兩項(xiàng)Meta分析結(jié)果均表明,服用NOACs與華法林患者的SSE發(fā)生率無(wú)顯著差異,但隨后韓國(guó)的一項(xiàng)臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),華法林組有4例患者發(fā)生SSE,依度沙班組未有患者發(fā)生SSE[17]。美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)回顧性研究結(jié)果顯示,利伐沙班引起的卒中發(fā)生率顯著低于華法林[15]。上述研究結(jié)果提示,在SSE發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上,NOACs可能優(yōu)于華法林。而本研究結(jié)果顯示,在生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者中,服用NOACs患者的SSE、大出血、顱內(nèi)出血的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均顯著低于服用華法林患者,但兩組患者的全因死亡率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這提示,生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者使用NOACs的抗凝效果優(yōu)于華法林。
有研究認(rèn)為,心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)后患者早期(≤3個(gè)月)的血栓發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,但缺乏臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)[5]。早期已發(fā)表的關(guān)于生物瓣膜置換術(shù)后合并房顫患者的Meta分析雖然認(rèn)為,NOACs與華法林的有效性相當(dāng),但均未觀察患者術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)NOACs與華法林的抗凝療效[20-21]。本研究以隨訪時(shí)間的不同進(jìn)行了亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)隨訪時(shí)間≤3個(gè)月時(shí),NOACs組患者的SSE發(fā)生率顯著低于華法林組,而NOACs組患者的大出血發(fā)生率與華法林組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;當(dāng)隨訪時(shí)間>3個(gè)月時(shí),NOACs組患者的SSE發(fā)生率與華法林組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而NOACs組患者的大出血發(fā)生率顯著低于華法林組??梢姡瑹o(wú)論是術(shù)后早期還是長(zhǎng)期隨訪,NOACs在降低SSE發(fā)生率和大出血發(fā)生率方面均與華法林相當(dāng)或優(yōu)于華法林。按研究類型進(jìn)行的亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,無(wú)論是RCT還是隊(duì)列研究,NOACs在降低患者SSE發(fā)生率和大出血發(fā)生率方面也與華法林相當(dāng)或優(yōu)于華法林。
有研究比較了機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者使用達(dá)比加群與華法林的有效性和安全性,但因達(dá)比加群組患者發(fā)生SSE和大出血事件過多,使得該研究被提前終止[9]。但2020、2021年發(fā)表的兩篇前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),患者于機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后服用利伐沙班抗凝,隨訪3個(gè)月內(nèi)未有嚴(yán)重血栓或者大出血事件發(fā)生[6,16],雖然這2項(xiàng)研究納入的樣本量少,但所得結(jié)果提示可就該領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行更大樣本量的臨床試驗(yàn)[22-23]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者中,兩組患者的SSE發(fā)生率、全因死亡率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這提示NOACs或許可以作為機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后抗凝治療的方案之一。
綜上所述,對(duì)于生物瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者,NOACs的有效性和安全性均優(yōu)于或與華法林相當(dāng);對(duì)于機(jī)械瓣膜置換/修復(fù)術(shù)后患者,NOACs與華法林的有效性和安全性均無(wú)顯著差異。本研究的局限性為:(1)研究納入的NOACs種類不同,且給藥劑量也不盡相同,可能會(huì)增加結(jié)果的異質(zhì)性;(2)納入的機(jī)械瓣膜性心臟病抗凝和生物瓣膜性心臟病早期抗凝(≤3個(gè)月)文獻(xiàn)較少,且樣本量較小;(3)部分納入文獻(xiàn)的結(jié)局指標(biāo)發(fā)生率較低,可能會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)果造成一定的偏倚;(4)由于納入的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)較少,故未進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚分析。因此,所得結(jié)論尚需更多大樣本、多中心的臨床研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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(收稿日期:2021-09-14 修回日期:2021-12-09)
(編輯:陳 宏)