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甘肅省博物館藏唐代“藍(lán)地翼馬紋錦”的保護(hù)修復(fù)

2022-02-14 09:40王菊李林杉
絲綢 2022年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:病害

王菊 李林杉

摘要: 甘肅省博物館藏唐代“藍(lán)地翼馬紋錦”,因存在污染、糟朽等病害,急需保護(hù)修復(fù)。文章采用測色儀、X熒光能譜儀、顯微鏡等專業(yè)儀器對該織物進(jìn)行無損檢測,并依據(jù)檢測結(jié)果制定了科學(xué)的保護(hù)修復(fù)路線,繼而嘗試采用支撐法、針線縫合法,選用風(fēng)格相近的現(xiàn)代真絲面料進(jìn)行背襯加固;同時還注重紡織品文物相關(guān)背景信息的收集整理,進(jìn)一步對其價(jià)值認(rèn)知、紋飾復(fù)原、修復(fù)技術(shù)難點(diǎn)等問題進(jìn)行分析。修復(fù)后的織錦紋理更加明晰,絲線平順穩(wěn)固,整體色澤協(xié)調(diào),牢固度提高,且觀展效果增強(qiáng)。

關(guān)鍵詞: 唐代緯錦;翼馬紋飾;價(jià)值認(rèn)知;病害;檢測分析;保護(hù)修復(fù)

中圖分類號: TS145;K875.2 ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A ? ?文章編號: 1001-7003(2022)01-0088-07

引用頁碼: 011113DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2022.01.013

甘肅省博物館館藏唐代“藍(lán)地翼馬紋錦”為國家三級文物,該錦基本呈長方形,兩條長邊都存在明顯的折疊和縫線痕跡,邊緣最長處55.5 cm,寬24.2 cm,兩條短邊處殘缺嚴(yán)重。正面錦作藍(lán)地,以黃、白色絲線顯花;兩匹較完整的翼馬像作昂首行走狀,一匹左行,一匹右行,造型十分平穩(wěn),加之右下角殘存的少許紋飾(右行的馬臉、翅膀局部及冠飾小花)推斷,整幅錦上的主要紋飾應(yīng)由一排排相向而行的翼馬構(gòu)成,反面有較長的緯?。▓D1)。由于該織物存在殘缺、污染、糟朽等嚴(yán)重病害,且?guī)旆勘4姝h(huán)境及方式未達(dá)到紡織品文物保存要求,致其繼續(xù)劣化,因此對此織錦進(jìn)行了搶救性的保護(hù)修復(fù)。修復(fù)中,使用原位無損信息提取技術(shù),對文物進(jìn)行全方位信息采集,并依據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果和病害現(xiàn)狀評估等制定了科學(xué)的保護(hù)修復(fù)方案;同時,注重該文物相關(guān)歷史背景信息的收集整理,對其價(jià)值認(rèn)知、紋飾、織造工藝、材質(zhì)、污染病害及修復(fù)難點(diǎn)等問題進(jìn)行了研究。

1 價(jià)值認(rèn)知

1.1 裝飾紋樣典型

該錦兩條短邊處殘損嚴(yán)重,目前尚缺乏其他信息,以致不能辨識其原有形制,也不能斷定它的原始用途及織造產(chǎn)地等,所幸兩匹翼馬紋飾的保留部分可以互補(bǔ)。據(jù)此利用計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖技術(shù)復(fù)原出了完整的翼馬紋樣(圖2),為后期繼續(xù)研究織錦的來源等問題提供有力佐證。

該錦保存較完整的翼馬,身生雙翼,在胸前呈開張狀,翅膀下有卷云紋托起,翅膀前側(cè)先作龜背形,中間飾有一條聯(lián)珠帶,后側(cè)主要裝飾成羽毛狀,尾部卷曲;馬具完備,裝飾豐富;翼馬頭頂有花樣冠飾,項(xiàng)戴聯(lián)珠紋項(xiàng)圈,并系飄帶,呈水平狀向后飄揚(yáng);馬腿及尾部亦用綢帶系縛作為裝飾,這也是絲綢之路上馬的常見裝飾,翼馬前腿躍起,后腿著地,或作行走狀。從頭飾、頸飾、翅膀等信息研究分析,該錦上翼馬極具7—9世紀(jì)波斯、粟特地區(qū)翼馬造型的特點(diǎn)[1]。

在中國出土的北朝晚期至盛唐的織錦中,常見到翼天馬的形象,如中國絲綢博物館館藏紅地翼馬紋錦、青海熱水墓地所出低頭飲水的黃地翼天馬緯錦等(圖3),與本文中的翼馬一樣,體態(tài)都比較肥美健碩,與本土“天馬”勻稱堅(jiān)韌的形象有出入[2]。其原型是傳說中希臘神話中的珀伽索斯(Pegasus),是美杜莎與海神波塞冬所生,曾為柏勒洛豐馴服,但當(dāng)柏勒洛豐試圖騎它上天堂時,卻把柏勒洛豐從背上摔了下來,獨(dú)自飛到宇宙成為飛馬座[3]。這種帶有翅膀的神獸,漸漸東來,飛過波斯,飛到大唐,與從東向西傳播的絲綢一路相遇,成為絲綢之路沿途使用的織錦紋樣,也正是東西方文化交流、文明互鑒的一個象征。

1.2 織造技術(shù)的實(shí)證

從織造技法上看,這件極具異域裝飾特點(diǎn)的錦為斜紋緯錦,它通過經(jīng)緯組織的變化,顯示色彩的不同紋樣[4]。唐代是絲綢的鼎盛期,而在名目繁多的絲綢品種中,要數(shù)錦品格最高,古人對錦的理解要更直接。從錦的漢字結(jié)構(gòu)也能看出,漢字錦屬于形聲字,由“金”字和“帛”字組合而成?!夺屆め尣刹罚骸板\,金也。作之用功重,其價(jià)如金,故惟尊者得服之?!庇捎阱\用料精細(xì)考究、工藝繁復(fù)、顏色更是章彩綺麗,人們將其比喻成黃金以示其昂貴。初唐時,顏師古注《急就篇》,對錦的解釋為“織彩為紋曰錦”。中國最早的織錦為平紋經(jīng)錦,后為中亞及西方習(xí)得,將平紋經(jīng)錦翻轉(zhuǎn)90°成平紋緯錦,這一技術(shù)而后又傳入中原,進(jìn)而才出現(xiàn)了斜紋緯錦。緯錦的出現(xiàn),在中國的紡織織造史上更具有劃時代的意義[5]。本文的這件緯錦背后還存有較長的緯浮,更是為了凸顯正面花色而形成的一種技法。

2 病害種類與成因分析

2.1 病害種類

依據(jù)中國文物保護(hù)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《館藏紡織品類文物病害分類與圖示》[6],本文統(tǒng)計(jì)此織錦病害情況主要有5種(表1)。

2.2 病害成因分析

究其病害成因,是由于該錦年代久遠(yuǎn),埋藏環(huán)境、傳承環(huán)境、最初使用情況的復(fù)雜及材質(zhì)自身的“弱質(zhì)”性和不穩(wěn)定性所致,因而絲蛋白不可避免地發(fā)生降解,機(jī)械強(qiáng)度隨之降低,對后期的修復(fù)研究工作帶來一定難度[7]。另外,織物上的血漬殘留,極易遭受細(xì)菌的侵蝕,同時血漬中含有鐵質(zhì)催化劑,使所在部位的纖維加速降解乃至斷裂殘缺。還因?yàn)樵撳\未曾被清洗過,織物中的鈣鹽等成分受溫濕度等因素的影響,形成結(jié)晶體污染物,附著于織物表面或嵌入織物紋理中,加速了織物病害的發(fā)生與蔓延[8]。

3 檢測分析

3.1 色 彩

為了修復(fù)時對該錦的清洗效果、修復(fù)效果進(jìn)行對比評價(jià),以及后期對文物的色彩進(jìn)行復(fù)原研究,本文利用CM-700d便攜式色差儀(日本柯尼卡美能達(dá))采集了織錦原始色彩的Lab值,并對織物實(shí)施原位無損色彩記錄(表2),分析測試方位示意如圖4所示。

3.2 組織結(jié)構(gòu)及材質(zhì)鑒別

為了確定修復(fù)面料的材質(zhì),本文使用DG-3X便攜式數(shù)碼顯微鏡(日本SCALAR),對文物進(jìn)行了顯微圖像采集,測得該織物經(jīng)密40 根/cm,緯密30 根/cm,緯線較粗,經(jīng)線較細(xì),為斜紋緯重組織(圖5)。

在觀察整體織物外觀的基礎(chǔ)上,對該織物的縱向纖維形貌進(jìn)行觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)纖維呈單根均勻光滑的長絲,直徑在10 μm左右,符合桑蠶絲的特點(diǎn),可判斷其品種為絲(圖6)。

3.3 污染物

采用XL3t950-HE熒光能譜儀(Thermo Fisher NITON)對固體白色污染物成分進(jìn)行定性分析。檢測結(jié)果顯示,此錦污染物成分主要為銅銹、鐵銹、鈣鹽等(圖7)。

3.4 染 料

該錦有較明顯的脫色暈色現(xiàn)象,通過微型光纖光譜技術(shù)對其進(jìn)行了染料檢測,分析結(jié)果顯示:織錦中的黃色和藍(lán)色分別來自黃檗和靛青(圖8),黃檗的特征吸收峰在242~281 nm,靛青的特征峰在614~646 nm,都屬于純植物染料。

4 保護(hù)修復(fù)

4.1 設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)路線

針對平面類紡織品的加固,可采用傳統(tǒng)的“夾持法”,即用有機(jī)玻璃等材料把文物夾持后,周邊裝框或用膠帶封護(hù)即可,其弊端較明顯[9]。由顯微鏡觀察到該錦雖然部分絲線糟朽嚴(yán)重,但因織錦整體較厚,柔軟度尚好,基本還沒有酥脆、碳化、掉渣等現(xiàn)象,經(jīng)局部實(shí)驗(yàn),其牢固度尚可承受針線的穿縫力度。因此,本文嘗試選用背襯支撐法和針線縫合法進(jìn)行加固修復(fù)。修復(fù)主要技術(shù)路線:脫色實(shí)驗(yàn)→表面清潔→初次平整→背襯染色平整→平整固定織物與背襯→縫合加固→制作展托展示保存。

4.2 修復(fù)主要步驟及難點(diǎn)處理

1) 溫濕度調(diào)控。為保證文物在修復(fù)過程中與后期保存環(huán)境的一致性,在修復(fù)一開始就要對修復(fù)室內(nèi)溫濕度進(jìn)行調(diào)控。一般情況下,溫度應(yīng)控制在15~25 ℃,濕度在45%~65%的條件下即可[10]。在修復(fù)室利用空調(diào)設(shè)備調(diào)控溫度,用加濕器在局部空間持續(xù)加濕,人為調(diào)控濕度。

2) 表面清潔。對于古代織物的洗清,應(yīng)有一個效果的界定,因其都是一定歷史時期的產(chǎn)物,因此清洗以達(dá)到去除污物利于收藏保護(hù)為目的,沒有必要將其表面污斑清除得十分干凈而采用一些具有氧化性與腐蝕性的試劑或藥品[11]。該織物表面及纖維當(dāng)中有大面積結(jié)晶顆粒,經(jīng)前期檢測,這些污染物部分能溶于水,但因脫色又不宜水洗,只能先用軟毛刷輕輕剝離、掃除;嵌入到織物紋理當(dāng)中的顆粒,使用圓潤光滑的特制竹簽按壓擠碎,再蘸取顆粒粉末。按此物理方法處理后,污染物已基本清理干凈,個別嵌入到纖維中的晶體印跡和血漬污斑殘留,僅通過氮?dú)庀練⒕?,不再過多地干預(yù)。

3) 平整織物。該錦在長期的傳承過程中,因疊壓、糟朽等因素造成了難以撫平的褶皺,經(jīng)緯線稀松變形,圖案紋路錯位,背面緯浮散亂、絲線團(tuán)繞,加之紋飾中的淺色平行線條又多,若平整不到位,會格外顯眼,且使翼馬紋樣走形等。因此,平整工序是此錦修復(fù)成敗的關(guān)鍵。需先把反面黏連在一起的絲線理順,用磁塊壓平基本定型后再平正面,必要時可用霧化超純水對紡織品輕微回潮、展平褶皺;調(diào)整錯位的圖案紋路,做到經(jīng)平緯直后壓放磁塊定型,約1 h后移去磁塊。如仍未展平,在確保文物強(qiáng)度的前提下,繼續(xù)重復(fù)上述步驟。

4) 背襯織物染色。背襯織物的染色是本次修復(fù)的最大難點(diǎn),既要考慮文物的整體紋飾、質(zhì)地、色澤,更要考慮其局部的褪色、暈色;不但要兼顧背襯裸露在外的部分與周邊文物色澤的協(xié)調(diào)性,還要盡量與文物所呈現(xiàn)的滄桑感與陳舊感達(dá)到一致[12]。因此,本文選用與文物組織結(jié)構(gòu)相近的現(xiàn)代純色面料斜紋真絲作為背襯織物,考慮到織錦的藍(lán)地因脫色不均,一邊呈現(xiàn)深藍(lán),中間部位的藍(lán)色較淺且稍微泛綠,淺黃色的翼馬紋所占面積又很大,從整體視覺藝術(shù)審美角度出發(fā),便基本以文物中間部位較淺且?guī)ЬG的藍(lán)地顏色為基準(zhǔn)色;先對背襯小樣進(jìn)行染色(表3),待試染成功后,再同比例擴(kuò)大染液成分,對背襯面料染色,并根據(jù)文物基本形制把背襯剪裁成長方形(各邊大于文物15~20 cm),平整后用磁塊四周固定在修復(fù)臺上待用。

5) 縫合加固。待把文物放到平整好的背襯上后,調(diào)整文物的圖案、絲線等,并用密集的磁塊固定、定位,以免紋路錯位。要按一定順序逐一進(jìn)行縫合,注意縫線拉力的均衡,以防邊線部分翹起、打皺、局部歪斜走形、文物空白部分的背襯起泡等。待殘缺和周邊部位用鋪針法縫合后,再用訂針或行針法稀疏地加以整體固定。

6) 展存方式??紤]到此錦面積小,便用無酸紙板剪裁成長方形展板(長和寬大于文物實(shí)際長寬1 cm),然后把展板放置于文物背面,將多余背襯反包過去,待周邊粘貼固定后,再用縫線在背面拉緊加固(圖9)。這樣,修復(fù)后的文物既可直接展示,也便于存放,有效減少了后期人為因素被迫擾動文物的頻率。后期還需使用溴甲烷、環(huán)氧甲烷等定期對織物殺菌,維持其環(huán)境的相對穩(wěn)定性[13]。

5 結(jié) 語

此次修復(fù)采用純物理的背襯支撐法和針線縫合法,在保持文物原真性基礎(chǔ)上,有效提高了文物的整體牢固度;大部分都施以稀疏的訂針或行針法,最大限度地減少了修復(fù)過程對文物的二次傷害;理順平整了稀松變形的紋路,使翼馬紋飾更加清晰地呈現(xiàn)出來,研究并復(fù)原了翼馬紋樣,使附著在織錦上的歷史信息最大限度地得到保護(hù)和保存;清除污染物,有效抑制了病害蔓延,延長了文物壽命,增強(qiáng)了觀展效果;把文物與展托固定,實(shí)現(xiàn)了展存形式的統(tǒng)一。修復(fù)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)與成果對館藏平面類紡織品的保護(hù)修復(fù)極具借鑒意義。

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參考文獻(xiàn):

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Abstract: The Tang Dynasty was the most glorious and prosperous period for the development of Chinese silk industry. Considered to have the highest grade among numerous verities of silk fabrics, brocade took on different colors through the changes of warp and weft fabric structure and had epoch-making significance in the history of China’s textile and weaving industry. The blue brocade with winged horse patterns preserved in Gansu Provincial Museum belongs to the twill weft brocade. Its front side with blue background upon which yellow and white silk-thread-weaving design can be seen, has relatively long weft float on the back side, which is a kind of technique to highlight the front-side color. This piece of brocade is seriously damaged, so its original shape and structure, use, weaving method and place of origin cannot be determined at the moment. Only the remaining parts of the double-winged-horse pattern can be complemented to each other, so we tried to restore the original complete winged horse pattern by using computer graphics technology in order to provide powerful evidences for subsequent research on the source and manufacturing place of brocade. We also studied and analyzed the ornaments at its head, its neck and its wings of two winged horses, as well as the weaving technology of the whole piece, which shares some common characteristics with those winged horse patterns of the 7th to 9th century in Persia and Sogdiana Region. It is one of the typically and popularly used brocade pattern along the ancient Silk Road, as well as a symbol of the cultural exchange and mutual learning between the East and the West in the Tang Dynasty. However, due to burial, inheritance, and other complex environmental factors, in addition to the "weakness" and instability of the brocade material, the blood stain remained on the fabric and calcium salt under the influence of temperature and humidity, the brocade faces many diseases such as contamination, deterioration, damage, fold, iridescence, decoloration, etc. Moreover, the warehouse environment and preservation methods cannot meet the requirements of textile cultural relics, continuously worsening its diseases. It is in urgent need of conservation and restoration.

In the repair, nondestructive testing was performed on the color, fabric structure, material, contaminant, and dye using professional instruments including colorimeter, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, microscope, etc. A scientific route for conservation and restoration was developed according to the corresponding nondestructive testing results. After cleaning and leveling the surface, we tried to reinforce the back lining of this piece of brocade after dyeing with one piece of modern silk fabric of similar style by supporting and sewing with needle and thread. After restoration, this piece of brocade showed a clearer texture, silk thread looked more smooth and stable, the overall color looked harmoniously, the firmness of this piece of brocade was improved, the exhibiting effect of this piece of brocade was enhanced, and contaminant attached to the brocade was removed, effectively inhibiting the spread of the diseases on this piece of brocade, prolonging the lifetime of this piece of brocade, and maximally protecting and preserving related historical information in this piece of cultural relics.

Through literature reviewing and careful observation of information relating to this piece of brocade, the relevant background information on this piece of brocade was collected and sorted out, and its value cognition, restoration of pattern ornamentation and technical difficulties in restoration were further analyzed. On the other hand, for the need of follow-up exhibition, the restored brocade was fixed on the acid-free paper for the convenience of being stored in the packing box or being directly exhibited in the showcase, achieving a unification in the exhibition and storage form, effectively reducing the secondary damage caused by artificial disturbance of this piece of cultural relics. We fully followed the principle of "reversibility, minimum intervention and identifiability" in the process of cultural heritage conservation and restoration, without using any chemicals. The practical experience and results of restoration are of great significance for the conservation and restoration of the same kind of textile.

Key words: weft brocade in the Tang Dynasty; winged horse pattern; value cognition; disease; detection and analysis; conservation and restoration

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