李茜 屠越興 朱蔚 胡秀平 江玲芝
[摘要] 目的 探討急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)患者外周血及肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中細胞因子及TGF-β/IL-17平衡變化并分析其臨床意義。 方法 選擇浙江省人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學科2015年1月至2019年10月收治的50例ARDS患者(ARDS組)及30例急性心力衰竭患者(對照組)為研究對象,將ARDS組根據住院28 d結局分為生存組和死亡組。采用酶聯免疫吸附法(ELISA)測定所有患者外周血及BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β水平,比較ARDS組與對照組及不同結局ARDS患者間外周血及BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β水平及TGF-β/IL-17差異。 結果 ARDS組外周血中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平均明顯高于對照組,且TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.001)。ARDS組BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平均明顯高于對照組,且TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.001)。死亡組外周血中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平均明顯高于生存組,且TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.001)。死亡組BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平均明顯高于生存組,且TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.001)。 結論 ARDS患者外周血及肺泡灌洗液中IL-17和TGF-β水平明顯升高,TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯下降,提示ARDS患者存在免疫失衡,有助于判斷病情及調節(jié)免疫治療。
[關鍵詞] 急性呼吸窘迫綜合征;IL-17;TGF-β;免疫失衡
[中圖分類號] R563.9? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2022)02-0001-04
Analysis of the changes and clinical significance of TGF-β/IL-17 balance in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of ARDS patients
LI Qian1? ?TU Yuexing2? ?ZHU Wei1? ?HU Xiuping2? ?JIANG Lingzhi2
1.Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People′s Hospital, People′s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou? ?310014, China; 2.Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People′s Hospital, People′s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou? ?310014, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the changes of cytokines and TGF-β/IL-17 balance in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and analyze their clinical significance. Methods A total of 50 patients with ARDS (ARDS group) and 30 patients with acute heart failure (control group) admitted to the Department of Intensive Care of Zhejiang Provincial People′s Hospital from January 2015 to October 2019 were selected as the study subjects. The ARDS group was divided into survival group and death group according to the 28-day outcome of hospitalization. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-β in peripheral blood and BALF of all patients. The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-β and the difference of TGF-β/IL-17 in peripheral blood and BALF between the ARDS group and the control group and ARDS patients with different outcomes were compared. Results The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-β in peripheral blood of the ARDS group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and TGF-β/IL-17 was significantly lower. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and TGF-β in BALF of the ARDS group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and TGF-β/IL-17 levels were significantly lower, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and TGF-β in the peripheral blood of the death group were significantly higher than those of the survival group, and TGF-β/IL-17 levels were significantly lower, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and TGF-β in BALF of the death group were significantly higher than those of the survival group, and TGF-β/IL-17 levels were significantly lower, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion The levels of IL-17 and TGF-β in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of ARDS patients are significantly increased, and the levels of TGF-β/IL-17 is significantly decreased, suggesting that ARDS patients have immune imbalance, which is helpful to determine the condition and regulate immunotherapy.
[Key words] Acute respiratory distress syndrome; IL-17; TGF-β; Immune imbalance
盡管近年來對急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的研究日益增多,新的藥物和呼吸支持技術也不斷涌現,但ARDS的發(fā)病率和病死率仍居高不下,嚴重威脅人類健康。ARDS的病理生理基礎是彌漫性的肺泡損傷及后繼的纖維化,其本質是肺部炎癥反應的失控[1]。ARDS過程中牽涉的全身炎癥反應(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)機制錯綜復雜,包括細胞因子、炎性介質的釋放,中性粒細胞聚集在肺部釋放活性氧、肺內皮細胞的凋亡、Toll樣受體信號轉導和抑制功能及T細胞介導的細胞免疫失衡等[2]。其中,T細胞介導的細胞免疫失衡導致的炎癥反應在ARDS的發(fā)病中可能起著重要作用。而T細胞在功能上又分為輔助性T細胞(T help cell, Th)和調節(jié)性T細胞(regulatory T cell,Treg),這兩類T細胞對免疫系統(tǒng)的調節(jié)作用相反,其分化過程相互抑制[3]。研究證實在穩(wěn)態(tài)或沒有炎癥損傷的情況下,初始CD4+Th在轉化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)單獨誘導下向Treg細胞方向分化,抑制效應細胞的增殖并維持免疫耐受;但在炎癥或感染時,免疫體系激活,機體分泌白細胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6和TGF-β共同誘導初始CD4+Th分化為Th17細胞,參與炎癥反應和產生自身免疫性疾病,同時抑制Treg細胞的功能,導致Treg/Th17平衡破壞[4]。TGF-β和IL-17分別由Treg和Th17通過不同的信號通路轉化而來,并在外周血及肺泡灌洗液(bronchial alveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中可以被檢測到[5]。目前國內外對于ARDS患者體內Treg/Th17變化研究較少,本研究通過測定ARDS患者外周血及BALF中TGF-β/IL-17平衡變化來間接反映Treg/Th17平衡變化并進一步分析其臨床意義,現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇浙江省人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學科2015年1月至2019年10月收治的50例ARDS患者(ARDS組)及30例急性心力衰竭患者(對照組)為研究對象。ARDS組患者均符合以下納入標準:(1)ARDS的診斷符合2012柏林標準[6]:①急性起病,1周內新發(fā)的氣促、呼吸窘迫等;②胸片或胸部CT出現雙肺斑片狀模糊影且不能用肺不張、肺結節(jié)及胸腔積液解釋者;③超聲心動圖檢測心臟排除心源性肺水腫;④氧合指數(OI=PaO2/FiO2,即動脈血氧分壓/吸入氧濃度)下降,輕度:200 mmHg
1.2 方法
所有患者入院后均接受氣管插管或切管切開接呼吸機輔助通氣,并根據病情給予補液、抗感染、抑酸護胃、營養(yǎng)心肌、營養(yǎng)支持等治療。分辨檢測ARDS組患者自ARDS診斷成立日及對照組患者入院時的外周血及BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β水平,比較ARDS組與對照組及不同結局的ARDS患者間外周血及BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β水平及TGF-β/IL-17差異,分析其臨床意義。其中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17和TGF-β水平的檢測均采用酶聯免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)進行測定,試劑盒由北京百奧萊博科技有限公司提供。肺泡灌洗液的提取采用Olympus-P30纖維支氣管鏡,嚴格按照操作規(guī)范,每次灌洗50 ml,提取20 ml肺泡灌洗液,該操作由經驗豐富的副主任醫(yī)師進行。所有標本留取后及時送檢。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數據分析。計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數資料以[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組外周血中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平及TGF-β/IL-17比較
ARDS組外周血中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平均明顯高于對照組,且TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=-3.643、-6.629、-6.683、-4.495、3.637,均P<0.001)。見表2。
2.2兩組BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平及TGF-β/IL-17比較
ARDS組BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平均明顯高于對照組,且TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=-4.533、-6.324、-6.124、-4.363、3.363,均P<0.001)。見表3。
2.3 ARDS組不同預后結局患者血液中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平及TGF-β/IL-17比較
死亡組外周血中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平均明顯高于生存組,且TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=-5.334、-6.543、-7.224、-4.224、3.123,均P<0.001)。見表4。
2.4 ARDS組不同預后結局患者BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平及TGF-β/IL-17比較
死亡組BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平均明顯高于生存組,且TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=-3.334、-7.522、-8.568、-4.475、5.223,均P<0.001)。見表5。
3 討論
ARDS是由各種非心源性的肺內、外致病因素引起的臨床急危重癥,臨床癥狀主要表現為急性進行性加重的呼吸困難和難治性低氧血癥。眾多研究已經證實ARDS是全身炎癥反應(SIRS)和多臟器功能障礙(multiple organs dysfunction syndrome,MODS)的組成部分和其在肺部的表現,病程早期表現為ALI,而后期則動態(tài)演變?yōu)锳RDS[7-8]。
近年來隨著人們對ARDS的研究逐漸深入,越來越多的學者認識到免疫調節(jié)在ARDS的發(fā)生發(fā)展中扮演著重要角色。ARDS導致的SIRS牽涉眾多細胞因子和炎癥介質,其中T細胞介導的細胞免疫失衡導致的炎癥反應在ARDS的發(fā)病中可能起著重要作用。機體內初始CD4+T輔助細胞受到外來抗原刺激后通過一系列信號通路增殖分化為各種效應T細胞來發(fā)揮生物學效應,如在IL-12誘導下分化為Th1細胞,產生干擾素(IFN)-γ,從而發(fā)揮抗感染及抗腫瘤作用;在IL-4誘導下分化為Th2細胞,分泌IL-4、IL-5和IL-13,介導機體的體液免疫和超敏反應并參與自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)病;在TGF-β的單獨誘導下分化為Treg并分泌TGF-β,在維護機體免疫平衡中發(fā)揮重要作用[9-10]。另外,近年來又發(fā)現一種以分泌IL-17為主與炎癥反應有關的Th17細胞[3]。
信號轉導和轉錄激活因子3(STAT3)和維甲酸相關的孤獨核受體γt(RORγt)是調節(jié)Th17細胞轉錄的主要因子,IL-6和TGF-β能夠刺激誘導RORγt表達而上調IL-17表達[11-12]。Th17細胞通過IL-17、IL-22、IL-23、IL-6、TNF-α[13-15]等細胞因子發(fā)揮其介導炎癥反應的功能。介導免疫耐受的Treg細胞和介導炎癥反應的Th17細胞間功能和分化過程相互對抗,機體處于正常狀態(tài)下兩者保持平衡,一旦機體發(fā)生功能異常時常表現出Treg/Th17失衡,從而引起一系列炎癥反應,損傷機體。研究發(fā)現在部分膿毒癥休克患者的外周血中Treg的比例增加,并且在難以恢復的患者中持續(xù)存在,而且Treg相對數量的增加是由于循環(huán)中的效應細胞比例下降所造成的,其絕對數量并沒有太大變化[16-17]。Li等[18]通過動物實驗研究發(fā)現,ARDS大鼠體內Treg和Th17細胞都被激活而顯著增加,但Th17增加更多,從而導致Treg/Th17比例的失衡。同時,ARDS大鼠體內細胞因子IL-6、TGF-β、IL-10和IL-17水平釋放明顯增多,推斷ARDS大鼠體內存在著免疫失衡,并且這種免疫失衡可以被非選擇性磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制藥己酮可可堿(PTX)所阻斷而得以糾正,并推斷這種改變可能是由于環(huán)磷酸腺苷(cAMP)通路的激活抑制了轉錄因子Foxp3和RORγt的過度表達來實現的[19]。
膿毒癥是導致ARDS的最重要病因,其實質都是全身炎癥反應的演變。Mikacenic 等[20]研究發(fā)現,ARDS患者中,血清及肺泡分泌的IL-17水平升高與肺泡中性粒細胞百分比上升、肺泡通透性增加及器官功能障礙密切相關。本研究發(fā)現,ARDS患者外周血及BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平明顯升高,同時TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,與對照組患者比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P<0.001);進一步對ARDS患者根據不同預后進行比較,結果發(fā)現死亡組患者外周血及BALF中IL-6、IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β水平明顯升高,同時TGF-β/IL-17水平明顯降低,與對照組患者比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P<0.001)。由此可見ARDS時體內的IL-17及TGF-β水平均有明顯升高,但是IL-17升高更為明顯,因此間接反映體內Treg/Th17比例的TGF-β/IL-17也有明顯降低,提示此時機體處于免疫失衡狀態(tài),而且這種免疫失衡在病情較重的患者中表現更為明顯,對于預后也有一定的提示。此外,筆者還發(fā)現這些炎癥因子在肺泡灌洗液中的濃度更高,同時檢測肺泡灌洗液中的炎癥因子對于提早發(fā)現和及時診斷ARDS也有一定的提示作用,與筆者前期的研究結果一致[18]。
綜上所述,ARDS患者外周血及肺泡灌洗液中IL-17和TGF-β水平明顯升高,TGF-β/IL-17平衡明顯下降,存在免疫失衡,在蛋白質層面上闡明了ARDS中免疫淋巴細胞Treg和Th17及相關細胞因子的變化,提示可以使用一些干預手段來減輕這種免疫紊亂并恢復機體的免疫自穩(wěn)態(tài),避免過度炎癥反應或免疫麻痹對機體的損害,從而可能發(fā)現針對性地治療ARDS的新靶點,也可為臨床新藥開發(fā)提供新的思路。同時本研究尚存在著以下不足:①本研究樣本量偏小,尚需更大規(guī)模的動物試驗和臨床研究來證實;②本研究僅在蛋白質層面上,未進一步在更深層次上揭示具體的信號通路及發(fā)生機制。
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(收稿日期:2021-03-24)