黃博寧,林 娟,彭思遠,陳子健,林 超,林寶琴
基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)探討丹紅化瘀口服液治療深靜脈血栓的作用機制
黃博寧1, 3,林 娟2,彭思遠3,陳子健3,林 超3,林寶琴1*
1. 廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,廣東 廣州 510405 2. 廣州白云山和記黃埔中藥有限公司,廣東 廣州 510515 3. 廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510006
基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)方法探討丹紅化瘀口服液治療深靜脈血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的作用機制。利用中藥系統(tǒng)藥理學(xué)技術(shù)平臺數(shù)據(jù)庫(TCMSP)獲取丹紅化瘀口服液的主要化學(xué)成分及作用靶點,利用Uniprot數(shù)據(jù)庫對獲取的作用靶點進行規(guī)范化處理;通過DisGeNet、GeneCards、OMIM、DrugBank數(shù)據(jù)庫獲取DVT相關(guān)靶點;利用Venny 2.1.0繪圖網(wǎng)站構(gòu)建Venn圖,得到丹紅化瘀口服液與DVT的交集靶點;應(yīng)用String平臺構(gòu)建蛋白質(zhì)-蛋白質(zhì)相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)網(wǎng)絡(luò);通過David數(shù)據(jù)庫對交集靶點進行基因本體(gene ontology,GO)功能及京都基因與基因組百科全書(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路富集分析,使用微生信網(wǎng)站繪制結(jié)果氣泡圖,并利用KEGG Mapper平臺制作通路機制圖;相關(guān)結(jié)果采用Cytoscape 3.7.2軟件進行可視化研究及網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)分析。經(jīng)過數(shù)據(jù)庫分析共篩選丹紅化瘀口服液化學(xué)成分130個,潛在作用靶點268個,其中涉及DVT靶點136個?!爸兴?成分-疾病靶點”網(wǎng)絡(luò)顯示,槲皮素、木犀草素、山柰酚等是丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的主要活性成分,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AP-1(transcription factor AP-1,JUN)、腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、白細胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6、信號傳導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)等是丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的核心靶點。通過GO功能富集分析得到211條生物進程條目,124條分子功能條目,72條細胞成分條目。通過KEGG通路富集分析,得到3條與DVT相關(guān)的通路,即胞內(nèi)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)通路、TNF信號通路、缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1)信號通路。丹紅化瘀口服液可通過多成分、多靶點和多通路發(fā)揮治療DVT的作用,為拓寬其臨床用途提供基礎(chǔ)。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué);丹紅化瘀口服液;深靜脈血栓;活性成分;靶點;作用機制
深靜脈血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)在人群中的發(fā)病率高達0.152%[1],若不及時治療,可進展為肺栓塞引起死亡。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展,現(xiàn)認為靜脈血栓發(fā)生發(fā)展的3要素:①血流改變(停滯);②內(nèi)皮功能障礙;③血液高凝狀態(tài)[2]。20世紀70年代以來,越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)炎癥反應(yīng)在DVT中起著關(guān)鍵作用[3-4]。
丹紅化瘀口服液為王清任“血府逐瘀湯”的加減方,由丹參、當歸、川芎、桃仁、紅花、柴胡和枳殼7味中藥組成,比例分別為29.0%、11.5%、15.0%、11.5%、11.5%、11.5%和10.0%[5-6]。方中丹參活血祛瘀,配合當歸活血養(yǎng)血,使瘀血去而又不傷血;川芎活血行氣,桃仁潤燥活血,紅花散瘀止痛,助丹參活血祛瘀之效;柴胡疏肝解郁,枳殼理氣寬中,一升一降,使氣行則血行。因此,丹紅化瘀口服液具有活血化瘀、行氣通絡(luò)之功效。
DVT屬于中醫(yī)血瘀證“脈痹”的范疇,為氣滯血瘀和氣機不暢所致。因此,丹紅化瘀口服液對DVT有治療作用。網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)是基于系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)、基因組學(xué)、蛋白組學(xué)等學(xué)科理論,通過數(shù)據(jù)分析、計算機模擬及網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索等技術(shù),揭示藥物-基因-靶點-疾病相互作用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系,符合中藥復(fù)方治療疾病的多成分、多靶點、多通路的特點[7-8]。為較全面了解丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的作用機制,本研究采用網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)方法,對丹紅化瘀口服液有效成分抗DVT的作用靶點進行預(yù)測,為揭示其作用機制和拓寬其臨床用途奠定理論基礎(chǔ)。
通過中藥系統(tǒng)藥理學(xué)技術(shù)平臺數(shù)據(jù)庫(TCMSP,http://lsp.nwu.edu.cn/tcmsp.php)尋找丹參、當歸、川芎、桃仁、紅花、柴胡和枳殼7味中藥的化學(xué)成分,根據(jù)口服生物利用度(oral bioavailability,OB)≥30%以及類藥性(drug-likeness,DL)≥0.18 2個藥動學(xué)屬性值進行初步篩選,以獲得丹紅化瘀口服液的主要化學(xué)成分及其作用的蛋白靶點。篩選結(jié)束后,為標準化蛋白質(zhì)靶點信息,統(tǒng)一在Uniprot蛋白質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www. uniprot.org)將化學(xué)成分作用的蛋白靶點進行規(guī)范。
以“deep vein thrombosis”為關(guān)鍵詞,檢索GeneCards數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.genecards.org)、OMIM數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://www.omim.org)、DisGeNet數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.disgenet.org)中DVT潛在靶點,并進入DrugBank數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.drugbank. ca)尋找DVT臨床一線化學(xué)藥作用靶點予以補充。在GeneCards數(shù)據(jù)庫中,Score值越高則代表該靶點與疾病關(guān)系密切。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗,若靶點過多則設(shè)定Score大于中位數(shù)的目標靶點為DVT的潛在靶點,合并4個疾病數(shù)據(jù)庫靶點后,刪除重復(fù)值得到DVT靶點。
為明確丹紅化瘀口服液靶點與DVT靶點之間的相互作用,利用Venny 2.1.0繪圖網(wǎng)站(https:// bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.html)將兩者靶點取交集并繪制Venn圖。進而將交集靶點基因?qū)隒ytoScape 3.7.2軟件繪制“中藥-成分-疾病靶點”網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖,并根據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖各個節(jié)點的度值篩選丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的主要活性成分。
將上述交集靶點提交至STRING 11.0數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://string-db.org)構(gòu)建PPI網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖,將生物種類設(shè)定為“Homo sapiens”,最小互相作用閾值設(shè)定為“highest confidence”(>0.9),其余設(shè)置均為默認設(shè)置,并隱藏游離點后分析蛋白與蛋白的相互作用得到PPI網(wǎng)絡(luò)。將導(dǎo)出的數(shù)據(jù)通過Cytoscape 3.7.2軟件的CytoHubba插件,利用其MCC算法篩選核心靶點,利用微生信網(wǎng)站(http://www.bioinformatics. com.cn)對數(shù)據(jù)進行可視化處理。
將得到的交集靶點錄入David平臺(https://david.ncifcrf.gov),物種設(shè)置為“Homo sapiens”,分析主要的生物學(xué)過程與代謝通路并進行富集分析,選取值小于0.01的前20條數(shù)據(jù),利用微生信網(wǎng)站對其進行可視化處理。利用KEGG Mapper平臺(https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/mapper.html)對與DVT形成相關(guān)且較多關(guān)鍵基因所富集的通路,進行靶點-通路分析,并繪制通路機制圖。
利用TCMSP平臺以O(shè)B≥30%和DL≥0.18為篩選條件,分別檢索丹參、當歸、川芎、桃仁、紅花、柴胡和枳殼7味中藥,共收集到130個化學(xué)成分。刪除無法檢索出與之相對應(yīng)靶點的化學(xué)成分后,得到丹紅化瘀口服液化學(xué)成分109個,靶點1132個。刪除靶點重復(fù)項,利用Uniprot數(shù)據(jù)庫將靶點轉(zhuǎn)化成相對應(yīng)基因名,并進行規(guī)范化處理,得到靶點基因268個。
以“deep vein thrombosis”為檢索關(guān)鍵詞,收集DVT相關(guān)靶點,其中在GeneCards數(shù)據(jù)庫收集到靶點1042個,OMIM數(shù)據(jù)庫14個,DisGeNet數(shù)據(jù)庫230個,DrugBank數(shù)據(jù)庫25個,刪除重復(fù)基因,得到1146個DVT疾病基因。
利用Venny 2.1.0網(wǎng)站將丹紅化瘀口服液化學(xué)成分靶點與疾病靶點取交集,得到交集靶點136個,并繪制Venn圖,見圖1。為更加清晰闡明化學(xué)成分與靶點之間的關(guān)系,以中藥名稱拼音首字母對中藥進行簡化后對各類中藥進行編碼,如丹參(dan shen,DS),以英文字母A、B、C、D、E、F、G對丹紅化瘀口服液中共有的7種化學(xué)成分進行編碼,如β-sitosterol編碼為A,見表1。
圖1 丹紅化瘀口服液與DVT交集靶點Venn圖
利用Cytoscape 3.7.2軟件對136個交集靶點進行“中藥化學(xué)成分-疾病靶點”網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖的繪制,見圖2。使用Cytoscape 3.7.2軟件中Network Analysis功能計算分析得到248個節(jié)點,749條邊,平均度值為6.4,篩選度值≥12.8的化學(xué)成分作為丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的主要活性成分,見表2。其中排名前3的槲皮素、木犀草素、山柰酚為共有化學(xué)成分。
將136個交集靶點導(dǎo)入String數(shù)據(jù)庫,獲得PPI網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù),將數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入Cytoscape 3.7.2軟件進行拓撲分析,得到130個節(jié)點,716條邊。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Cytoscape 3.7.2軟件的Cytohubba插件中的MCC算法在預(yù)測靶點方面發(fā)揮重要的作用,具有更大優(yōu)勢[9]。故本次實驗采用MCC算法,選取MCC數(shù)值排名前20靶點繪制條形圖,見圖3。MCC數(shù)值越高,代表節(jié)點在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中越重要。選取MCC數(shù)值排名前10的靶點作為丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的核心靶點,分別為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子AP-1(transcription factor AP-1,JUN)、腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、白細胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6、信號傳導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶3(mitogen-activated protein kinase 3,MAPK3)、IL-4、細胞腫瘤抗原p53(cellular tumor antigen p53,TP53)、IL-8(又稱為CXCL8)和免疫細胞的趨化因子2(C-C motif chemokine 2,CCL2),見表3。
將得到的136個交集靶點導(dǎo)入David數(shù)據(jù)庫進行GO分析,包括生物過程(biological processes,BP)分析、分子功能(molecular functions,MF)分析和細胞成分(cellular components,CC)分析。根據(jù)導(dǎo)出數(shù)據(jù)的值、基因數(shù)值、基因比率值,選取值小于0.01的前20條數(shù)據(jù),利用微生信網(wǎng)站繪制氣泡圖。GO-BP分析可得到211個條目,發(fā)現(xiàn)丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT富集在RNA聚合酶II啟動子轉(zhuǎn)錄的正調(diào)控、凋亡過程的負調(diào)控、DNA模板轉(zhuǎn)錄正調(diào)控、對藥物的反應(yīng)和細胞增殖的正向調(diào)控等BP,見圖4-A。GO-MF分析得到124個條目,發(fā)現(xiàn)其富集在蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合、酶的結(jié)合、相同的蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合、蛋白質(zhì)的同源二聚作用和蛋白質(zhì)的異源二聚作用等MF,見圖4-B。GO-CC分析得到72個條目,發(fā)現(xiàn)其富集在細胞核、細胞溶質(zhì)、細胞質(zhì)、細胞膜、細胞外間隙等CC,見圖4-C。GO功能分析結(jié)果表明丹紅化瘀口服液可能通過影響DNA復(fù)制、轉(zhuǎn)錄,細胞的凋亡、增殖和應(yīng)激反應(yīng)等BP,通過與酶、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子等靶點蛋白的結(jié)合影響靶點蛋白的MF,通過干預(yù)細胞質(zhì)、細胞膜等CC的合成,發(fā)揮治療DVT的作用。
表1 丹紅化瘀口服液的化學(xué)成分
Table 1 Compounds of Danhong Huayu Oral Liquid
中藥編碼Mol ID成分OB/%DL 丹參DS1MOL007064przewalskin b110.320.44 DS2MOL007132(2R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[(Z)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acryloyl]oxy-propionic acid109.380.35 DS3MOL007150(6S)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-6-methylol-8,9-dihydro-7H-naphtho[8,7-g]benzofuran-10,11- quinone75.390.46 DS4MOL007058formyltanshinone73.440.42 DS5MOL007120miltionone Ⅱ71.030.44 DS6MOL007105epidanshenspiroketallactone68.270.31 DS7MOL007155(6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-dimethyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-naphtho[8,7-g]benzofuran-10,11- dione65.260.45 DS8MOL007130prolithospermic acid64.370.31 DS9MOL0070502-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-3-benzofuran-carboxaldehyde62.780.40 DS10MOL007068przewaquinone B62.240.41 DS11MOL000569digallate61.850.26 DS12MOL007081danshenol B57.950.56 DS13MOL007082danshenol A56.970.52 DS14MOL007069przewaquinone c55.740.40 DS15MOL007108isocryptotanshi-none54.980.39 DS16MOL007125neocryptotanshinone52.490.32 DS17MOL007079tanshinaldehyde52.470.45 DS18MOL007088cryptotanshinone52.340.40 DS19MOL007094danshenspiroketallactone50.430.31 DS20MOL007111isotanshinone Ⅱ49.920.40 DS21MOL007154tanshinone iia49.890.40 DS22MOL007119miltionone Ⅰ49.680.32 DS23MOL007098deoxyneocryptotanshinone49.400.29 DS24MOL007048(E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-benzofuran-4-yl]acrylic acid48.240.31 DS25MOL007156tanshinone Ⅵ45.640.30 DS26MOL007141salvianolic acid g45.560.61 DS27MOL001942isoimperatorin45.460.23 DS28MOL007115manool45.040.20 DS29MOL007101dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ45.040.36 DS30MOL0070453α-hydroxytanshinone ⅡA44.930.44 DS31MOL001659poriferasterol43.830.76 DS32MOL002651dehydrotanshinone ⅡA43.760.40 DS33MOL007077sclareol43.670.21 DS34MOL007142salvianolic acid j43.380.72 DS35MOL007152przewaquinone E42.850.45 DS36MOL007151tanshindiol B42.670.45 DS37MOL007070(6S,7R)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,6-dimethyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-naphtho[8,7-g]benzofuran-10,11-dione41.310.45 DS38MOL0070412-isopropyl-8-methylphenanthrene-3,4-dione40.860.23 DS39MOL007071przewaquinone f40.310.46 DS40MOL007124neocryptotanshinone Ⅱ39.460.23 DS41MOL007093dan-shexinkum d38.880.55 DS42MOL007122miltirone38.760.25 DS43MOL0016011,2,5,6-tetrahydrotanshinone38.750.36 DS44MOL007100dihydrotanshinlactone38.680.32 DS45MOL007063przewalskin a37.110.65 DS46MOL007061methylenetanshinquinone37.070.36 DS47MOL007121miltipolone36.560.37 DS48MOL002222sugiol36.110.28 DS49MOL007107C0909236.070.25 DS50MOL0071271-methyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-naphtho[5,6-g]benzofuran-6,10,11-trione34.720.37 DS51MOL0070494-methylenemiltirone34.350.23 DS52MOL0070365,6-dihydroxy-7-isopropyl-1,1-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrophenanthren-4-one33.770.29 DS53MOL007143salvilenone Ⅰ32.430.23 DS54MOL0070593-β-hydroxymethyllenetanshiquinone32.160.41 DS55MOL007145salviolone31.720.24 DS56MOL007085salvilenone30.380.38
續(xù)表1
中藥編碼Mol ID成分OB/%DL 桃仁TR1MOL000296hederagenin36.910.75 TR2MOL000493campesterol37.580.71 TR3MOL0013683-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid37.630.29 TR4MOL001323sitosterol alpha143.280.78 TR5MOL0013282,3-didehydro GA7063.290.50 TR6MOL001352GA5464.210.53 TR7MOL001355GA6365.540.54 TR8MOL001361GA8768.850.57 TR9MOL001342GA121-isolactone72.700.54 TR10MOL001358gibberellin 773.800.50 TR11MOL001340GA12084.850.45 TR12MOL001360GA7787.890.53 TR13MOL0013292,3-didehydro GA7788.080.53 TR14MOL001344GA122-isolactone88.110.54 TR15MOL0013494a-formyl-7α-hydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylidene-4aα,4bβ-gibbane-1α,10β-dicarboxylic acid88.600.46 TR16MOL001353GA6093.170.53 TR17MOL001351gibberellin A44101.610.54 紅花HH1MOL0026944-[(E)-4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-oxo-1-cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)but-2-enylidene]-2,6-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one48.470.36 HH2MOL002695lignan43.320.65 HH3MOL002710pyrethrin Ⅱ48.360.35 HH4MOL0027126-hydroxykaempferol62.130.27 HH5MOL002714baicalein33.520.21 HH6MOL002717carthamone51.030.20 HH7MOL002721quercetagetin45.010.31 HH8MOL0027577,8-dimethyl-1H-pyrimido[5,6-g]quinoxaline-2,4-dione45.750.19 HH9MOL002773β-carotene37.180.58 HH10MOL000953CLR37.870.68 柴胡CH1MOL013187cubebin57.130.64 CH2MOL000354isorhamnetin49.600.31 CH3MOL004609areapillin48.960.41 CH4MOL004624longikaurin A47.720.53 CH5MOL004653(+)-anomalin46.060.66 CH6MOL004718α-spinasterol42.980.76 CH7MOL001645linoleyl acetate42.100.20 CH8MOL0045983,5,6,7-tetramethoxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)chromone31.970.59 CH9MOL000490petunidin30.050.31 川芎CX1MOL000359sitosterol36.910.75 CX2MOL002135myricanone40.600.51 CX3MOL001494mandenol42.000.19 CX4MOL002157wallichilide42.310.71 CX5MOL002140perlolyrine65.950.27 CX6MOL000433FA68.960.71 枳殼ZK1MOL002341hesperetin70.310.27 ZK2MOL005828nobiletin61.670.52 ZK3MOL004328naringenin59.290.21 ZK4MOL013381marmin38.230.31 紅花、桃仁、枳殼、當歸AMOL000358β-sitosterol36.910.75 紅花、柴胡、丹參BMOL002776baicalin40.120.75 紅花、柴胡、當歸CMOL000449stigmasterol43.830.76 紅花、柴胡DMOL000098quercetin46.430.28 EMOL000422kaempferol62.130.27 紅花、丹參FMOL001771poriferast-5-en-3β-ol36.910.75 GMOL000006luteolin36.160.25
正八邊形代表從丹紅化瘀口服液中篩選的化學(xué)成分;菱形代表靶點;三角形代表丹紅化瘀口服液中的7味中藥;節(jié)點越大、顏色越深代表其在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中越重要
Regular octagon represents the compounds selected from Danhong Huayu Oral Liquid; diamond represents target; triangle represents seven traditional Chinese medicine in Danhong Huayu Oral Liquid; the larger the node and darker the color is, the more important it is in the network
圖2 “中藥-成分-疾病靶點”網(wǎng)絡(luò)
Fig. 2 “Traditional Chinese medicine-compound-disease target” network
表2 丹紅化瘀口服液的主要活性成分
Table 2 Main active compounds of Danhong Huayu Oral Liquid
所屬中藥編碼Mol ID成分度值 紅花、柴胡DMOL000098槲皮素93 紅花、丹參GMOL000006木犀草素42 紅花、柴胡EMOL000422山柰酚34 枳殼ZK2MOL005828川陳皮素24 枳殼ZK3MOL004328柚皮素22 丹參DS21MOL007154丹參酮IIA21 紅花HH5MOL002714黃芩素20 紅花HH9MOL002773β-胡蘿卜素19 紅花、桃仁、枳殼、當歸AMOL000358β-谷甾醇18 柴胡CH2MOL000354異鼠李素18 川芎CX2MOL002135楊梅酮15 丹參DS18MOL007088隱丹參酮14 丹參DS41MOL007093丹參新醌D14 丹參DS44MOL007100二氫丹參內(nèi)酯14 丹參DS22MOL007119丹參新酮I13 丹參DS38MOL0070412-異丙基-8-甲基菲-3,4-二酮13
圖3 MCC值前20的靶點
表3 丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的核心靶點
Table 3 Core targets of Danhong Huayu Oral Liquid for treatment of DVT
靶點MCC值排名 JUN50 3941 TNF36 5052 IL-1β32 6463 IL-632 3564 STAT331 6345 MAPK329 3806 IL-427 3917 TP5325 6878 CXCL822 8409 CCL221 16810
圖4 GO-BP (A)、GO-MF (B)和GO-CC (C)分析氣泡圖
使用David數(shù)據(jù)庫對136個交集靶點進行KEGG通路富集分析,得到130個富集通路條目。結(jié)果顯示,基因主要富集于癌癥相關(guān)通路、乙型肝炎通路、胞內(nèi)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)通路、癌癥中的蛋白多糖通路、甲型流感通路、TNF信號通路、缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1)信號通路,見圖5。利用KEGG Mapper平臺對排名靠前且與DVT相關(guān)的通路,即PI3K-Akt信號通路、TNF信號通路和HIF-1信號通路繪制通路機制圖,結(jié)合通路機制圖進一步分析丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的具體作用機制,見圖6。
圖5 KEGG通路富集分析氣泡圖
國內(nèi)臨床研究表明,45% DVT病人可發(fā)生肺栓塞。肺栓塞是臨床上病人猝死的主要原因之一,因此必須重視DVT的防治[10]。丹紅化瘀口服液具有活血化瘀、行氣通絡(luò)等功效。本課題組前期研究均顯示丹紅化瘀口服液具有顯著的抗DVT作用[5,11-13]。
本研究根據(jù)“中藥-成分-疾病靶點”網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖發(fā)現(xiàn)丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的主要活性成分為槲皮素、木犀草素和山柰酚等。研究表明,槲皮素、木犀草素可顯著抑制IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α等炎性因子的釋放[14-16];木犀草素還能夠抑制IL-4、IL-8的釋放,同時調(diào)控CCL2的表達[16];山柰酚能夠顯著抑制MAPK通路,進而抑制MAPK通路下游IL-8(又名CXCL8)等炎性因子的表達[17]。
在篩選出來的16個丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的主要化學(xué)成分中,丹參占了7個,其次是紅花占6個,柴胡和枳殼各占3個,推測丹參可能是丹紅化瘀口服液抗DVT形成的核心中藥,與原方君藥地位相符?,F(xiàn)代藥理學(xué)研究表明,丹參具有抗凝血、抗氧化及抗炎等藥理作用[18],紅花在血栓防治和抗炎等方面作用明顯[19]??梢姡ぜt化瘀口服液復(fù)方中諸藥合用,共同發(fā)揮其抗血栓形成的作用。
利用MCC算法篩選丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的核心靶點,前10位分別為JUN、TNF、IL-1β、IL-6、STAT3、MAPK3、IL-4、TP53、CXCL8和CCL2,多為炎癥相關(guān)的靶點基因。炎癥反應(yīng)是DVT形成的病理機制[20-22]。血小板STAT3的非轉(zhuǎn)錄活化可促進促炎因子釋放和血栓的形成,并與凝血因子之間產(chǎn)生信號互動,正因為這種信號互動導(dǎo)致血小板的過度活化[23]。TNF是一種由巨噬細胞對細菌感染或其他免疫源反應(yīng)自然產(chǎn)生的細胞因子,可分為TNF-α和TNF-β 2種亞型。研究表明,DVT患者體內(nèi)TNF-α水平顯著升高[24]。TNF-α可促進IL-1、IL-6和IL-8等炎癥介質(zhì)的釋放,參與調(diào)控炎癥反應(yīng),從而影響血栓的發(fā)展;TNF-α還可誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細胞表達組織因子(tissue factor,TF),抑制TF通路抑制劑合成及抑制內(nèi)皮細胞表達血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白,促進血栓形成。研究表明,丹紅化瘀口服液能夠顯著降低DVT大鼠血清TNF-α及IL-1β水平,下調(diào)TF蛋白表達[5,10]。臨床研究也表明丹紅化瘀口服液可降低視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞患者體內(nèi)的TNF-α水平[25]。
對篩選出來的136個交集靶點進行KEGG通路富集分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)與DVT相關(guān)的通路主要為PI3K-Akt信號通路、TNF信號通路和HIF-1信號通路。DVT的形成可分為血流阻斷和缺氧、內(nèi)皮細胞活化以及炎癥反應(yīng)3個階段[26]。TNF-α激活TNF受體1后,可活化下游一系列蛋白激酶,最終激活核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)。PI3K-Akt通路在調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[27]。缺氧環(huán)境下,PI3K-Akt通路激活,活化的Akt通過增強NF-κB抑制蛋白的磷酸化和降解,進而導(dǎo)致NF-κB活化[28]。NF-κB作為重要的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,調(diào)控炎癥、免疫反應(yīng)、細胞增殖和凋亡等生物進程。NF-κB活化可誘導(dǎo)TNF-α和IL-1β等促炎因子以及細胞間黏附因子-1(intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)和血管細胞黏附分子-1(vascular celladhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)的表達,進而趨化大量炎性細胞聚集到炎癥部位,誘導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)[29-30]。此外,活化的Akt還可增強HIF-1α的活性,激活HIF-1信號通路下游靶基因如血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、表皮生長因子的轉(zhuǎn)錄[31-32]。研究表明,丹紅化瘀口服液可降低鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)的糖尿病大鼠血清中VEGF和ICAM-1水平,下調(diào)VEGF蛋白表達[33];丹紅化瘀口服液含藥血清可下調(diào)高糖誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細胞上清液中NF-κB、ICAM-1、HIF-1α、VEGF、VEGF受體1和VEGF受體2蛋白表達[34];丹紅化瘀口服液可降低糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變患者血清VEGF水平[35]。
A-PI3K-Akt信號通路 B-TNF信號通路 C-HIF-1信號通路 紅色節(jié)點為丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的潛在靶點,綠色節(jié)點為通路中的相關(guān)靶點
綜上所述,本研究通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)的方法研究丹紅化瘀口服液治療DVT的作用機制,發(fā)現(xiàn)丹紅化瘀口服液可能通過槲皮素、木犀草素和山柰酚等化學(xué)成分,與JUN、TNF、IL-1β、IL-6和STAT3等靶點蛋白結(jié)合,進而調(diào)節(jié)PI3K-Akt、TNF和HIF-1等炎癥通路,通過抑制炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激來抑制DVT形成。研究結(jié)果進一步證明中藥復(fù)方通過多成分、多靶點、多通路協(xié)調(diào)治療疾病的特點,為拓寬丹紅化瘀口服液臨床用途提供基礎(chǔ)。
利益沖突 所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突
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Mechanism of Danhong Huayu Oral Liquid in treatment of deep vein thrombosis based on network pharmacology
HUANG Bo-ning1, 3, LIN Juan2, PENG Si-yuan3, CHEN Zi-jian3, LIN Chao3, LIN Bao-qin1
1. The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China 2. Guangzhou Baiyunshan Hutchison Whampoa Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510515, China 3. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
To explore the mechanism of Danhong Huayu Oral Liquid(丹紅化瘀口服液, DHOL) in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) based on network pharmacology.The main compounds and targets of DHOL were obtained with Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), then the acquired targets of DHOL were standardized by Uniprot database. Related targets of DVT were collected through databases of DisGeNet, GeneCards, OMIM and DrugBank. Then the intersection targets of DHOL-DVT were screened by constructing a Venn diagram with Venny 2.1.0 drawing website. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by String platform. Gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed by DAVID database. The bubble charts were drawn by bioinformatics website, and diagrams of signaling pathway were built by KEGG Mapper platform. All of the related results were visualized by Cytoscape 3.7.2, and network topology feature analysis was made by Network Analyzer.A total of 130 chemical components in DHOL, and 268 potential targets including 136 DVT targets were screened out with database analyses. The result of “traditional Chinese medicine-compound-disease target” network showed that quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol were main active ingredients of DHOL for the treatment of DVT, transcription factor AP-1 (JUN), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were core targets. Furthermore, 211 biological process terms, 124 molecular functional terms and 72 cellular component terms were obtained with GO function enrichment analysis. Moreover, three relative pathways of DVT including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway were obtained with KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.DHOL plays a role in the treatment of DVT through multi-component, multi-target and multi-channel, which provides a basis for broadening its clinical application.
network pharmacology; Danhong Huayu Oral Liquid; deep vein thrombosis; active compounds; targets; mechanism
R285.5
A
0253 - 2670(2022)06 - 1652 - 11
10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2022.06.007
2021-09-06
廣州市科技計劃項目(202002030108)
黃博寧,男,本科,研發(fā)方向為新藥研發(fā)。E-mail: huangboning2021@163.com
林寶琴,女,博士生導(dǎo)師,教授,研究方向為新藥研發(fā)。E-mail: linbqcpu@126.com
[責任編輯 李亞楠]