王緝干,唐曲梅,莫致榮
【摘要】 目的 系統(tǒng)分析在確診為COVID-19的兒童患者中,了解無癥狀COVID-19兒童發(fā)生率,為疫情的防控提供臨床實(shí)踐參考。
方法 搜索了英文數(shù)據(jù)庫PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)公布數(shù)據(jù),以及中文數(shù)據(jù)庫CNKI、萬方、重慶維普數(shù)據(jù)?;仡櫺苑治?020年1月31至2021年4月30日關(guān)于COVID-19兒童臨床特征的文獻(xiàn),采用 R.3.6.3 軟件進(jìn)行 Meta 分析,通過隨機(jī)效應(yīng)元分析來計(jì)算加權(quán)平均流行率和95%置信區(qū)間(CI)或加權(quán)平均均值及95% CI。
結(jié)果 一共56篇文獻(xiàn),包括15 378人次患兒納入研究。26篇研究來自國外研究,男女比例為1.10∶1,無癥狀兒童患者發(fā)生率24.12%(95% CI:20.41%~27.83%);按照中國與中國以外的亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),中國無癥狀兒童發(fā)生率是24.97%(95% CI:18.37%~31.56%),歐洲國家發(fā)生率是23.83%(95% CI:16.79%~30.86%),美洲國家發(fā)生率是16.94%(95% CI:7.81%~26.06%),亞洲其他國家發(fā)生率是35.21%(95% CI:4.10%~66.32%)。而具有流行病學(xué)病史占89.37%(95% CI:84.73%~93.26%)。
結(jié)論 無癥狀COVID-19兒童發(fā)生率較高,無癥狀COVID-19兒童是最容易漏診的,因此無癥狀COVID-19兒童是疫情防控的重點(diǎn)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 新型冠狀病毒病;無癥狀COVID-19兒童;Meta分析
中圖分類號(hào):R729 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2022.02.003
Incidence of asymptomatic COVID-19 in children: systematic review and Meta-analysis
[HJ2][HJ]
WANG Jigan, TANG Qumei, MO Zhirong
(Pediatrics Department, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, Nanning 530003, Guangxi, China)
【Abstract】 Objective To systematically analyze the incidence of asymptomatic COVID-19 among children diagnosed with COVID-19, so as to provide clinical practice reference for epidemic prevention and control.
Methods The data published by PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Johns Hopkins University in English and CNKI, Wanfang and Chongqing VIP in Chinese were searched. Literature on the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children from January 31, 2020 to April 30, 2021 was analyzed retrospectively. R.3.6.3 software was used for Meta-analysis, and weighted average prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) or weighted average value and 95% CI were calculated by random effect Meta-analysis.
Results A total of 56 articles, including 15 378 children were included in the study. 26 studies were from abroad, male to female ratio was 1.10∶1, the incidence of asymptomatic children was 24.12% (95% CI:20.41%-27.83%). According to subgroup analysis between China and other countries, the incidence of asymptomatic children in China was 24.97% (95% CI:18.37%-31.56%), that in European countries was 23.83% (95% CI: 16.79%-30.86%), that in American countries was 16.94% (95% CI: 7.81%-26.06%), and that in other countries in Asia was 35.21% (95% CI: 4.10%-66.32%). However, epidemiological history accounted for 89.37% (95% CI: 84.73%-93.26%).
Conclusion The incidence of asymptomatic COVID-19 in children is high, and children with asymptomatic COVID-19 are the most likely to miss diagnosis. Therefore, asymptomatic COVID-19 children are the focus of epidemic prevention and control.
【Key words】 COVID-2019; asymptomatic COVID-2019; children; Meta-analysis
2019年底首次報(bào)道新型冠狀病毒?。╟orona virus disease 2019,COVID-19),這種疾病在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)迅速蔓延到全世界,并于2020年3月被世衛(wèi)組織宣布為全球大流行,成為全球性的重大公共衛(wèi)生事件,嚴(yán)重威脅人民生命安全和身體健康,對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)造成重大影響[1]。在疫情早期兒童報(bào)道的人數(shù)比較少,認(rèn)為兒童是不易感染的人群[2],但是伴隨著疫情的發(fā)展,兒童病例的報(bào)道[3~4],甚至重癥病例的報(bào)道[5],人們才開始關(guān)注兒童這個(gè)特殊群體。在成人患者中,大部分患者臨床癥狀包括發(fā)熱、咳嗽以及乏力,而死亡者大部分是伴心腦血管疾病、糖尿病等一種以上基礎(chǔ)疾病的中老年患者,診斷時(shí)間越晚(發(fā)病至診斷時(shí)間超過5 天),死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高[6]。大多數(shù)兒童的臨床癥狀相對(duì)較輕,臨床主要表現(xiàn)為發(fā)熱、干咳、疲勞。少數(shù)兒童有上呼吸道癥狀,如鼻塞、流鼻涕和喉嚨痛。部分受感染的新生兒和兒童可能出現(xiàn)不典型的癥狀,表現(xiàn)為胃腸道癥狀,如嘔吐、腹瀉或僅精神不振、氣短[7]。由于兒童癥狀較輕,所以部分確診為COVID-19的兒童是無臨床癥狀感染者,而這部分無癥狀感染者我們常常漏診,導(dǎo)致疫情擴(kuò)散,引起嚴(yán)重后果[8]。
1 資料與方法
1.1 病例定義
無癥狀COVID-19指無臨床癥狀,呼吸道等標(biāo)本新型冠狀病毒病原學(xué)或血清特異性Ig M抗體檢測陽性者。確診COVID-19病例指有相關(guān)流行病學(xué)史、臨床表現(xiàn)并核酸檢測陽性者[9]。
1.2 檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索 PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)公布數(shù)據(jù),以及中文數(shù)據(jù)庫CNKI、萬方、重慶維普數(shù)據(jù),搜集報(bào)道 COVID-19 兒童胸部CT特征的文獻(xiàn),檢索時(shí)限為2020 年 1 月31日至 2021 年4月 30日。同時(shí)采用網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索和手工檢索,并追溯納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)。檢索采用主題詞和自由詞相結(jié)合的方式,并根據(jù)不同數(shù)據(jù)庫特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。中文搜索詞“兒童”“新型冠狀病毒”“流行病學(xué)”“臨床表現(xiàn)”“無癥狀”,不限語言與國家。PubMed搜索策略:#1 (children) OR (child) OR (kid)OR(pediatric)、#2(clinical feature) OR (epidemiology) OR (characteristics)、#3(2019-nCoV) OR (COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV-2) OR (Corona Virus Disease 2019)、#1AND#2AND#3。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選與數(shù)據(jù)提取
由2名研究員分別獨(dú)立檢索并篩選文獻(xiàn)、收集數(shù)據(jù)并交叉核對(duì)。如有爭議,則通過討論或與第三名研究員協(xié)商解決。
1.4 文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①研究類型: 隊(duì)列研究、病例對(duì)照研究、病例分析。②研究對(duì)象: 確診為 COVID-19 的兒童患者。③觀察指標(biāo): 包括患者臨床表現(xiàn)、流行病學(xué)接觸病史、無癥狀患者人數(shù)。
1.5 文獻(xiàn)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①同一個(gè)研究重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);②短篇病例報(bào)道;③分析數(shù)據(jù)不全或缺失,聯(lián)系作者也無法獲得數(shù)據(jù)的文獻(xiàn)。
1.6 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
本次納入研究為病例系列研究,采用英國國立臨床優(yōu)化研究所(National Institute for Clinical Excellence,NICE)的推薦意見進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。評(píng)價(jià)的條目有:①病例系列中病例最好來自不同級(jí)別的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu),開展多中心研究;②清楚明確描述研究假說或目的;③清楚地報(bào)告納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn);④對(duì)測量的結(jié)局做出明確定義;⑤收集的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)達(dá)到預(yù)期目標(biāo);⑥準(zhǔn)確描述患者是連續(xù)招募的;⑦清楚明確描述研究主要發(fā)現(xiàn);⑧將結(jié)局進(jìn)行分層分析及報(bào)告。每個(gè)條目為一分,滿分 8 分,總分≥4 分為高質(zhì)量研究[10]。由 2 名研究員獨(dú)立進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),并交叉核對(duì)結(jié)果。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用 R.3.6.3 軟件進(jìn)行 Meta 分析。在進(jìn)行Meta分析之前,對(duì)原始率及按四種估計(jì)方法進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換后的率進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),估計(jì)方法如下:“PRAW”(沒有轉(zhuǎn)換的原始率), “PLN”(對(duì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換), “PLOGIT”(logit轉(zhuǎn)換), “PAS”(反正弦轉(zhuǎn)換),“PFT”(Freeman-Tukey雙重反正弦轉(zhuǎn)換)。根據(jù)異質(zhì)性選擇隨機(jī)模型以及固定模型,根據(jù)每個(gè)獨(dú)立研究的樣本量大小,給予不同的權(quán)重,對(duì)各獨(dú)立樣本的效應(yīng)量率進(jìn)行合并算出發(fā)生率以及95%的可信區(qū)間,最后制作漏斗圖,結(jié)合Egger法對(duì)發(fā)表偏倚進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)檢驗(yàn)。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果
初檢共獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)1070篇,刪除重復(fù)的文獻(xiàn)453篇,剩余文獻(xiàn)根據(jù)閱讀題目和摘要?jiǎng)h除453篇,最后經(jīng)逐層篩選后,一共56篇文獻(xiàn)[11~56],包括15 378人次患兒納入研究。26篇來自國外的研究,男女比例:1.10∶1。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果見圖 1。
2.2 文獻(xiàn)基本特征及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
納入研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)分為4~8 分,均為高質(zhì)量研究(≥4 分),所有扣分原因是因?yàn)椴皇嵌嘀行难芯?。見?。
2.3 Meta 分析
2.3.1 無癥狀兒童總發(fā)生率及洲際發(fā)生率
COVID-19無癥狀兒童發(fā)生率為24.12%(95%CI:20.41%~27.83%),見圖2。按照中國與中國以外國家的亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),中國無癥狀兒童發(fā)生率是24.97%(95%CI:18.37%~31.56%),歐洲國家發(fā)生率是23.83%(95%CI:16.79%~30.86%),美洲國家發(fā)生率是16.94%(95%CI:7.81%~26.06%),亞洲其他國家發(fā)生率是35.21%(95%CI:4.10%~66.32%)。見圖3。
2.3.2 亞組分析
本研究異質(zhì)性較大I2 (96%),為探索異質(zhì)性來源,按研究對(duì)象所在區(qū)域分類,結(jié)果顯示:各亞組分析結(jié)果(99%,99%,92%和96%)與總體結(jié)果基本一致,各亞組異質(zhì)性與總體異質(zhì)性也無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說明研究對(duì)象所在區(qū)域不是異質(zhì)性的主要來源。見圖3。
2.3.3 流行病學(xué)接觸史
有流行病學(xué)接觸史的占89.37%(95%CI:84.73%~93.26%)。見圖4。
2.4 敏感性分析
針對(duì)無癥狀發(fā)生率,我們軟件依次剔除(除了文獻(xiàn)[61~62]以外)每項(xiàng)研究后重新合并統(tǒng)計(jì)量,結(jié)果均未發(fā)生方向明顯改變,提示結(jié)果較穩(wěn)定。見圖5。
2.5 發(fā)表偏倚
針對(duì)無癥狀人數(shù)觀察指標(biāo)的Meta分析繪制漏斗圖,結(jié)果顯示,各研究點(diǎn)左右分布對(duì)稱性不佳(圖6),Egger’s檢驗(yàn)的P值為 0.5184,提示可能存在發(fā)表偏倚。
3 討 論
目前,全球COVID-19感染病例數(shù)仍在持續(xù)發(fā)展,無癥狀感染者可能在傳播過程中起著重要作用。無癥狀患者,顧名思義就是無任何臨床癥狀,是通過詢問流行病學(xué)病史后通過病毒核酸檢測確診的,但無癥狀患者并非單純病毒核酸檢測陽性,其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查是有陽性發(fā)現(xiàn)的。我國學(xué)者陳軍等人[8]對(duì)深圳市第三人民醫(yī)院確診的20例無癥狀患者發(fā)現(xiàn)13例(65%)胸部CT顯示以單發(fā)或多發(fā)的肺葉中外帶或胸膜下小結(jié)節(jié)影、斑片狀影和磨玻璃樣影為主要特征,其中1例伴有胸腔積液,1例肺實(shí)變影,1例發(fā)現(xiàn)肺大皰。血常規(guī)發(fā)現(xiàn)5例有白細(xì)胞升高,2例白細(xì)胞降低。
無癥狀感染者與有癥狀感染者中,我國有學(xué)者認(rèn)為兩者流行特征是有差異的[67],在性別方面無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但在年齡方面,青少年所占比例明顯比老年人所占比例高,可能因?yàn)榍嗌倌牦w質(zhì)較好不容易有臨床表現(xiàn)。而職業(yè)亦存在差異,無癥狀感染人群中工人、學(xué)生所占比例較高,而退休人員所占比例較低,當(dāng)然職業(yè)分布差異與年齡有關(guān)。關(guān)于接觸感染的發(fā)生率,浙江省寧波市的一項(xiàng)研究[68],報(bào)告確診病例與無癥狀感染者的密切接觸者人群的感染率差異(6.30%vs4.11%)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
總體而言,新型冠狀病毒感染兒童的癥狀比成人的輕,因此兒童的無癥狀發(fā)生率會(huì)比成人的高。一項(xiàng)成人的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn)無癥狀感染的患病率為9.0%(95%CI:5.5%~14.6%)[69]。但另外一項(xiàng)研究即在今年1月底調(diào)查了565名從武漢撤離的日本公民,發(fā)現(xiàn)無癥狀感染的發(fā)生率為30.8%[70]。另一個(gè)例子是“鉆石公主”號(hào)游輪,其2月初在日本海域被隔離,發(fā)現(xiàn)無癥狀感染的發(fā)生率為51.7%[71]。然而,紐約最近的一項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告稱,在33名入院時(shí)檢測出SARS-CoV-2陽性的孕婦中,有29名(87.9%)沒有任何臨床癥狀[72]。這是一個(gè)十分可怕的數(shù)據(jù),我們之前嚴(yán)重低估了無癥狀患者的人數(shù),因?yàn)槲覀兺鶗?huì)漏診這類病人,而無癥狀患者也有一定傳染性的[73],這給我們疫情的防控造成極大的困難,因而無癥狀感染患者是疫情防控的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)之一。在疫情防控中,注意重點(diǎn)詢問流行病學(xué)史,因?yàn)楸狙芯恐写_診COVID-19兒童有流行病學(xué)史占89.37%。
本文的缺點(diǎn):我們發(fā)現(xiàn)研究之間存在很大的異質(zhì)性,并且亞組之間存在顯著的出版偏倚,這可能影響結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。其次,本研究在持續(xù)爆發(fā)期間進(jìn)行分析,受COVID-19影響的許多地區(qū)尚未發(fā)布臨床數(shù)據(jù)集,這可能會(huì)使該分析的結(jié)果產(chǎn)生偏差。文獻(xiàn)按照不同的地區(qū)、醫(yī)院納入,以排除數(shù)據(jù)的重復(fù),但似乎不能完全排除有數(shù)據(jù)的重復(fù)使用。
總之,無癥狀COVID-19 兒童發(fā)生率較高,而實(shí)際無癥狀的兒童或許比本研究(24.12%)更高,因?yàn)楸疚氖菍?duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的匯總,還不能代替總體,畢竟我們比較少關(guān)注這個(gè)群體的檢測,而只有臨床癥狀或者有流行病學(xué)史才檢測。因此在篩查新型冠狀病毒肺炎兒童患者,尤其要注意無癥狀的兒童,不能因?yàn)榛純簾o臨床表現(xiàn)而輕易放過,而詢問個(gè)人流行病學(xué)病史尤其重要,最終診斷依靠呼吸道標(biāo)本的病毒核酸檢測這個(gè)金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
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(收稿日期:2021-09-22 修回日期:2021-12-05)
(編輯:梁明佩)