潘琦文 李建湘
[摘要]子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥(EMs)主要的病理改變?yōu)樽訉m外不斷生長(zhǎng)的子宮內(nèi)膜異位組織。EMs通過(guò)影響卵泡的發(fā)育、降低卵子質(zhì)量、破壞卵巢結(jié)構(gòu)、影響卵巢微環(huán)境導(dǎo)致卵巢功能受損,進(jìn)而引起生育障礙。EMs通常從出現(xiàn)癥狀到確診大約有42個(gè)月的延遲,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)特異性的診斷標(biāo)志物和無(wú)創(chuàng)的診斷方法。不同類型EMs發(fā)病機(jī)制不同,不同的治療方式對(duì)卵巢功能的損傷不同。因此,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼绞剑档蛯?duì)卵巢功能的損傷顯得尤為重要。本文主要就EMs對(duì)卵巢功能的影響進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥;卵巢功能;卵巢儲(chǔ)備;卵巢功能早衰
[中圖分類號(hào)]R711.71??? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A??? [文章編號(hào)]2095-0616(2022)05-0068-04
Research progress on the effect of endometriosis on ovarian function
PAN Qiwen??? LI Jianxiang
Department of Gynecology,Affiliated Hechi Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities,Guangxi,Hechi 547000,China
[Abstract] The main pathological change of endometriosis (EMs)is the growing endometriotic tissues outside the uterus. EMs can damage ovarian function by affecting the development of ovarian follicles,reducing the quality of eggs,destroying the ovarian structure and influencing the ovarian microenvironment,and then further cause fertility disorders. There is usually a delay of about 42 months from EMs symptom onset to diagnosis. No specific diagnostic markers and noninvasive diagnostic methods have been found. Different types of EMs have varied pathogenesis and different treatment methods demonstrate varied damage to ovarian function. Therefore,it is particularly important to select appropriate treatment methods to reduce the damage to ovarian function. This paper mainly reviews the effects of EMs on ovarian function.
[Key words] Endometriosis;Ovarian function;Ovarian reserve;Premature ovarian failure
子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥(endometriosis,EMs)主要的病理改變?yōu)樽訉m外不斷生長(zhǎng)的子宮內(nèi)膜異位組織。根據(jù)病灶解剖位置不同,分為卵巢EMs、淺層EMs及深層浸潤(rùn)性EMs[1]。EMs通過(guò)影響卵泡的發(fā)育、降低卵子質(zhì)量、破壞卵巢結(jié)構(gòu)、影響卵巢微環(huán)境導(dǎo)致卵巢功能受損,進(jìn)而引起生育障礙[2]。早發(fā)型EMs在青春期早期發(fā)生,患者因癥狀不明顯未及時(shí)就診,癥狀加重就診時(shí),可能已經(jīng)對(duì)生育能力造成較大的影響ovan等[3]調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),EMs通常從出現(xiàn)癥狀到確診大約有42個(gè)月的延遲。因此,對(duì)EMs患者早期診斷及選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼绞?,降低?duì)卵巢功能的損傷顯得尤為重要,對(duì)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能下降及早進(jìn)行干預(yù),延緩卵巢功能早衰。
1??? 卵巢EMs對(duì)卵巢功能的影響
卵巢EMs位于卵巢,通常形成一個(gè)巨大的囊性結(jié)構(gòu),臨床上解釋為附件腫塊,通常與不孕癥有關(guān)。病灶受激素刺激影響,反復(fù)破裂、盆腔播散種植、浸潤(rùn)卵巢、破壞卵巢組織、分泌炎性因子,引起盆腔粘連、解剖結(jié)構(gòu)異常、排卵障礙?;颊咧饕呐R床表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)出血、炎癥、慢性盆腔痛、深部性交痛[4]。年輕女性的發(fā)病率為6%~10%,引起高達(dá)50%的婦女不孕和/或慢性盆腔疼痛。病理生理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)為功能性卵巢組織因子宮內(nèi)膜囊腫或手術(shù)而減少。調(diào)查研究顯示卵巢EMs占EMs患者的17%~44%[5]。EMs患者卵泡異常凋亡,卵巢進(jìn)入卵泡提前募集一異常凋亡的惡性循環(huán)中,最終卵泡消耗殆盡,卵子質(zhì)量降低,生長(zhǎng)速度減慢,卵泡期延長(zhǎng),卵泡閉鎖增加,小卵泡排卵概率增加導(dǎo)致排卵障礙,即便排卵也因EMs溶解黃體機(jī)制異常出現(xiàn)黃體功能不良。卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞分泌的卵泡液內(nèi)含多種生物活性小分子,構(gòu)成卵泡生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育的微環(huán)境。目前已有多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有子宮內(nèi)膜瘤的卵巢皮質(zhì)比無(wú)囊腫的對(duì)側(cè)卵巢皮質(zhì)含有更多閉鎖的早期卵泡,卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能減退與生理性卵巢衰老的女性顆粒細(xì)胞中microRNA、mRNA、蛋白質(zhì)存在差異表達(dá)[6]。
卵巢EMs患者發(fā)生卵巢衰老的年齡明顯前移,卵巢皮質(zhì)中的卵泡密度明顯低于對(duì)側(cè)正常卵巢皮質(zhì)中的卵泡密度,局灶性的卵泡池丟失是常見(jiàn)的[7]。EMs通過(guò)下調(diào)P450芳香化酶的表達(dá)、增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS、改變WNT信號(hào),影響局部環(huán)境,進(jìn)而對(duì)卵泡產(chǎn)生影響[2]。在卵巢EMs患者中,可能由于輸卵管卵巢解剖的扭曲,造成卵巢的損害。囊腫含有細(xì)胞損傷因子、炎癥分子和蛋白水解酶,最終導(dǎo)致纖維化、皮質(zhì)特異性間質(zhì)細(xì)胞減少、平滑肌細(xì)胞化生及伴隨濾泡丟失的血管化缺陷[5]。
2??? 淺層EMs、深層浸潤(rùn)性EMs對(duì)卵巢功能的影響
異位子宮內(nèi)膜在盆腔形成盆腔異位病灶、腹膜異位病灶、直腸陰道深部病灶[8]。EMs發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵因素是病變引起的類固醇分泌異常和免疫系統(tǒng)的改變或功能障礙。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雙酚A通過(guò)DNA和組蛋白甲基化異常干擾珍稀金槍魚(yú)卵巢類固醇合成基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,造成卵巢組織發(fā)育障礙[9]。何瑞芬[10]通過(guò)代謝組學(xué)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能減退的顆粒細(xì)胞中類固醇物質(zhì)豐度確實(shí)下降。病灶雖小,依舊會(huì)引起炎癥、巨噬細(xì)胞的活化聚集、誘導(dǎo)環(huán)氧合酶-2上調(diào),前列腺素分泌增加,這些可能在疼痛中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[11]。EMs患者盆腹腔積液中炎性細(xì)胞因子、巨噬細(xì)胞、前列腺素等均較正常女性明顯升高[12]。EMs細(xì)胞可能是白細(xì)胞介素-6的另一個(gè)重要來(lái)源,腫瘤壞死因子促進(jìn)卵巢卵母細(xì)胞、卵泡凋亡。炎癥反應(yīng)和自由基的產(chǎn)生導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞因子的生成增加,它們干擾細(xì)胞質(zhì)量,導(dǎo)致卵子質(zhì)量下降和受精障礙。
病灶反復(fù)出血、炎癥,導(dǎo)致盆腔內(nèi)微環(huán)境改變,粘連,形成機(jī)械性包裹,影響卵子排出,影響精子、卵子及受精卵的運(yùn)輸,從而影響卵巢功能。Cohen等[13]建立的小鼠EMs模型也充分證明了腹膜型異位癥會(huì)降低卵母細(xì)胞的質(zhì)量,減少胚胎數(shù)量,但不會(huì)降低卵母細(xì)胞的數(shù)量。
3?? EMs的惡變
從Sampson首次提出EMs是透明細(xì)胞型和子宮內(nèi)膜樣型卵巢癌的直接先兆病變,后來(lái)Scott進(jìn)一步定義了EMs相關(guān)卵巢癌的診斷,指出良性EMs應(yīng)與惡性組織相鄰[14]。EMs的細(xì)胞可積累體細(xì)胞突變,導(dǎo)致組織異型性,最終轉(zhuǎn)化為卵巢癌[25]。EMs的惡變,局部、遠(yuǎn)處病灶的發(fā)展,對(duì)其他組織的附著和侵襲,并隨后對(duì)靶器官造成損害等,使研究者聯(lián)想到惡性腫瘤的特征。從出血開(kāi)始,隨后是炎癥,會(huì)激活纖維蛋白沉積,粘連形成,最終導(dǎo)致器官和盆腔解剖的腹膜表面的瘢痕和扭曲。Nezhat等[16]的一項(xiàng)meta分析顯示,卵巢透明細(xì)胞癌和子宮內(nèi)膜樣癌的患病率分別為39.2%和21.2%。EMs與卵巢癌特定組織類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān),EMs相關(guān)的卵巢癌由于診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)格,EMs惡變的發(fā)生率在1.3%~1.9%,但真實(shí)的發(fā)生率有可能更高[17]。
4??? EMs的治療現(xiàn)狀及對(duì)卵巢功能的影響
4.1??? 藥物治療
相關(guān)研究[18]提出,在臨床診療中,以患者為中心,根據(jù)各年齡段采取相應(yīng)的治療策略,青少年患者以采用藥物治療緩解疼痛為主。目前常用的治療藥物有:小劑量短效口服避孕藥、促性腺激素釋放激素激動(dòng)劑、高效孕激素、非甾體抗炎藥物等,其主要機(jī)制是抑制雌激素合成、抑制病灶生長(zhǎng)、萎縮、減少炎癥細(xì)胞因子分泌、抑制卵巢排卵、緩解慢性盆腔痛及痛經(jīng)[19]。單獨(dú)藥物治療對(duì)育齡女性生育力的保護(hù)作用尚有爭(zhēng)議。多國(guó)EMs診治指南及我國(guó)專家共識(shí)均強(qiáng)調(diào)了術(shù)前評(píng)估卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能的重要性[20]。
4.2??? 手術(shù)治療
目前卵巢囊腫的首選術(shù)式為腹腔鏡囊腫剝除術(shù)[21]。有兩種主要的手術(shù)方法:一種是囊腫切除術(shù),另一種是囊腫消融術(shù)。囊腫切除術(shù)復(fù)發(fā)較少,但術(shù)中剝離囊腫時(shí)伴隨正常組織的丟失,導(dǎo)致卵泡丟失,減少卵巢的儲(chǔ)備,術(shù)中電凝止血導(dǎo)致卵巢間質(zhì)和血管的熱效應(yīng)[22]。Coric等[23]研究證實(shí)縫合止血對(duì)卵巢儲(chǔ)備的不良影響比雙極電凝止血小,提示術(shù)中慎用能量器械。剝除術(shù)后的卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能下降多數(shù)半年后可恢復(fù)至正常水平。史精華等[24]報(bào)道,雙側(cè)卵巢子宮內(nèi)膜異位囊腫術(shù)后卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能下降的發(fā)生率高達(dá)20%,年齡、囊腫類型與術(shù)后卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能密切相關(guān),單側(cè)卵巢的儲(chǔ)備功能通過(guò)代償不受影響,雙側(cè)囊腫無(wú)法代償從而對(duì)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能有明顯影響。術(shù)后輔以藥物治療,預(yù)防疾病復(fù)發(fā)[21]。EMs的消融術(shù)是通過(guò)針導(dǎo)硬化療法進(jìn)行的。1988年,超聲引導(dǎo)下的抽吸和硬化治療作為一種侵入性較小的方法被引入[25]。通過(guò)針導(dǎo)硬化療法進(jìn)行的針刺硬化療法治療效果有限,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,復(fù)發(fā)率較大[26]。Han等[26-27]用導(dǎo)管定向硬化療法治療原發(fā)性或復(fù)發(fā)性卵巢EMs (僅限于單眼EMs ),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)95%乙醇導(dǎo)管硬化治療短期療效較好,且能更好地保存患者的卵巢功能,對(duì)卵巢儲(chǔ)備幾乎無(wú)影響。
5??? 展望
在過(guò)去很長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)期,臨床工作者們對(duì)EMs的認(rèn)知僅僅停留在卵巢囊腫上。在2001、2003、2005、2006年,北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院郎景和院士相繼發(fā)表的5篇述評(píng)的指導(dǎo)下,醫(yī)務(wù)工作者也開(kāi)展了一系列的臨床研究,如從疾病的臨床特點(diǎn)、病理、早期診斷、惡變、手術(shù)、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)到對(duì)卵巢功能的保護(hù)等方面,均取得了豐碩的成果。不同類型EMs發(fā)病機(jī)制不同[28],目前認(rèn)為與經(jīng)血逆行、體腔上皮化生、氧化應(yīng)激因素、基因與表觀遺傳因素、在位內(nèi)膜決定論和子宮內(nèi)膜干細(xì)胞(祖細(xì)胞)等多種機(jī)制有關(guān)[29]。未來(lái)研究的主要方向是進(jìn)一步闡明卵巢損傷的潛在機(jī)制,進(jìn)行多中心聯(lián)合研究,深入挖掘潛在的臨床藥物治療靶點(diǎn)。EMs診斷延遲常見(jiàn)于青少年,起病隱匿。因此,尋找特異性的診斷標(biāo)志物及無(wú)創(chuàng)的診斷方法,對(duì)EMs進(jìn)行早期診斷、早期干預(yù),延緩疾病的進(jìn)展,保護(hù)患者卵巢功能,是未來(lái)要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的方向。郎景和院士[17]新提出的個(gè)性化、個(gè)體化的綜合治療模式,從治療到心理輔導(dǎo)等將是今后工作的重點(diǎn)。干細(xì)胞移植可能成為修復(fù)卵巢功能方面最具潛力的方法之一。多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),干細(xì)胞移植可恢復(fù)卵巢功能[30-31]。Zhang等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人羊膜上皮細(xì)胞分泌細(xì)胞因子的生物活性材料具有治療卵巢功能早衰的潛力。人羊膜上皮細(xì)胞移植和治療恢復(fù)了小鼠的卵巢功能,同時(shí)伴隨著脾臟Treg細(xì)胞數(shù)量的增加和卵巢促炎性M1型巨噬細(xì)胞基因表達(dá)的下調(diào)。越來(lái)越多的研究表明卵巢功能障礙與炎癥反應(yīng)、免疫有關(guān)。以上提示,抗感染治療和免疫治療將是接下來(lái)要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的方向。在當(dāng)前精準(zhǔn)治療的大時(shí)代背景下,對(duì)患者的處理流程應(yīng)更精細(xì)化、精準(zhǔn)化,綜合診治策略觀念的變更及全國(guó)多中心研究的開(kāi)展,有信心把EMs從過(guò)去“不可治愈的疾病”轉(zhuǎn)向“可管可控的疾病”,保護(hù)患者的卵巢功能,恢復(fù)其生育能力。
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