董睿
語(yǔ)法填空中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查是重點(diǎn),一篇語(yǔ)填中??疾?-2個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)甚至3個(gè)(2020年新高考I),要求考生對(duì)所填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致三個(gè)方面均判斷正確,因此對(duì)考生而言具有一定難度。盡管考生也知道需要考慮這三方面,但實(shí)踐起來(lái)常常會(huì)漏掉三方面中的一個(gè)、甚至是兩個(gè),或者是判斷不準(zhǔn)確,這體現(xiàn)了考生在做題的思維流程方面還有一定欠缺。本文從考生做題實(shí)際出發(fā),專(zhuān)注于在判斷出該填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的做題思維流程圖,以輔助考生養(yǎng)成良好做題習(xí)慣。
一、時(shí)態(tài)的思維導(dǎo)圖設(shè)計(jì)
時(shí)態(tài)是三方面當(dāng)中最常考的,判斷依據(jù)常見(jiàn)的有:
1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):根據(jù)句中出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)確定時(shí)態(tài)。
[例1.1](2018全國(guó)卷II)Since 2011, the country _________(grow)more corn than rice.
解析:答案為has grown。根據(jù)上文Since 2011可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);根據(jù)句意“2011年以來(lái),中國(guó)種植的玉米比水稻多”可知語(yǔ)態(tài)是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);根據(jù)主語(yǔ)the country可知謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù);綜上,答案為has grown。
2)上下文語(yǔ)境:上下文沒(méi)有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但可以根據(jù)語(yǔ)境綜合判斷,尤其關(guān)注上下文的其他謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。
[例1.2](2019全國(guó)卷II)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award, proud Irene _________(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business. Irene said,“I dont see any reason to give up work....”
解析:答案為declared。雖然此句沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但根據(jù)后文其他謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞had以及said可知,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),根據(jù)句意可知語(yǔ)態(tài)為主動(dòng),故填declared。
[例1.3](2017全國(guó)卷II)Steam engines _________ (use)to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months...
解析:答案為were used。雖然此句沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是在過(guò)去被使用的,且后文proved是過(guò)去式,所以此處也是過(guò)去式;同時(shí)根據(jù)句意“蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)被運(yùn)用”可知是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);主語(yǔ)是steam engines,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);所以填were used。
3)固定句型:根據(jù)固定搭配直接確定。
①主將從現(xiàn)(時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)
[例1.4]I _______(go)to the party as soon as I finish my homework.
解析:答案為will go,根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句主將從現(xiàn)規(guī)則可知,此處應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
②That/It is the first/second...(序數(shù)詞)time that...句型中用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
[例1.5]It is the second time that I _______(read)the book.
解析:答案為have read,根據(jù)It is the second time that可知,此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表主動(dòng),第一人稱(chēng),故答案為have read。注意,若此句型變?yōu)镮t was the first/second...time that...,則從句中應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)had done。
綜上,時(shí)態(tài)的思維導(dǎo)圖設(shè)計(jì)可如下圖所示:
二、語(yǔ)態(tài)的思維導(dǎo)圖設(shè)計(jì)
語(yǔ)態(tài)是三方面當(dāng)中考生最常遺忘的,判斷依據(jù)常見(jiàn)的有:
1)主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系:若主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作發(fā)出者,則為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);若主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作承受者,則為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
[例2.1](2018全國(guó)卷II)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-- when the government __________(start)a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers -- and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析:答案為started。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)2005年可知用過(guò)去時(shí);根據(jù)句意“在2005年政府開(kāi)始了一項(xiàng)土壤測(cè)試項(xiàng)目”可知,主語(yǔ)government是動(dòng)作start的發(fā)出者,故語(yǔ)態(tài)是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);綜上填started。
[例2.2](2019全國(guó)卷III)On the last day of our week-long stay, we __________(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
解析:答案為were invited。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)判斷時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí);根據(jù)句意“我們被邀請(qǐng)去參加一場(chǎng)私人音樂(lè)會(huì)”可知,主語(yǔ)we是動(dòng)作invite的承受者,故語(yǔ)態(tài)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);主語(yǔ)為we;故填were invited。
在分析主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系時(shí),有一個(gè)特別有幫助的標(biāo)志詞,就是介詞by,它通常引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,所以在介詞by前面需要填寫(xiě)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,可以先考慮是不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
[例2.3] The World Wide Web is composed of different websites, which __________(create)by people and organizations around the world.
解析:答案為are created。根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境可知用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);根據(jù)空格后面“by people and organizations”可知,by引導(dǎo)出了動(dòng)作create的執(zhí)行者people and organizations,所以which所代指的先行詞是create的承受者,故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);從句主語(yǔ)是which代指的先行詞websites,為復(fù)數(shù);可知答案是are created。
2)主動(dòng)表被動(dòng):特殊情況下,可用主動(dòng)的形式表被動(dòng),情況較多,最為常見(jiàn)的是以下兩種:
①“系動(dòng)詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste等+adj”構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
[例2.4] This apple ________(taste)sweet.
解析:答案為tastes。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);此處系動(dòng)詞taste的用法為主動(dòng)表被動(dòng);主語(yǔ)為單數(shù);綜上,填tastes。
②某些可以和easily, well等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞,如read, write, draw, wash, cook, clean等,也可用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
[例2.5] As we can see, the traffic sign ________(read)very clear.
解析:答案為reads。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知描述的是一般情況,時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);此處系動(dòng)詞read的用法為主動(dòng)表被動(dòng);主語(yǔ)為單數(shù);綜上,填reads。
3)含有固定搭配的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):如be made of, be devoted to, be absorbed in, be dressed up等。
[例2.6](2016全國(guó)卷III)Truly elegant chopsticks might ________(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
解析:答案為be made。固定搭配be made of 表示“由……制作而成”,根據(jù)空格前面的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞might可知,這里填be made即可。
[例2.7] Every time she went to a party, she would always ________(dress)up as a princess.
解析:答案為be dressed。固定搭配be dressed up as表示“打扮成……”,根據(jù)空格前面的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would可知,這里填be dressed即可。(注:此處若不注意固定搭配,非常容易認(rèn)為是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而填寫(xiě)dress。)
綜上,語(yǔ)態(tài)的思維導(dǎo)圖設(shè)計(jì)可如下圖所示:
三、主謂一致的思維導(dǎo)圖設(shè)計(jì)
主謂一致是三方面當(dāng)中較為簡(jiǎn)單的一方面,但如果遇到長(zhǎng)難句,考生必須準(zhǔn)確分辨出主語(yǔ)。同時(shí)還有一些特殊用法,考生也必須牢記于心。主謂一致的判斷依據(jù)常見(jiàn)的有:
1) 語(yǔ)法一致原則
[例3.1](2017全國(guó)卷III)Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school __________(come)first.”
解析:答案為comes。根據(jù)上下文的時(shí)態(tài)可知,這里要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí);根據(jù)句意可知語(yǔ)態(tài)是主動(dòng);主語(yǔ)是school,為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞三單形式。
2)意義一致原則
[例3.2] The police __________(question)the suspects at the moment.
解析:答案為are questioning。根據(jù)下文的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)at the moment可知,這里要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí);根據(jù)句意可知語(yǔ)態(tài)是主動(dòng);主語(yǔ)是The police,雖然形式為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù),故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),綜上,填are questioning。
3)就近原則
[例3.3] Not only you but also I __________(be)responsible for the accident yesterday.
解析:答案為was。根據(jù)not only...but also...就近原則可知,be的變形以I為準(zhǔn),同時(shí)根據(jù)下文的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)yesterday可知填was。
綜上,主謂一致的思維導(dǎo)圖設(shè)計(jì)可如下圖所示:
四、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞思維流程圖的具體運(yùn)用
將時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)及主謂一致三方面的思維導(dǎo)圖整合為做題思維流程圖如下:
現(xiàn)通過(guò)具體例子展示如何運(yùn)用這一思維流程圖:
[例4.1](2020新高考I)The parts of a museum open to the public __________(call)galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museums collection is on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析:
[例4.2](2019全國(guó)卷I)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut __________(report)increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
解析:
[例4.3](2017全國(guó)卷I)When fat and salt __________(remove)from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.
解析:
值得注意是,be動(dòng)詞是近年來(lái)的考查重點(diǎn):
■(2021新高考I)What comes next is the endless series of steps. You cant help wondering how hard it _______(be)for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
■(2021新高考II)One of the biggest companies I wrote to _______(be)Alaska Airlines Paris.
■(2019全國(guó)卷I)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six ______(be)stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
■(2018全國(guó)卷I)While running regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it _______(be)more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
■(2017全國(guó)卷I)Fast food _______(be)full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat.
從歷年的高考真題來(lái)看,相比于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,be動(dòng)詞的考察更簡(jiǎn)單,只需考慮時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致,以2021年的兩道題為例:
[例4.4](2021新高考I)What comes next is the endless series of steps. You cant help wondering how hard it _______ (be)for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
解析:
[例4.5](2021新高考II)One of the biggest companies I wrote to _______(be)Alaska Airlines Paris.
解析:
盡管完整的思維流程圖看起來(lái)內(nèi)容較多,但在實(shí)際做題時(shí),考生不必將完整的流程圖畫(huà)出,只需要在草稿紙或腦海中構(gòu)建好做題流程,并按照流程進(jìn)行思考關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)即可,并不需要花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間,同時(shí)也能保證思考的完整性,不漏掉時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致的任一方面,從而提高做題正確率。
責(zé)任編輯 吳昊雷