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中國近代漫畫發(fā)展的搖籃和高地

2022-06-30 18:19周曄
文化交流 2022年6期
關鍵詞:漫畫家三毛漫畫

周曄

“漫畫”一詞,最早出自北宋晁以道《景迂生集》中的“黃河多淘河之屬,有曰漫畫者,常以觜畫水求魚”。當時的“漫畫”是指一種鳥類。近代意義的“漫畫”概念,據(jù)漫畫史家畢克官考證,出現(xiàn)于1904年《新民日報》的“時事漫畫”欄目。而真正使“漫畫”名稱廣泛流傳的是1926年出版的《子愷漫畫》。

中國的漫畫主要分為兩類:一類是從清末發(fā)展至今的傳統(tǒng)漫畫,主要是指運用夸張、比擬、象征等手法來描繪、反映、突出時事政治或生活現(xiàn)象的一種繪畫形式,具有諷刺性和幽默性特點,篇幅短小精煉;一類是改革開放后受日式和美式漫畫風格影響而產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)代漫畫,多采用分鏡頭方式展現(xiàn)一個完整故事,主題廣泛,內(nèi)容豐富。

縱覽中國漫畫史,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),近代浙江漫畫家大師云集,群星閃耀,如錢病鶴、張聿光、沈泊塵、葉淺予、豐子愷、張樂平、華君武,以及近代以“牛鼻子”系列紅極一時的民國三大漫畫家之一嘉善人黃堯,近代首創(chuàng)年輕人大學漫畫學院的漫畫界伯樂海寧人米谷,等等。這些出生于1840至1919年的近代浙江漫畫前輩所作出的開創(chuàng)性實踐,幾乎涵蓋了中國漫畫發(fā)展的基本要素。可以說,浙江是當之無愧的中國近代漫畫發(fā)展的搖籃和高地之一,為中國近代漫畫的發(fā)展打下了良好基礎。通過回溯這些浙江漫畫家的經(jīng)歷和成就,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),近代浙江漫畫發(fā)展有一些鮮明的特點。

屢開漫畫界先河

生于湖州南潯的錢病鶴(1879—1944年),1908年起歷任《時事報》《神州日報》《民呼報》《民立畫報》《民權畫報》等的圖畫主筆。曾加入同盟會。初作漫畫只是偶爾嘗試,不料一紙風行,受到外界鼓勵開始專業(yè)創(chuàng)作。1913年創(chuàng)作長達120幅組畫的《老猿百態(tài)》(又名《猿政府外史》),矛頭直指袁世凱,險遭拘捕。此后,又發(fā)表大量抨擊軍閥的作品,結集出版有《病鶴畫叢》《病鶴新畫》,成為清末民初的杰出漫畫家之一,被稱為中國時政漫畫的“奠基人”。

張聿光(1885—1968年),生于紹興山陰,最初以筆名“冶”在上?!缎侣剤蟆钒l(fā)表漫畫,其中包括產(chǎn)生廣泛影響的《袁世凱騎木馬》《飯桶》等,是中國最早在報紙上發(fā)表政治諷刺畫的漫畫家之一,被尊稱為諷刺漫畫的“祖師爺”。

再比如,首份漫畫期刊的創(chuàng)辦者沈泊塵。沈泊塵(1889—1920年),生于桐鄉(xiāng)烏鎮(zhèn),多才多藝,國畫、油畫、水彩畫俱佳,作品高產(chǎn)。曾到上海南京路上的一家綢布莊做執(zhí)業(yè),其間拜“海上畫派”的代表人物錢慧安為師,學習中國傳統(tǒng)人物畫。所創(chuàng)作的《新新百美圖》和戲曲人物畫名噪一時,其“沈氏現(xiàn)代仕女畫”開一代新風。與胞弟沈?qū)W仁一起,于1918年9月創(chuàng)辦了中國第一份漫畫期刊《上海潑克》(又名《泊塵滑稽畫報》),首開中國漫畫刊物先河,標志著中國漫畫進入一個嶄新時期。著名才子陳定山說 :“上海報紙之有漫畫,始于沈泊塵。若黃文農(nóng)、葉淺予、張光宇正宇兄弟皆為后輩矣。”

沈泊塵的短暫一生,以積極的反抗、冷峻的諷刺、內(nèi)心的激情和出色的藝術天賦,譜寫了一位漫畫家響亮的生命樂章,同時亦為中國近代漫畫的發(fā)展打下了一塊堅實的基石。

家喻戶曉的桐鄉(xiāng)之子豐子愷(1898—1975年),則被譽為“抒情漫畫的開創(chuàng)者”。1914年,17歲的豐子愷只身赴杭州考取浙江省立第一師范學校,跟隨李叔同等人學習。李叔同高尚人格品性和深厚藝術修養(yǎng)使他如沐春風,對他之后人生選擇產(chǎn)生深刻影響。他在《為青年說弘一法師》中寫道:“李先生喊我轉(zhuǎn)來,又用很輕而嚴肅的聲音和氣地對我說 :‘你的圖畫進步很快。我在南京和杭州兩處教課,沒有見過像你這樣進步快速的人。你以后可以……”短短幾句話使他決定把一生奉獻給藝術。

1925年5月,“子愷漫畫”在鄭振鐸主編的《文學周報》上陸續(xù)發(fā)表。1926年1月,他出版第一本畫集《子愷漫畫》,“漫畫”一詞由此得以廣泛傳播。1936年起,他往來于杭州、桐鄉(xiāng)石門和上海之間,在閑居生活中開啟了他一生創(chuàng)作的黃金時代。后抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā),他全家逃難。1949年10月回到上海,曾擔任上海文史館委員、上海市美術家協(xié)會副主席,1960年6月起任上海中國畫院院長。他的畫作多以兒童作為題材,幽默風趣,反映社會現(xiàn)象,被選入小學課文。他的漫畫以“曲高需和眾”的藝術主張和“小中能見大,弦外有余音”的藝術特色而備受人青睞。

“子愷漫畫”追求一種崇高而絢爛的美,其中不乏哲思和詩意的存在,成為中國抒情漫畫的一代宗師。

文化藝術造詣高,影響范圍廣

豐子愷是中國近代少有的“全才型藝術大師”。除繪畫外,在文學、音樂、書法、藝術理論與翻譯等方面都有重大貢獻,在所涉及的藝術領域幾乎都達到了巔峰。郁達夫認為,豐子愷的散文“清幽玄妙,靈達處反遠出在他的畫筆之上”。

張聿光早年曾在杭州生活三年,后到上海徐家匯土山灣畫館學習西洋美術。新中國成立后,曾任上海中國畫院畫師、中國美術家協(xié)會上海分會理事等。除漫畫外,他還擅長舞臺美術、國畫藝術、商業(yè)設計,并從事美術教育,參與創(chuàng)辦美術用品實業(yè),是一位集畫家、教育家、實業(yè)家于一身的杰出人才。晚年轉(zhuǎn)向中國畫創(chuàng)作,作品取材寬廣,并能融匯中西畫法,構圖新穎,設色鮮凈絢麗,饒有天趣,在國外也頗具影響,其作品被法國國立博物館、德國柏林藝術院收藏。

被稱為“連環(huán)漫畫之巨擘”的葉淺予(1904—1995年),生于杭州桐廬。徐悲鴻曾對其國畫作出評價:“淺予之國畫如其速寫人物,筆法輕快、動中肯綮?!薄按嗽趪嬌先绱烁呤?,五百年來,僅有仇十洲、吳友如兩人而已,故淺予之在藝術上之成就,誠非同小可也。”宗白華也評論說:“淺予的印度舞面,是古典美與現(xiàn)代美的結合?!?/p>

21歲時,葉淺予在上?!度М嬁钒l(fā)表處女作《兩毛錢飽眼?!贰5诙?,他就與丁悚、張光宇等籌辦中國第一個漫畫團體“漫畫會”,編輯出版大型漫畫刊物《上海漫畫》,從創(chuàng)刊號起發(fā)表長篇連環(huán)漫畫《王先生》,成為中國漫畫史上第一部鴻篇巨制,連載近10年之久。葉淺予作為中國長篇漫畫的主要開創(chuàng)者,為中國連環(huán)漫畫創(chuàng)作提供了寶貴經(jīng)驗并產(chǎn)生深遠影響。1935年起,他探索開創(chuàng)了中國“速寫漫畫”造型藝術形式,成為美術界沿用至今的重要手法。642A58E5-3064-4D19-A70B-6FB06A400F49

1947年,徐悲鴻邀請其任教于國立北平藝專,致力于美術教育四十余載。晚年,他“畫思漸稀文思寄,細敘滄桑記流年”,放下畫筆,拿起文筆,寫下了一生的回憶錄。1988年,中國美術家協(xié)會漫畫藝術委員會授予他“中國漫畫金猴獎”榮譽。

張樂平(1910—1992年)是嘉興海鹽人,1926年參加“漫畫會”,開始漫畫創(chuàng)作。除漫畫外,還涉獵年畫、連環(huán)畫、速寫、素描、水彩畫、剪紙、中國畫等,造詣頗深,被列入“海內(nèi)第一流名畫家”。

1935年,張樂平創(chuàng)作了“三毛”漫畫形象,引起廣泛關注,被稱為“三毛之父”,也被稱為平民造像的“平民畫家”。1936年,他與豐子愷、黃堯、華君武等人擔任“首屆全國漫畫展覽會”籌備會委員。展覽于11月4日隆重開幕,是中國漫畫史上第一次展覽。

1936年,根據(jù)電影《小孤女》改編繪制,張樂平開創(chuàng)了將真人電影編繪成連環(huán)漫畫的先例。1937年,他參與成立救亡漫畫宣傳隊,任副領隊。1946年,根據(jù)戰(zhàn)斗中的見聞,創(chuàng)作了《三毛從軍記》在《申報》連載發(fā)表,這是一部中國漫畫史上具有劃時代意義的作品。于次年創(chuàng)作的《三毛流浪記》被譽為“沒有文字的文學巨作”,影響巨大,聞名于海內(nèi)外。

中國臺灣著名女作家陳平,因為幼時喜歡漫畫《三毛流浪記》,就給自己取了個別名“三毛”,并以這個別名而聞名于世。法文版《三毛》獲法國昂古萊姆國際漫畫節(jié)大獎。比利時漫畫博物館也藏有“三毛”系列的出版物。張樂平被譽為中國最杰出的漫畫家之一。

薪火相傳,繼往開來

華君武(1915—2010年),杭州人,13歲在浙江省立一中校刊發(fā)表第一幅漫畫。之后,他連續(xù)向《浙江日報》的前身——《東南日報》投稿200多張漫畫,結果只刊出一張,就是1931年創(chuàng)作的《江南可采蓮,蓮葉何田田》。這是他的作品第一次在報上發(fā)表,并且還賺得了一元大洋的稿費,“雖因扣稅只得了九角多錢,但還是請了妹妹吃東西,高興得很”。這張漫畫發(fā)表不僅給他以極大信心,也讓他知道了該如何創(chuàng)作。

1936年,華君武在上海被選為第一屆全國漫畫展覽籌備委員,作品《男女平等》參展,在上海漫壇贏得了一席之地。1938年12月他到達延安,開始七年的“魯藝”生活。1949年12月,奉調(diào)入京,任《人民日報》美術組組長,后改任文藝部主任。1953年,他又調(diào)到中國美協(xié)工作,直至1987年退休。

1979年1月20日,華君武與英韜等人共同推動,創(chuàng)辦《諷刺與幽默》。該刊的出版是中國漫畫史上一件大事,它見證了中國漫畫中斷10年后的重生,也標志著中國漫畫迎來一個全新的歷史階段。他始終堅持走漫畫大眾化、民族化之路,成為改革開放后中國漫畫界的“老大哥”。漫畫家韓羽認為“華老的漫畫中蘊涵著中國畫最本質(zhì)的東西”,即“書法結體入畫”,華老的書法與他的畫法一拍即合,“不僅‘互不排斥,而且直臻和諧之境”。他的這種集詩書畫于一體的“華家樣”,也成為中國漫畫界的寶貴財富。

2005年,杭州舉辦首屆中國國際動漫節(jié)。2006年,中國國際動漫節(jié)永久落戶杭州,目前已經(jīng)連續(xù)成功舉辦十七屆,已成為中國最專業(yè)、最頂尖、最具引領性的動漫盛會之一。2021年,由中國國家廣電總局和中國動畫學會批準的“國字號”中國動漫博物館建成開放。

賡續(xù)精神傳統(tǒng),傳承文化基因,踔厲奮發(fā),篤行不怠,浙江漫畫、中國漫畫事業(yè)正在不斷取得新發(fā)展,實現(xiàn)新突破。

Zhejiang: Manhuas Cradle and High Ground in Modern China

By? Zhou Ye

The Chinese word? “manhua” (comics or cartoons) first appeared in the Jingyu Sheng Ji written by Chao Shuozhi (1059-1129) in the Northern Song? dynasty (960-1127). At that time, it referred to a certain kind of bird. The modern sense of manhua, according to the manhua historian Bi Keguan, was adopted by the? “current affairs manhua” column of Xinmin Daily in 1904. Yet it was not until Zikais Manhua was published in 1925 that the usage of the word? “manhua” became prevalent.

Chinese manhua is mainly divided into two categories: one is traditional manhua developed from the late Qing dynasty (1616-1911) till today, which ironically and humorously depict and highlight current political or social phenomena through exaggeration, comparison, symbolism and other techniques, mostly short and concise; the other is modern manhua, which appeared after the Reform and Opening Up. Influenced by Japanese manga and American comics, the latter is mostly storyboard-based, rich in content, and good at telling the full story with a wide array of themes covered.642A58E5-3064-4D19-A70B-6FB06A400F49

Throughout the history of Chinese manhua, it can be found that the modern Zhejiang cartoonists are a collection of masters and stars, such as Qian Binghe, Zhang Yuguang, Shen Bochen, Ye Qianyu, Feng Zikai, Zhang Leping, Hua Junwu, Huang Yao and Mi Gu. Their pioneering practices in modern China covered almost all the elements of cartoon development. Therefore, Zhejiang fully deserves the title of a cradle and high ground for the development of modern Chinese manhua, for which it has already laid a good foundation. By tracing the experiences and achievements of these Zhejiang cartoonists, it is easy to find that there are some distinctive and outstanding characteristics of Zhejiangs manhua development in modern times.

Born in Nanxun, Huzhou, Qian Binghe (1879-1944) was one of the outstanding cartoonists in the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China and is honored as the founding father of Chinese current affairs manhua.

Zhang Yuguang (1885-1968) was born in Shangyin, Shaoxing and was one of the first cartoonists to publish political satire manhua in Chinese newspaper and is respected as the? “grandfather” of satirical manhua.

Shen Bochen (1889-1920) was the founder of the first manhua periodical in China. Together with his brother Shen Xueren, he established China's first manhua periodical Shanghai Puck in September 1918, which was the first cartoon publication in China and marked a brand-new period for Chinese manhua.

Feng Zikai (1898-1975), also known as the? “Son of Tongxiang”, is regarded as the pioneer of humanistic manhua. In 1914, at the age of 17, he went to Hangzhou and enrolled in the Hangzhou High School, where he studied under Li Shutong (1880-1942). Li 's noble personality and profound artistic cultivation had a profound influence on Feng, who later determined to dedicate his entire life to art.

In May 1925, Feng's works were published one after another in the Literary Weekly edited by Zheng Zhenduo (1898-1958), and in January 1926, he published his first collection of drawings, Zikai's Manhua, and thus the usage of the term “manhua” was widely spread. From 1936 onward, he traveled between Hangzhou, Shimen and Shanghai, and ushered in the heyday of his artistic career. His cartoons, mostly with children as the subjects, are humorous and reflective of social phenomena, and have been selected for inclusion in elementary school textbooks. They are also very popular because they embrace the needs of the public and imply ultimate beauty through details.642A58E5-3064-4D19-A70B-6FB06A400F49

Feng Zikai is one of the rare? “all-round masters” in modern China. In addition to painting, he made significant contributions to literature, music, calligraphy, art theory and translation, and reached the top of almost all the fields he covered.

Zhang Yuguang (1885-1968) lived in Hangzhou for three years when he was young, and then went to Shanghai to study Western art at the Tou-Se-We Art Studio. Besides cartoons, he was also good at stage art, Chinese painting art, commercial design, and engaged in art education and participated in the establishment of art supplies industry, an outstanding all-in-one talent.

Ye Qianyu (1904—1995) was born in Tonglu, hangzhou. As the major pioneer of Chinese long manhua, Ye provided valuable experience and had a profound impact on the creation of Chinese comic strips. From 1935 onwards, he explored and created the Chinese art form of? “sketch manhua”, an important technique used in the art world to this day.

Zhang Leping (1910-1992) was a native of Haiyan, Jiaxing. He began to create cartoons in 1926, apart from which he also did annual paintings, comic strips, sketches, drawings, watercolor paintings, paper-cutting, etc. He had made great achievements and is honored as one of the greatest cartoonists in China.

In 1935, his “Sanmao the Orphan” comics debuted, which attracted widespread attention and he thus became known as? “the father of Sanmao". In 1936, he served as a member of the preparatory committee of the First National Cartoon Exhibition with Feng Zikai, Hua Junwu and others. The exhibition was grandly opened on November 4, which was the first exhibition in the history of Chinese manhua. In the same year, he created the first comic strip based on the movie The Little Orphan Girl, and in 1937 he participated in a cartoonist troupe and served as the deputy leader. In 1946, based on what he saw during the battle, he created and published Sanmao Joins the Army, an epoch-making work in the history of Chinese cartoons. It was hailed, together with The Wandering Life of Sanmao created in the following year, as? “l(fā)iterary masterpiece without words", which had a great impact around the world.

Hua Junwu (1915-2010), a native of Hangzhou, published his first cartoon at the age of 13 in the school magazine of Hangzhou High School. In 1936, he was elected as a preparatory committee member of the First National Cartoon Exhibition in Shanghai. On January 20, 1979, Hua, together with others, launched a journal titled Satire and Humor. The publication of the journal was a major event in the history of Chinese manhua, which witnessed manhuas rebirth after a 10-year standstill and marked its brand-new historical stage.

In 2005, Hangzhou held the first China International Animation Festival. In 2006, this annual festival permanently settled in Hangzhou, and has been successfully held for seventeen consecutive years. It has become one of the top animation events in the country. It is evident that the manhua industry in Zhejiang and in China are developing rapidly, achieving new breakthroughs.642A58E5-3064-4D19-A70B-6FB06A400F49

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