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基于刺激響應(yīng)及靶向因子修飾載多烯紫杉醇納米遞送系統(tǒng)的研究進展

2022-10-14 11:40隋芳茜李杰雨楊山景姜海梅楊詩宇李凌軍蔡曉青
中草藥 2022年19期
關(guān)鍵詞:紫杉醇靶向納米

隋芳茜,李杰雨,楊山景,姜海梅,楊詩宇,李凌軍,蔡曉青

基于刺激響應(yīng)及靶向因子修飾載多烯紫杉醇納米遞送系統(tǒng)的研究進展

隋芳茜,李杰雨,楊山景,姜海梅,楊詩宇,李凌軍*,蔡曉青*

山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,山東 濟南 250355

多烯紫杉醇是天然抗腫瘤藥物紫杉醇的衍生物,具有廣譜、高效的抗腫瘤活性,但其溶解性低、組織分布廣,限制了臨床應(yīng)用。刺激響應(yīng)型納米遞送系統(tǒng)憑借其載體材料結(jié)構(gòu)的多元性、環(huán)境敏感釋藥性,有效改善了多烯紫杉醇這些缺陷,在此基礎(chǔ)上,修飾靶向因子可使藥物靶向遞送,改變藥物的組織分布,進一步提高抗腫瘤效果。綜述近年多烯紫杉醇刺激響應(yīng)型及靶向因子修飾納米遞送系統(tǒng)的研究進展,提出其發(fā)展面臨的挑戰(zhàn)及未來趨勢等關(guān)鍵問題,以期為多烯紫杉醇在抗腫瘤藥物的研究開發(fā)方面提供參考。

多烯紫杉醇;刺激響應(yīng);靶向因子;抗腫瘤;納米遞送系統(tǒng)

世界衛(wèi)生組織國際癌癥研究機構(gòu)的最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2020年全球新發(fā)癌癥病例1929萬,其中死亡病例996萬,癌癥負擔(dān)不斷上升。結(jié)合調(diào)節(jié)免疫、未病先防、增效減毒等中醫(yī)藥基礎(chǔ)理論,多糖類、萜類、生物堿類等天然抗腫瘤藥物通過抑制腫瘤增殖、誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細胞凋亡等發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,但很多天然抗腫瘤藥物存在選擇性差、易多藥耐藥、生物利用度低等問題[1]。多烯紫杉醇(docetaxel,DTX)是萜類抗腫瘤藥紫杉醇的衍生物,以其廣譜抗腫瘤活性備受研究者關(guān)注,但低溶低滲、生物分布廣、不良反應(yīng)大的特點限制其臨床應(yīng)用[2]。

靶向遞藥系統(tǒng)憑借其載體材料結(jié)構(gòu)的多元性、修飾因子的多樣性,可有效改善化療藥物缺陷,提高藥物療效,在腫瘤治療中顯示出巨大潛力。未經(jīng)修飾的脂質(zhì)體、納米粒、膠束、微囊等傳統(tǒng)遞藥系統(tǒng),主要借助非特異性的腫瘤高通透性和滯留效應(yīng)[3],使藥物富集于腫瘤部位,但藥物極易在肝、脾、腎等組織中蓄積。通過響應(yīng)腫瘤微環(huán)境內(nèi)源性刺激(低pH[4]、強還原性[5]、過表達的酶[6]等)及外源性刺激(光、超聲、溫度等)[7-8]設(shè)計納米遞送系統(tǒng)可以實現(xiàn)藥物在病灶部位快速釋放,此類遞藥系統(tǒng)已有大量文獻報道。此外,將一些靶向因子(如抗體、配體及前體藥物等)利用物理或化學(xué)方法連接到載體表面可以進一步使藥物定向輸送到靶點發(fā)揮藥效[9-10]。

當(dāng)前基于新型靶向遞藥系統(tǒng)的研究主要集中在創(chuàng)新性的載體材料[11]、不同刺激響應(yīng)[12]和不同修飾因子[13]等方面,故本文著重介紹DTX刺激響應(yīng)型納米藥物遞送系統(tǒng)(nanoparticles drug delivery system,NDDS)的研究進展,分析其功能機制(圖1)及體內(nèi)外抗腫瘤效果,并對常用于修飾納米載體的靶向因子進行總結(jié),以期為DTX新型制劑的研究開發(fā)提供思路。

圖1 DTX-NDDS的刺激響應(yīng)行為

1 內(nèi)源性刺激響應(yīng)型DTX-NDDS

1.1 pH響應(yīng)型

腫瘤細胞糖酵解產(chǎn)生大量乳酸[14],造成人體正常組織(pH 7.4)與腫瘤組織(pH 6.5~7.2)的pH環(huán)境差異,細胞內(nèi)細胞器中也存在pH梯度,如溶酶體的pH值在4.5~5.5[15],這種pH差異在提高納米制劑靶向性方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。pH響應(yīng)一方面可以利用基團質(zhì)子化使納米材料化學(xué)構(gòu)象改變而釋放藥物,如聚(β-氨基酯)、殼聚糖等。聚(β-氨基酯)可在低pH條件下胺基質(zhì)子化釋放藥物,在pH響應(yīng)材料中應(yīng)用較早[16]。殼聚糖同樣具有氨基質(zhì)子化作用,且成本低,具有低免疫原性和良好的生物降解性[17]。還有報道基于兩親性材料聚乙二醇-聚(ω-十五內(nèi)酯-共--甲基二乙醇胺-共-2,2-硫代二乙醇)制備DTX膠束,在低pH刺激下,膠束核心中硫醚基團質(zhì)子化而響應(yīng)性釋藥[18]。另一方面NDDS通過酸敏感的化學(xué)鍵斷裂實現(xiàn)pH響應(yīng),如腙鍵、肼鍵[19]等。有研究以低聚倍半硅氧烷為剛性核,將DTX通過腙鍵連接到接枝物上,繼而包載入剛性核中制備NDDS,在酸性溶酶體環(huán)境下,DTX被刺激釋放[20]。

為進一步利用pH響應(yīng)性增強NDDS靶向釋藥,研究者結(jié)合納米粒表面電性制備出基于pH響應(yīng)的可電荷反轉(zhuǎn)的NDDS[21]。Li等[22]以2,3-二甲基馬來酸酐改性-(2-羥丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺共聚物作為外殼,以正性介孔二氧化硅納米顆粒(mesoporous silica nanoparticle,MSN)為核,構(gòu)建逐級pH響應(yīng)的載DTX雜化納米粒,外殼上的氨基發(fā)生酰胺化反應(yīng)而形成的β-羧酰胺在生理pH下穩(wěn)定,當(dāng)pH值低于6.8時可水解,在共聚物屏蔽下,納米雜化材料的半衰期(1/2)達到裸MSN的1.93倍。還有研究依賴于聚合物的可逆質(zhì)子化/去質(zhì)子化實現(xiàn)pH響應(yīng)的電荷轉(zhuǎn)換以降低體內(nèi)免疫清除[23],為pH響應(yīng)的載DTX電荷反轉(zhuǎn)型納米粒研發(fā)提供一定參考。

1.2 氧化還原響應(yīng)型

癌細胞(2~10 mmol/L)和正常細胞基質(zhì)(2~20 μmol/L)之間的還原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)濃度存在顯著差異,氧化還原電位成為細胞內(nèi)釋藥的有效刺激。近年來,利用GSH響應(yīng)的NDDS展現(xiàn)出較好的發(fā)展前景[24-25]。

二硫鍵在高還原性腫瘤環(huán)境中會發(fā)生斷裂而迅速釋放藥物,目前關(guān)于二硫鍵載體的插入和合成方法已較為成熟[13,26],故二硫鍵已被廣泛應(yīng)用于構(gòu)建DTX還原響應(yīng)型納米載體。有報道顯示在β環(huán)糊精-杯芳烴巨型兩親分子中插入二硫鍵,自組裝成納米球或納米微囊用以包裹DTX,基于二硫鍵還原響應(yīng)的藥物釋放顯著增強了DTX對不同腫瘤細胞的毒性[27]。Li等[28]通過含有二硫鍵的半胱胺修飾DTX制備DTX前藥,而后進一步以二硫鍵構(gòu)建兩親性聚合物硫酸軟骨素-ss-DTX對前藥進行包載制備復(fù)合納米粒,其在還原和非還原條件下,DTX在96 h的體外累積釋藥量分別達到62.5%和50.0%,細胞攝取實驗中,發(fā)現(xiàn)C-6標(biāo)記的復(fù)合納米粒主要存在于乳腺癌MCF-7細胞的胞漿中,說明還原響應(yīng)改善了DTX靶向性,有助于提升DTX與微管蛋白的結(jié)合效率。

除二硫鍵外,還有其他化學(xué)鍵應(yīng)用于氧化還原響應(yīng),不同化學(xué)鍵對氧化還原響應(yīng)的敏感性及對腫瘤治療的潛力也有所不同。Zuo等[29]分別以二硒鍵、二硫鍵或碳化二鍵設(shè)計了3種DTX二聚體前藥,自組裝為納米粒。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)二硒鍵納米粒的體外氧化還原響應(yīng)釋放弱于二硫鍵納米粒,但以二硒鍵納米粒處理的乳腺癌4T1細胞內(nèi)活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平更高,進一步促進DTX釋放,使其表現(xiàn)出比二硫鍵納米粒更強的細胞毒性。結(jié)合藥動學(xué)研究,3種前藥納米粒組總DTX的藥-時曲線下面積分別是泰索帝組的28.2、12.2、23.3倍,說明二硒鍵更能提高納米粒的膠體穩(wěn)定性,延長血液循環(huán)時間,但目前關(guān)于二硒鍵的研究尚少,還需進一步深入研究。

為進一步增強DTX治療效果、發(fā)揮協(xié)同作用優(yōu)勢,基于氧化還原響應(yīng)的聯(lián)合治療已有不少研究。Conte等[30]制備氧化還原響應(yīng)型納米粒用于DTX和核酸TUBB3 siRNA的聯(lián)合遞送,相比游離形式siRNA和非氧化還原響應(yīng)型納米粒,其在還原條件下表現(xiàn)出更高的siRNA細胞內(nèi)化能力,明顯降低β-微管蛋白的表達,DTX納米粒與DTX/TUBB3納米粒的半數(shù)抑制濃度(IC50)分別為79、6.5 μg/mL,證實了共載納米粒良好的協(xié)同作用。Li等[31]以二硫鍵連接制備DTX-雙氫青蒿素納米復(fù)合物,由納米顆粒的溶脹和侵蝕以及共軛物二硫鍵的斷裂控制兩藥的釋放,其能顯著促進細胞早期凋亡,誘導(dǎo)細胞阻滯于G0/G1期。

1.3 ROS響應(yīng)型

ROS是氧的不完全還原產(chǎn)物,包括羥基自由基、超氧陰離子、過氧化氫等,線粒體代謝是其主要來源[32]。由于腫瘤組織血管供應(yīng)氧氣含量不足以支撐腫瘤細胞正常代謝,致使腫瘤部位存在缺氧區(qū),繼而導(dǎo)致癌細胞(高達1×10?4mol/L)中的ROS水平遠高于正常組織(≈20×10?9mol/L)[33]。利用腫瘤組織固有的高ROS環(huán)境,ROS敏感的連接物或強還原性載體,通過ROS響應(yīng)裂解選擇性快速釋藥[34-35]。研究表明,DTX本身可通過促進ROS產(chǎn)生來誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細胞凋亡[36-37],輔以ROS響應(yīng),將有助于快速選擇性釋藥。Zhu等[38]開發(fā)了基于維生素E的載DTX強還原納米系統(tǒng),體外釋藥實驗顯示,其在腫瘤環(huán)境高ROS水平下DTX的釋放量接近29%(而生理條件下約10%);在體內(nèi)釋藥實驗中,由F?rster共振能量轉(zhuǎn)移分析發(fā)現(xiàn),相比正常器官,該納米系統(tǒng)在腫瘤中可更快地釋藥,在腫瘤部位的DTX積聚明顯高于泰索帝組。

1.4 酶刺激響應(yīng)型

由于腫瘤細胞的惡性增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移及生理代謝紊亂,多數(shù)腫瘤的發(fā)生都伴隨著酶異常表達,如基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)、組織蛋白酶B、透明質(zhì)酸酶、分泌性磷脂酶A2、堿性磷酸酶、氧化還原酶等,這些酶的表達異常使得腫瘤與正常組織之間存在失調(diào)酶的差異,為酶刺激響應(yīng)型治療提供了基礎(chǔ)[39-41]。酶刺激響應(yīng)機制可概括為酶底物片段通過物理化學(xué)作用插入NDDS中,經(jīng)血液循環(huán)到達腫瘤部位,暴露在高濃度酶環(huán)境中引發(fā)結(jié)構(gòu)改變,通過納米載體解體或偶聯(lián)鍵斷裂控制藥物釋放[42]。Zhang等[43]通過在-羥基丁二酰亞胺活化的甲氧基聚乙二醇與α-生育酚琥珀酸酯之間插入MMP-2/9可裂解寡肽,合成新型材料制備MMP-2/9敏感的DTX膠束。熒光共振能量轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)果表明,該敏感膠束能被MMP-2/9成功切割,且與不敏感膠束相比,其在纖維肉瘤HT1080細胞(MMP-2/9過表達)中的攝取量增加了1倍。

2 外源性刺激響應(yīng)型DTX-NDDS

當(dāng)前外源性刺激響應(yīng)型NDDS已取得很大進展,尤其光熱響應(yīng)、超聲響應(yīng)等具有高時空分辨率的刺激響應(yīng)型控釋NDSS備受關(guān)注。

2.1 光響應(yīng)型

腫瘤部位深層惡性細胞的不可及性和腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的不可控性是傳統(tǒng)癌癥治療面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn)[44],光響應(yīng)型NDDS以光熱治療、等離子體光熱治療、光動力療法等為前提,可用于局部治療惡性腫瘤,并且治療時間短、不良反應(yīng)小,更有助于增強藥物對腫瘤的靶向性,提高對腫瘤部位的穿透性。其常用載體材料包括Au、Ag、Pt等貴金屬納米顆粒,石墨烯、碳納米棒等碳類材料,CuS、ZnS等金屬與非金屬化合物,吲哚菁綠、普魯士藍等有機染料物質(zhì)。DTX不是光敏性藥物,因此載DTX的光響應(yīng)型NDDS常與光熱治療、光動力療法相結(jié)合發(fā)揮協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用[45-46]。

2.1.1 光熱療法 腫瘤細胞與正常細胞的熱耐受性不同,光熱療法作為一種非侵入性治療手段會導(dǎo)致腫瘤中的DNA損傷和蛋白質(zhì)變性,可利用具有光熱轉(zhuǎn)換效率的載體材料負載DTX,在近紅外激光刺激下,一方面使光能轉(zhuǎn)換為熱能,利用熱損傷引起腫瘤消融,另一方面控制腫瘤部位DTX的釋放以發(fā)揮藥效殺死細胞[47]。

CuS納米粒子是一種新興的光熱劑,具有生物相容性、易制備性、不溶性和低成本等特點,其由于Cu2+離子的d-d能帶躍遷而具有穩(wěn)定的近紅外吸收特性。Poudel等[48]構(gòu)建了CuS納米平臺負載DTX,并進一步包裹共軛聚合物-多肽用于靶向化療-光療。體內(nèi)外研究表明,該納米系統(tǒng)的增強吸收和近紅外響應(yīng)行為可增強藥物釋放效率、促進光熱消融并增強ROS的產(chǎn)生,并且該系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)出較高的生物安全性。Su等[49]報道了一種附著于脂質(zhì)雙層上的海綿狀碳材料,其中脂質(zhì)雙層以石墨烯納米片為支撐,在近紅外光照射下可釋放出DTX、氣化的全氟己烷和高熱,抗腫瘤效果顯著。進一步通過蛋白質(zhì)/紅細胞膜封端的碳/二氧化硅納米微球(red blood cell-membrane enveloped nanosponge,RBC@NS)遞送石墨烯量子點和DTX,在遠程運動蛋白質(zhì)/紅細胞膜的介導(dǎo)下,經(jīng)紅外處理的RBC@NS在靶點的DTX有效聚集量約是未經(jīng)紅外處理的NS的8倍。抑瘤率實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),單純化療或光熱治療組易出現(xiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),而靶向RBC@NS結(jié)合紅外照射組前10 d內(nèi)顯著抑制腫瘤生長,且56 d內(nèi)無腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)[50]。

2.1.2 等離子體光熱治療 等離子體納米結(jié)構(gòu)由于等離子體共振而具有強光吸收,金基納米結(jié)構(gòu)屬于等離子體納米結(jié)構(gòu),其穩(wěn)定性高、毒性低且有助于腫瘤攝取[51]。Villar-Alvarez等[52]以人血清白蛋白/殼聚糖納米粒包裹游離DTX和阿霉素修飾的金納米棒,嵌入的金納米棒在近紅外光刺激下,可對DTX進行獨立的部分釋放控制,結(jié)合等離子體光熱治療,DTX納米粒使單次低劑量照射后對腫瘤細胞的殺傷率接近90%。Zhao等[53]將DTX和NH4HCO3負載到表面包覆有金納米殼的熱敏脂質(zhì)體中,在808 nm激光照射下實現(xiàn)了藥物的時空可控釋放。

2.1.3 光動力療法 光動力療法的選擇性主要依賴于光敏劑在腫瘤微環(huán)境中的選擇性積聚和局部照射。光敏劑主要通過接受特定波長的激光照射產(chǎn)生ROS,利用化學(xué)損傷抑制腫瘤。光動力療法尤其適應(yīng)于對抗多藥耐藥及缺氧相關(guān)的腫瘤治療[54-55],Jiang等[56]在改進的納米組裝體中共載DTX和光敏劑維替泊芬,同時修飾腫瘤血管生成靶向肽以提高腫瘤靶向效率,激光作用下由靶向納米粒處理的細胞幾乎無管狀結(jié)構(gòu)形成,更能有效抑制血管生成。

相比pH響應(yīng)型與氧化還原響應(yīng)型NDDS而言,目前載DTX的光響應(yīng)NDDS研究較少,具有較大發(fā)掘潛力。經(jīng)過一系列初步研究可知,以光響應(yīng)為基礎(chǔ)的化療方法是一種較為可行的腫瘤消融方式,有助于提高抗腫瘤效果,降低腫瘤穿透難度,但高功率激光也會造成正常組織的光損傷,其安全性需進一步深入研究。

2.2 超聲響應(yīng)型

當(dāng)超聲刺激作用于體內(nèi)組織時,機體會產(chǎn)生熱效應(yīng)、機械效應(yīng)與化學(xué)效應(yīng),基于此,超聲響應(yīng)型NDDS憑借其高時空性、高穿透性、非侵入性滲透腫瘤組織和經(jīng)濟便捷的特點而被逐漸探索。

綜合各方面文獻資料發(fā)現(xiàn),MSN等介孔納米材料比表面積大、孔徑均勻,可負載治療藥物,在超聲響應(yīng)的生物醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中應(yīng)用廣泛。作為經(jīng)典介孔納米材料,MSN本身無刺激響應(yīng)性,當(dāng)介孔體系引入藥物后,若不及時加以封端,在體內(nèi)循環(huán)時,極易造成藥物泄漏而過早釋放。因此,常在MSN孔隙入口處用適宜分子進行封端,一方面可避免藥物過早釋放,另一方面封端分子可響應(yīng)某些刺激從MSN中脫落,進而實現(xiàn)藥物的按時、按需釋放[57]。超聲響應(yīng)型NDDS進行封端的分子通常具有幾種特點:(1)利用熱效應(yīng),在溫度刺激下發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)變化而脫落;(2)在超聲刺激下間接產(chǎn)生大量ROS,刺激ROS敏感接頭斷裂而控釋藥物;(3)利用機械效應(yīng)釋放藥物。目前基于DTX/MSN的超聲響應(yīng)型納米粒研究較少,其對于DTX的利用價值有待進一步探索。

介孔二氧化鈦納米材料(mesoporous titania nanoparticle,MTN)同MSN類似,目前已應(yīng)用到DTX-NDDS中。Shi等[58]開發(fā)了一種超聲觸發(fā)的β-環(huán)糊精封端的DTX-MTN藥物釋放系統(tǒng),將β-環(huán)糊精通過ROS敏感接頭連接到MTN外表面,發(fā)揮“門控”作用。一旦受到超聲激發(fā),MTN可產(chǎn)生大量ROS,一方面導(dǎo)致ROS敏感接頭斷裂,使β-環(huán)糊精分離釋放DTX,通過檢測超聲誘導(dǎo)的DTX在腫瘤中的釋放發(fā)現(xiàn),納米粒組超聲前DTX質(zhì)量濃度很低,而超聲后DTX質(zhì)量濃度顯著升高,且較長時間高于1 μg/mL;另一方面,ROS誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細胞凋亡以協(xié)同發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。另已有多項研究證實,聲動力療法與DTX結(jié)合,在超聲刺激下誘導(dǎo)ROS產(chǎn)生,利用ROS誘導(dǎo)一系列生化反應(yīng)亦可抑制腫瘤細胞[59-62]。

2.3 其他外源響應(yīng)型

除光熱、超聲等外源性刺激響應(yīng)外,還有溫度[63]、磁場[64]等外源性刺激型響應(yīng)系統(tǒng),也為DTX提供了有潛力的納米平臺。有研究合成了一種溫敏型磁性水凝膠,其包載阿霉素(doxorubicin,DOX)、DTX及用于磁熱刺激響應(yīng)的氧化鐵,該載藥磁性水凝膠對三重陰性乳腺癌細胞株具有顯著抗腫瘤活性[65]。

3 多響應(yīng)型DTX-NDDS

相比傳統(tǒng)未功能化的NDDS,單一刺激響應(yīng)NDDS的靶向性已得到一定增強,但其響應(yīng)靈敏度、響應(yīng)速度、物理化學(xué)靶向效果仍然有限,故研究者趨向于利用各種納米材料或修飾組裝,開發(fā)出不同功能組合的多響應(yīng)型NDDS[18,66]。Chen等[67]制備了具有pH和氧化還原雙重響應(yīng)的載DTX納米粒,其在PBS緩沖液(pH 6.5,10 mmol/L GSH)中藥物釋放顯著增加,在增強肝癌HepG2細胞和SMMC 7721細胞藥物攝取的同時,帶正電的納米粒子還促進細胞周期阻滯于G2/M期,增加細胞凋亡率。部分多響應(yīng)型DTX-NDDS的載體結(jié)構(gòu)與功能機制見表1。

4 靶向因子修飾DTX-NDDS

盡管多重刺激響應(yīng)型NDDS在一定程度上增加了藥物靶向性,但單純刺激響應(yīng)型NDDS仍然是半選擇性靶向病灶,為進一步增強靶向性,基于刺激響應(yīng)的NDDS結(jié)合適宜靶向因子實現(xiàn)多重靶向性,成為近年來靶向制劑領(lǐng)域的研究熱點[74-75]。目前一些配體,如糖類、配體、受體、適配子、肽、抗體等已被廣泛用于腫瘤靶向。例如,葉酸是一種常見靶向因子,葉酸受體在癌細胞(乳腺、子宮和肺癌等)中過表達而在健康細胞中的表達降低,在兼具刺激響應(yīng)及體內(nèi)血液長循環(huán)等多功能的NDDS中,輔以葉酸修飾將大大增加其靶向性。Nie等[76]用氨基-聚乙二醇-葉酸和硼替佐米對載DTX的星形共聚物膽酸-聚丙交酯-聚乙交酯納米粒進行包覆,形成靶向復(fù)合物,實現(xiàn)了NDDS主動靶向、pH響應(yīng)、體內(nèi)長循環(huán)和雙重載藥的多功能一體化。透明質(zhì)酸是CD44受體的特異性配體,其修飾的納米粒子可以通過CD44受體介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)吞作用提高腫瘤細胞對納米粒子的攝取效率。此外,透明質(zhì)酸還是一種帶負電的聚陰離子,可用于屏蔽正電性NDDS的正電荷,一定程度上減少NDDS的體內(nèi)清除。Bai等[77]以聚酰胺-胺型樹枝狀大分子為藥物載體,阿侖膦酸鈉為骨靶向配體和破骨細胞抑制劑,透明質(zhì)酸為腫瘤細胞靶向配體,制備了破骨細胞和腫瘤細胞雙靶向納米粒子,在治療肺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移方面顯示出巨大潛力。應(yīng)用于DTX-NDDS的靶向因子見表2。

表1 多響應(yīng)型DTX-NDDS的響應(yīng)機制與體內(nèi)外評價

Table 1 Response mechanism and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of multi responsive DTX-NDDS

納米藥物遞送系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)機制體內(nèi)外評價文獻 Au/Fe3O4/PVA-DTX(1)pH;(2)溫度;(3)光(1)對乳腺癌MCF-7模型小鼠的抑瘤率達70%,安全性高;(2)有助于增強CT成像對比度68 DSPE-PEG-SS-PCL/DTX(1)ROS;(2)GSH(1)細胞毒性增強,誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡,抑制細胞遷移和侵襲;(2)在荷前列腺癌的小鼠體內(nèi),抑制腫瘤生長,對主要器官無明顯損傷69 PEG-PPMD/PEG-PCMD-DTX(1)pH;(2)GSH(1)低pH與GSH條件下,細胞毒性增強;(2)抑瘤實驗中,顯著抑制腫瘤生長70 PEG-PPMT/DTX(1)pH;(2)ROS(1)細胞對納米粒的攝取效率增加;(2)納米粒對荷CT-26腫瘤小鼠的抑瘤率在90%以上,同時對肝臟和腎臟等正常器官的毒性較小71 HA-DTX(1)酶;(2)pH;(3)GSH(1)表現(xiàn)出較高的細胞攝取率和腫瘤細胞凋亡率;(2)在荷瘤裸鼠體內(nèi),顯著抑制腫瘤生長,循環(huán)時間長,藥動學(xué)時間長,對器官毒性低19 CSCD-DTX(1)氧化還原;(2)酶(1)誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡;(2)減少轉(zhuǎn)移促進蛋白的表達(3)減少原位腫瘤體積和肺轉(zhuǎn)移形成72 SP-DTX(1)pH;(2)氧化還原(1)細胞毒性增強,引起顯著的微管聚集、G2/M細胞期停滯和細胞凋亡;(2)對PC-3/3T3移植瘤小鼠的抑瘤率達78.9%20 DTX/CA-PLGA@PDA/DOX-PEG-APT(1)pH;(2)溫度;(3)光熱(1)細胞毒性增大,細胞對納米粒攝取顯著增加;(2)延長藥物半衰期,抑制腫瘤生長73

PVA-聚乙烯醇 DSPE-1,2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺 PEG-聚乙二醇 SS-二硫鍵 PCL-聚己內(nèi)酯 PPMD-聚(ω-五癸內(nèi)酯-co--甲基二乙胺-co-3,3′-二硫代二丙酸酯) PCMD-聚(己內(nèi)酯-co--甲基二乙胺-co-3,3′-二硫代二丙酸酯) PPMT-聚(鄰十五內(nèi)酯-co--甲基二亞乙基胺-共-3,30-硫代二丙酸酯) HA-透明質(zhì)酸 CSCD-硫酸軟骨素-二硫鍵-脫氧膽酸 SP-雙刺激響應(yīng)型雜化聚合物納米粒 CA-碳酸酐酶 PLGA-聚(乳酸-乙醇酸) PDA-聚多巴胺 APT-適配子AS1411

PVA-poly(vinyl alcohol) DSPE-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol) PEG-polyethylene glycol SS-disulfide bond PCL-poly(caprolactone) PPMD-poly(pentadecalactone-co--methyldiethyleneamine-co-3,3′-dithiodipropionate) PCMD-poly(caprolactone-co--methyldiethyleneamine-co-3,3′-dithiodipropionate) PPMT-poly(-pentadecalactone-co--methyldiethyleneamine-co-3,30-thiodipropionate) HA- hyaluronic acid CSCD-chondroitin sulfate-ss-deoxycholic acid SP-dual stimuli-responsive hybrid polymeric nanoparticles CA-carbonic anhydrase PLGA-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PDA-polydopamine APT-aptamer AS1411

表2 應(yīng)用于DTX-NDDS的靶向因子

Table 2 Targeting factors applied to DTX-NDDS

靶向因子靶向部位文獻 甘露糖配體四聚體植物凝集素刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin A,Con A)78 半乳糖配體去唾液酸糖蛋白(asialoglycoprotein,ASGP)受體79 T細胞受體人類白細胞抗原(human leukocyte antigens,HLAs)80 乙酸單羧酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白1(monocarboxylic acid transporter 1,MCT1)81 S2.2適配子黏蛋白(mucin-1,MUC-1)53 適配子AS1411核仁素73,82 小分子靶向配體ACUPA; DUPA前列腺特異性膜抗原(prostate specific membrane antigen,PSMA)83-84 腫瘤血管生成靶向肽腫瘤血管內(nèi)皮細胞的氨基肽酶N(aminopeptidase N,APN/CD13)56 T7肽血管生成素2(angiopoietin-2,Ang 2)、轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白受體(transferrin receptor,TfR)85-87 環(huán)狀五肽FC131趨化因子受體4型(C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4,CXCR4)88 RVG29肽尼古丁乙酰膽堿受體(nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,NAchR)89 胃泌素釋放肽胃泌素釋放肽受體(gastrin-releasing peptide receptor,GRPR)90 AE147肽尿激酶型纖溶酶原激活劑受體(urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor,uPAR)91 精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸三肽序列整聯(lián)蛋白avb392-93 西妥昔單抗表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)50,94-95 曲妥珠單抗人表皮生長因子受體2型(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)96-97 嵌合小鼠/人抗體Tn抗原(N-乙酰葡萄糖胺-O-絲氨酸/蘇氨酸,GalNAc-O-serine/threonine)98

5 結(jié)語與展望

多功能刺激響應(yīng)型納米粒具有粒徑小,藥物體內(nèi)清除少、可控釋放、靶向性高等優(yōu)勢。DTX作為天然藥物紫杉醇的衍生物,抗腫瘤作用顯著,關(guān)于其納米制劑的研究從未停止,其制劑的研究方向是在“盡可能減少DTX體內(nèi)清除、實現(xiàn)長效循環(huán)”的基礎(chǔ)上,進一步提高DTX靶向性,增強藥物入胞效率,以降低全身毒性。當(dāng)前DTX納米制劑結(jié)合納米技術(shù)的基本理論及腫瘤組織生理代謝的新進展,聚焦于刺激響應(yīng)的或靶向修飾的NDDS,可顯著改善DTX溶解性低、靶向性差等理化缺陷,在增強DTX抗腫瘤活性,擴大其臨床應(yīng)用方面,具有顯著優(yōu)越性。

但刺激響應(yīng)型納米遞藥系統(tǒng)及有關(guān)修飾因子還存在許多亟待解決的問題:(1)功能化脂質(zhì)體、聚合物納米粒等雖然在納米材料的輔助下提高了藥物靶向性,但由于材料自身的限制性,載藥量通常低于10%;(2)刺激響應(yīng)型納米制劑的響應(yīng)速度低,限制了藥物釋放,導(dǎo)致藥物療效降低;(3)目前發(fā)現(xiàn)并研究應(yīng)用的靶向因子類型眾多,但大都存在靶向因子受體非腫瘤部位獨有這一關(guān)鍵問題,降低了NDDS的主動靶向效率;(4)目前各類NDDS多停留在基礎(chǔ)研究階段,亟需更深入的制劑穩(wěn)定性、安全性及毒理學(xué)研究為臨床研究奠定基礎(chǔ);(5)在創(chuàng)新的DTX-NDDS成果轉(zhuǎn)化方面,還需注意復(fù)雜材料、工藝帶來的成本問題以及工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方面出現(xiàn)的設(shè)備及技術(shù)問題。

本文對DTX刺激響應(yīng)型納米藥物遞送系統(tǒng)及其修飾因子進行總結(jié)與分析,希望為DTX遞藥系統(tǒng)的進一步發(fā)展提供可行思路,相信隨著納米科技、高分子材料及靶向修飾因子的深入發(fā)展,NDDS將進一步提高腫瘤特異性響應(yīng)程度,向高效低毒、高度靶向、功能一體化的方向發(fā)展。

利益沖突 所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突

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Research progress on docetaxel loaded nano delivery system based on stimulus response and targeting factors

SUI Fang-qian, LI Jie-yu, YANG Shan-jing, JIANG Hai-mei, YANG Shi-yu, LI Ling-jun, CAI Xiao-qing

College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China

Docetaxel, a derivative of natural antitumor drug paclitaxel, has broad-spectrum and highly effictive antitumor activity, but its low solubility and wide tissue distribution limit its clinical application. The stimulation responsive nano delivery system effectively improves the above defects by diversity of carrier material structure and environment sensitive drug release. On this basis, modifying the targeting factor can make the drug targeted delivery, change the organization distribution of the drug and further improve the antitumor effect. This paper reviews the research progress on stimulation responsive and modifier modified nano delivery system of docetaxel in recent years, and puts forward the key problems such as its development challenges and future trend, in order to provide reference for the research and development of docetaxel in antitumor drugs.

docetaxel; stimulus response; targeting factor; antitumor activity;nano delivery system

R283

A

0253 - 2670(2022)19 - 6296 - 10

10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2022.19.034

2022-03-20

國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81803474);山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)藥學(xué)院“藥苑育研”優(yōu)秀研究生創(chuàng)新基金(2021-0027)

隋芳茜(1997—),女,碩士研究生,主要研究方向為中藥新制劑、新劑型研究及藥物體內(nèi)過程。Tel: 18340077520 E-mail: 18340077520@163.com

李凌軍(1966—),男,博士生導(dǎo)師,教授,從事中藥新制劑、新劑型研究及藥物體內(nèi)過程研究。Tel: 13853157076 E-mail: sdzyylilingjun@163.com

蔡曉青(1982—),女,碩士生導(dǎo)師,副教授,從事智能靶向給藥系統(tǒng)研究。Tel: 18753103526 E-mail: caixiaoqing0901@163.com

[責(zé)任編輯 潘明佳]

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