李珊珊，楊 敏，吳維堅

植物源提取物對小菜蛾抑制作用研究進(jìn)展

李珊珊，楊 敏，吳維堅*

（福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 亞熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)研究所，福建 漳州 363005）

植物源殺蟲劑因其低毒低殘留，對環(huán)境友好等優(yōu)點，在農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲的防治選擇上逐漸成為一種趨勢。從不同植物提取物入手，綜述近年來國內(nèi)外關(guān)于植物源小分子物質(zhì)、油溶性成分及水溶性成分在小菜蛾綜合防治方面的研究進(jìn)展，以探索植物源殺蟲劑防治小菜蛾的可行性及研究前景。

植物源提取物；小菜蛾；殺蟲劑；研究進(jìn)展

小菜蛾[（L.）（Lepidoptera: Yponometidae）]是全球范圍內(nèi)十字花科Burnett蔬菜的重要害蟲[1]。截至2013年，小菜蛾造成全球性經(jīng)濟(jì)年損失40～50億美元[2]。截至2015年，小菜蛾造成我國經(jīng)濟(jì)年損失7.7億美元。人工合成殺蟲劑的濫用使小菜蛾種群對多種化合物都具有耐藥性[3]，目前已證實其對包括有機(jī)氯類、氨基甲酸酯類、有機(jī)磷類、擬除蟲菊酯類、苯甲?；孱?、蘇云金桿菌類、沙蠶毒素類、抗生素類、昆蟲生長調(diào)節(jié)劑類和微生物源殺蟲劑在內(nèi)的多種殺蟲劑產(chǎn)生抗性[4-5]。Nurhidayati等[6]曾用印楝（）、木瓜（）、腫柄菊（）和刺果番荔枝（L.）等植物的葉片分別與蚯蚓堆肥混合，對甘藍(lán)（L.）進(jìn)行施肥處理，以未混入植物組織的蚯蚓堆肥為空白對照，以噴施合成農(nóng)藥做為陽性對照，發(fā)現(xiàn)用腫柄菊葉和刺果番荔枝葉處理過的甘藍(lán)與合成農(nóng)藥具有相同效果，且該處理的甘藍(lán)，頭部大小、總生物量的鮮質(zhì)量和干質(zhì)量有顯著增加（＜0.05）。隨著《食品安全法》、《農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全法》等法規(guī)的頒布實施[7]，植物源殺蟲劑因其低毒低殘留、對環(huán)境友好等優(yōu)點逐漸成為有機(jī)種植的新寵。本文從不同類型的植物提取物為切入點，對國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)階段小菜蛾植物源殺蟲劑的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜合闡述，期望為這方面的后續(xù)研究提供一些理論參考。

1 揮發(fā)油及揮發(fā)性成分

1.1 揮發(fā)油

1.2 單體成分

Huang等[14]從野艾蒿揮發(fā)油中分離出桉葉油醇（eucalyptol）和氧化石竹烯（caryophyllene oxide），分別處理24 h后，發(fā)現(xiàn)二者對小菜蛾幼蟲均表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的接觸毒性，半數(shù)致死劑量（median lethal dose，LD50）分別為76.97 μg/mL和20.71 mg/mL，對小菜蛾成蟲均表現(xiàn)出顯著的熏蒸活性（LC50分別為3.25 μL/L和1.06 mg/L）。經(jīng)證實，植物萜烯類化合物（E）-4，8-二甲基-1，3，7-壬三烯[（E）-3，8-dimethyl-1，4，7-nonatriene，DMNT]顯著影響小菜蛾的生長和繁殖，且能破壞小菜蛾幼蟲腸道，還可通過下調(diào)小菜蛾腸道Mucin like基因表達(dá)破壞圍食膜結(jié)構(gòu)，導(dǎo)致小菜蛾的死亡[15-16]。Yusoff等[17]研究了乙酸金合歡酯（farnesyl acetate），丙酮金合歡酯（farnesyl acetone），溴化金合歡酯（farnesyl bromide），氯化金合歡酯（farnesyl chloride）和植酮（hexahydrofarnesyl acetone）對小菜蛾的96 h毒性及半數(shù)致死濃度，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中乙酸金合歡酯對小菜蛾具有較高的毒性，可延長小菜蛾發(fā)育時間并致其蛹及成蟲畸形，以此降低小菜蛾的種群數(shù)量。α-金合歡烯（α‐farnesene）經(jīng)證實在10 μg/mL的濃度下對小菜蛾的取食抑制率為82.98%[18]。蒔蘿腦（dillapiole）和香芹酚（carvacrol）同樣被證實對小菜蛾具有極大的毒性（LC50分別為1.01 μL/mL和6.03 μL/mL）以及進(jìn)食威懾力[12]。Cai等[19]用8種單萜烯類化合物測試小菜蛾的熏蒸活性，發(fā)現(xiàn)對比其他化合物，其中蒔蘿醛（cuminaldehyde）對小菜蛾的卵、幼蟲及成蟲均表現(xiàn)出最強(qiáng)的毒性，且對異色瓢蟲的幼蟲和成蟲友好，不造成死亡；香芹酚和丁香酚（eugenol）同樣對小菜蛾具有熏蒸毒性，但效果不如蒔蘿醛顯著。

2 有機(jī)溶劑提取物

2.1 粗提物

Alam等[20]用西藏長葉松（Sarg.）松針的甲醇浸提液（20%濃度）處理小菜蛾120 h后，死亡率可達(dá)92%。Tarun等[21]在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實驗室條件下，評估了藿香薊（L.）葉不同提取物對小菜蛾的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中正己烷提取物和甲醇提取物可顯著減少小菜蛾幼蟲的取食、成蟲產(chǎn)卵量的孵化率。Zhang等[22]考察了油桐（）桐籽粕不同提取物對小菜蛾的接觸毒性，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中乙酸乙酯及石油醚提取物對小菜蛾均表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)毒性。紫穗槐（L.）的乙酸乙酯及石油醚提取物同樣被證實對小菜蛾具有良好的胃毒活性，并能抑制酯酶活力[23]。穿心蓮（）的乙酸乙酯及乙醇提取物被證實對小菜蛾具有殺滅活性，最大致死率分別為90.00%和65.00%[24]。Phukhahad等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)菖蒲的乙醇提取物對小菜蛾幼蟲表現(xiàn)出接觸毒性和攝食毒性。Dolma等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)西藏延齡草（）的乙醇提取物對小菜蛾的幼蟲有良好的殺蟲活性（LC50=1 541.2 mg/L）。段雨等[27]分別用留蘭香（L.）莖、葉的乙醇提取物處理甘藍(lán)葉片后喂食小菜蛾3齡幼蟲，發(fā)現(xiàn)留蘭香葉提取物對小菜蛾體內(nèi)解毒酶的抑制作用大于莖提取物。Pumnuan等[28]已證實沙棗（Linn.）葉的乙醇提取物在24 h和48 h對小菜蛾的LC50分別為4.94%～5.47%和3.42%～3.63%，對小菜蛾有良好的殺滅效果，與氟蟲腈、丙硫磷、溴氰菊酯和阿維菌素對小菜蛾幼蟲的防治效果無顯著差異。此外，巴豆屬L.植物[29]、少毛牛膝（）[30]和銀膠菊（L.）[31]的有機(jī)溶劑提取物均被證實對小菜蛾具有殺蟲活性。

2.2 單體成分

Tian等[32]從芹葉鐵線蓮（Turcz.）的正丁醇提取物中分離出7種三萜皂苷，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中含有游離28-COOH基團(tuán)的單糖鏈皂苷對小菜蛾的幼蟲表現(xiàn)出明顯的生長抑制活性，還可降低其化蛹率。Yang等[33]從人參葉和莖中提取的總皂苷也被證實對小菜蛾的幼蟲具有拒食活性。Jababu等[34]分別測試了印楝素（azadirachtin）、除蟲菊酯（pyrethrin）和苦木素（quassin）單體及混合處理甘藍(lán)葉對小菜蛾幼蟲的取食和拒食效果，發(fā)現(xiàn)印楝素+除蟲菊酯混合物的拒食效果最好，此外，印楝素+除蟲菊酯+苦木素混合物的幼蟲總死亡率可達(dá)50%，與除蟲菊酯處理組相當(dāng)。銀膠素（parthenin）[31]同時被證實對小菜蛾具有殺蟲活性。

3 水提物

3.1 直接致死

Ruiz等[35]分別采用印楝（）和煙草（L.）水提物測試對小菜蛾的殺蟲活性，證實此2種水提物對小菜蛾均具有殺幼蟲、殺卵和產(chǎn)卵抑制作用。Mpumi等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，西非灰毛豆（）、丁香蒲桃（）和巴豆屬植物（Pax）的水提物可顯著控制小菜蛾幼蟲的蟲口數(shù)量。Elaine等[37]測試了梨果仙人掌（）肉質(zhì)莖水提物對小菜蛾存活率及產(chǎn)卵行為的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)該提取物對小菜蛾蟲卵半數(shù)失活濃度EC50為5.37%（W/V），對幼蟲的LC50為7.75%（W/V），以此證明梨果仙人掌可干擾小菜蛾的產(chǎn)卵地點，有成為植物殺蟲劑的潛力。Ferreira等[38]測試了丁香蓼屬（spp.）植物水提物對小菜蛾生物循環(huán)的生物活性，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中、和的提取物在抑制小菜蛾種群方面表現(xiàn)出較好的效果，可有效抑制食物消耗量，并干擾幼蟲發(fā)育進(jìn)程及成蟲產(chǎn)卵。巴西肖乳香（Raddi）[39]和食用雙蓋蕨（）的葉片水提物同樣被證實可殺死小菜蛾的幼蟲并對成蟲具有強(qiáng)烈的產(chǎn)卵驅(qū)避作用[40]。

3.2 趨向誘殺

Zhu等[41]用十字花科蔬菜中國甘藍(lán)（var. alboglabra Bailey ‘Zhonghuajianye’）的水提物處理非寄主植物蠶豆（‘Jinnong’），發(fā)現(xiàn)小菜蛾雌蛾在噴灑了中國甘藍(lán)水提物的蠶豆上產(chǎn)卵明顯多于中國甘藍(lán)本身，而小菜蛾一齡幼蟲無法在蠶豆上存活，以此證實使用非十字花科誘捕植物治理小菜蛾的可行性。

4 展 望

昆蟲嗅覺在調(diào)節(jié)交配、覓食、飼喂及產(chǎn)卵等行為上均發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[42]。植物在與昆蟲長期共存和進(jìn)化中產(chǎn)生了許多次生代謝產(chǎn)物，以此應(yīng)對昆蟲的不同生長階段[43]。據(jù)報道，包含氣味結(jié)合蛋白（OBPs）[44]、氣味受體（ORs）[45-46]和氣味降解酶（ODEs）[44,47]等在內(nèi)的蛋白組在昆蟲嗅覺的動力學(xué)、選擇性和敏感性方面起著重要作用[48]。小菜蛾體內(nèi)被發(fā)現(xiàn)含有一種氣味降解酶PxylAOX3，純化后的重組蛋白顯示出廣泛的底物酶譜，推測可能參與許多結(jié)構(gòu)多樣的醛類化合物的降解，以此參與嗅覺神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)[49]。這與目前已知對小菜蛾具殺蟲活性的揮發(fā)性單體多以醇類、烯類和酯類成分為主的結(jié)論不謀而合。此外，已有多項研究證實不同植物提取物對小菜蛾具有良好的胃毒活性及酶抑制活性，在防治小菜蛾方面具有良好的市場開發(fā)前景。

經(jīng)筆者調(diào)查，目前國內(nèi)用于小菜蛾防治的植物源殺蟲劑較少，以印楝素及苦參堿（matrine）為主，但十字花科蔬菜強(qiáng)烈依賴蜜蜂授粉，而印楝素已被證實對蜜蜂具有輕度至中度毒性[50]，苦參堿對小菜蛾的防治效果并不突出[51-52]。若能從我國特有的種質(zhì)資源入手進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性篩選，或可從中挖掘出環(huán)保、高效、低成本的小菜蛾植物源殺蟲劑，也為國產(chǎn)殺蟲劑拓展國際市場提供一定理論支持。

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Research Progress in Inhibition of Plant Extracts in

LI Shanshan, YANG Min, WU Weijian*

（Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agronomy Sciences, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363005, China）

With the promulgation and implementation of the “Food Safety Law”, “Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Law” and other regulations, it has become a trend to choose botanical insecticides in the control of agricultural pests. Starting with different plant extracts, this paper summarized the research progress in plant-derived small molecular substances, oil-soluble components and water-soluble components in the integrated control ofaround the world in recent years, so as to explore the feasibility and research prospects of plant-derived pesticides against.

plant extract;;insecticide; research progress

S436.341.2+4

A

2095-3704（2022）03-0305-06

李珊珊, 楊敏, 吳維堅. 植物源提取物對小菜蛾抑制作用研究進(jìn)展[J]. 生物災(zāi)害科學(xué), 2022, 45(3): 305-310.

10.3969/j.issn.2095-3704.2022.03.50

2022-06-30

2022-08-26

福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院對外合作項目（DWHZ-2022-15）、福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊項目（CXTD2021001-2）和漳州市自然科學(xué)基金項目（ZZ2021J37）

李珊珊（1982—），女，助理研究員，主要從事香藥植物揮發(fā)性成分應(yīng)用研究，332025367@qq.com；*通信作者：吳維堅，高級農(nóng)藝師，307798268@qq.com。