黃 飛,陳紀(jì)宇,戴 健,歐陽(yáng)金鑫,劉 佳,范昭勇
基于特征暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)的有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障定位方法
黃 飛1,陳紀(jì)宇2,戴 健1,歐陽(yáng)金鑫2,劉 佳1,范昭勇3
(1.國(guó)網(wǎng)重慶市電力公司電力科學(xué)研究院,重慶 401123;2.輸配電裝備及系統(tǒng)安全與新技術(shù)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(重慶大學(xué)),重慶 400044;3.國(guó)網(wǎng)重慶市電力公司,重慶 400015)
含分布式電源的配電網(wǎng)是新型電力系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,但分布式電源接入導(dǎo)致配電網(wǎng)的故障形態(tài)變得復(fù)雜,特別是使得中性點(diǎn)經(jīng)消弧線圈接地的配電網(wǎng)單相故障特征進(jìn)一步被弱化,配電網(wǎng)單相故障定位變得愈加困難。現(xiàn)有方法存在靈敏度不足或特征量提取與處理困難的問(wèn)題,通過(guò)解析有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障暫態(tài)過(guò)程中零模電流的分布特點(diǎn),發(fā)現(xiàn)故障點(diǎn)上游和非故障區(qū)段的暫態(tài)零模電流始終呈振蕩衰減且極性相反的特征。進(jìn)而引入偏態(tài)系數(shù)刻畫(huà)暫態(tài)零模電流的振蕩衰減特征,構(gòu)造了基于特征暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)的單相故障定位判據(jù),并提出了有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障區(qū)段的靈敏定位方法。理論分析和仿真結(jié)果表明,該方法在顯著降低故障特征量提取及處理難度的基礎(chǔ)上,仍能可靠實(shí)現(xiàn)有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障區(qū)段定位,具有整定計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)單和抗通信干擾能力強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),為新一代配電網(wǎng)單相故障快速定位提供理論依據(jù)。
分布式電源;有源配電網(wǎng);暫態(tài)零模電流;偏態(tài)系數(shù);單相故障定位
隨著清潔能源發(fā)電效率的提高和配套設(shè)備成本的不斷下降,包括風(fēng)能、光能等在內(nèi)的分布式電源(distributed generation, DG)憑借其供電靈活、低碳綠色的特點(diǎn),已成為新一代配電網(wǎng)的核心組成[1-3]。分布式電源帶來(lái)紅利的同時(shí)也對(duì)配電網(wǎng)故障定位提出了新的挑戰(zhàn)。隨著分布式電源滲透率的不斷提高,配電網(wǎng)拓?fù)淙遮叾嘣椿?,受外力和絕緣老化等因素影響,事故頻發(fā),其中又以單相故障最為突出。DG出力具有波動(dòng)性、隨機(jī)性,在分布式電源影響下配電網(wǎng)單相故障的等效電路和參數(shù)變得十分復(fù)雜[4-7],使得有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障特征進(jìn)一步被弱化。特別是在中性點(diǎn)經(jīng)消弧線圈接地方式下,單相故障定位存在靈敏度不足的問(wèn)題[8-11],電氣設(shè)備和人身安全問(wèn)題日益凸顯。
國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者針對(duì)常規(guī)配電網(wǎng)單相故障定位展開(kāi)了大量研究,定位方法及應(yīng)對(duì)措施已較為成熟。文獻(xiàn)[12]提出了基于零序電流有功分量的定位方法,但基于穩(wěn)態(tài)量的故障定位準(zhǔn)確性易受接地方式、故障形式以及系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行方式的影響,常常面臨靈敏度不足的問(wèn)題。隨著配電監(jiān)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展,基于暫態(tài)量的故障定位方法[13-14]研究得到突破,文獻(xiàn)[13]提出了利用離散均方根距離度量暫態(tài)零序電流相似性,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)故障定位的方法,但未考慮通信同步及噪聲對(duì)信號(hào)傳輸?shù)挠绊?。文獻(xiàn)[14]從頻域角度提出了基于零模電流暫態(tài)分量頻率差異的故障定位方法,從原理上克服了消弧線圈的影響,但對(duì)數(shù)字處理芯片的運(yùn)算性能提出了較高要求。除利用自然故障響應(yīng)特征外,文獻(xiàn)[15]提出通過(guò)控制接地晶閘管通斷,注入幅相和頻率可控的擾動(dòng)信號(hào),實(shí)現(xiàn)了多種故障場(chǎng)景下的定位,具有較強(qiáng)耐過(guò)渡電阻能力,但需要投入額外設(shè)備。近年來(lái),通過(guò)綜合多種定位判據(jù)或借助故障數(shù)據(jù)訓(xùn)練,以提高定位準(zhǔn)確性的思路受到關(guān)注,文獻(xiàn)[16-18]通過(guò)模擬學(xué)習(xí)行為或自然過(guò)程,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)故障選線或定位。但是,基于智能算法的故障定位方法較為復(fù)雜,物理解釋性較差,尚未得到推廣應(yīng)用。
由于受DG故障輸出特性的影響,現(xiàn)有單相故障定位方法大多適用于常規(guī)配電網(wǎng),在有源配電網(wǎng)中的靈敏度受限[19-21]。研究人員針對(duì)有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障定位開(kāi)展了研究。文獻(xiàn)[22]利用初始行波到達(dá)時(shí)刻構(gòu)造故障矩陣從而確定故障位置,文獻(xiàn)[23]提出基于暫態(tài)零序電流峭度和初始凹凸性的數(shù)學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)故障定位判據(jù),但兩種方法的有效性與定位精度受故障暫態(tài)信息窗口獲取準(zhǔn)確性的直接影響。文獻(xiàn)[24]通過(guò)邏輯運(yùn)算各開(kāi)關(guān)和區(qū)段的狀態(tài)信息序列構(gòu)造目標(biāo)函數(shù),進(jìn)而提出基于果蠅優(yōu)化算法的故障定位方法,該方法僅需邏輯信號(hào)通信,提高了抗干擾能力,但數(shù)據(jù)處理量較大。有源配電網(wǎng)的單相故障定位還存在一定的技術(shù)空白。
本文以經(jīng)消弧線圈接地的有源配電網(wǎng)為對(duì)象,提出了基于特征暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)的單相故障定位方法。通過(guò)解析不同故障位置下的暫態(tài)零模電流,發(fā)現(xiàn)了故障點(diǎn)上游和非故障區(qū)段的暫態(tài)零模電流始終呈振蕩衰減且極性相反的特征;設(shè)置合理特征頻段濾波器提取特征暫態(tài)零模電流,并引入偏態(tài)系數(shù)刻畫(huà)其振蕩衰減特征,構(gòu)造了基于特征暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)的故障定位判據(jù),提出了有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障區(qū)段定位方法;最后,通過(guò)仿真驗(yàn)證了定位方法的準(zhǔn)確性。仿真結(jié)果表明,該方法在顯著降低故障特征量提取及處理難度的基礎(chǔ)上,仍能可靠地實(shí)現(xiàn)故障定位,具有整定計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)單和抗通信干擾能力強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
DG并網(wǎng)變壓器高壓側(cè)通常采用△接線或Y接線[25-26]。不同故障位置的有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障如圖1(a)所示。圖中:T1為主變壓器;T2為接地變壓器;p為消弧線圈;TDG為DG并網(wǎng)變壓器。根據(jù)故障點(diǎn)與DG公共并網(wǎng)點(diǎn)(point of common coupling, PCC)的位置關(guān)系,有源配電網(wǎng)的單相故障分為3類(lèi):1) 故障點(diǎn)f1位于PCC點(diǎn)上游;2) 故障點(diǎn)f2位于PCC點(diǎn)下游;3) 故障點(diǎn)f3位于非DG接入饋線。
由于DG支路的并聯(lián)分流作用,單相故障附加模網(wǎng)絡(luò)的等效線模阻抗相較于常規(guī)配電網(wǎng)有所減小,但線模網(wǎng)絡(luò)中線路阻抗仍遠(yuǎn)小于對(duì)地電容容抗。將1模和2模網(wǎng)絡(luò)等效為電阻串聯(lián)電感的形式[27-28],可得有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障暫態(tài)等效電路如圖1(c)所示。圖中,和分別為考慮DG等值參數(shù)后的線模網(wǎng)絡(luò)電阻、電感;和分別為零模網(wǎng)絡(luò)電阻、電感,與DG接入前一致;為等效零模分布電容。
圖1 有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障
當(dāng)有源配電網(wǎng)發(fā)生單相故障時(shí),零模分布電容充電速度快,暫態(tài)故障電流頻率較高,可以忽略消弧線圈的影響[29]。根據(jù)圖1(c),可建立關(guān)于暫態(tài)零模電流的二階微分方程。
暫態(tài)零模電流包括振蕩衰減分量和工頻穩(wěn)態(tài)分量。當(dāng)有源配電網(wǎng)發(fā)生單相故障時(shí),振蕩衰減分量頻率為300~3000 Hz[27],故振蕩衰減分量幅值遠(yuǎn)大于工頻穩(wěn)態(tài)分量。暫態(tài)過(guò)程中零模電流主要以振蕩衰減分量為主,具有高頻振蕩衰減的特點(diǎn),其衰減速度與衰減因子大小呈正相關(guān)。
圖2 故障點(diǎn)位于DG接入饋線時(shí)的暫態(tài)零模電流
當(dāng)單相故障發(fā)生在非DG接入饋線時(shí),部分故障電流通過(guò)DG形成回路,暫態(tài)零模電流分布如圖3所示。故障線路的暫態(tài)零模電流同樣可分解為消弧線圈感性電流、經(jīng)配電網(wǎng)等效電源的容性電流和經(jīng)DG送出線路的容性電流。流過(guò)非故障區(qū)段的暫態(tài)零模電流仍為線路自身對(duì)地電容電流,故障暫態(tài)階段流過(guò)故障點(diǎn)上游任一截面的零模電流仍可近似等于非故障線路對(duì)地電容電流相量和。綜上分析,DG的接入改變了暫態(tài)零模電流分布,但并未影響故障點(diǎn)上游、下游和非故障線路的暫態(tài)零模電流關(guān)系。
圖3 故障點(diǎn)位于非DG接入饋線時(shí)的暫態(tài)零模電流
當(dāng)有源配電網(wǎng)發(fā)生單相故障時(shí),線路暫態(tài)零模電流呈振蕩衰減特征,后半波模極大值總是小于前半波模極大值,此外故障點(diǎn)上游與非故障區(qū)段暫態(tài)零模電流極性相反。為此,引入偏態(tài)系數(shù)用以刻畫(huà)暫態(tài)零模電流振蕩衰減且在故障點(diǎn)上游與非故障區(qū)段極性相反的特點(diǎn),暫態(tài)零模電流的偏態(tài)系數(shù)(skewness coefficient, SK)定義為
式(3)分子部分可進(jìn)一步表示為正負(fù)半波采樣偶的形式,即
基于暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)的故障定位流程如圖5所示。當(dāng)變電站母線零序電壓大于零序電壓整定值時(shí),啟動(dòng)故障定位算法。零序電壓整定值按照躲過(guò)系統(tǒng)不對(duì)稱(chēng)的影響整定。借助饋線智能終端(smart terminal unit, STU)采集暫態(tài)零模電流瞬時(shí)值,并就地計(jì)算偏態(tài)系數(shù),通過(guò)比較相鄰STU間的暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)來(lái)確定故障區(qū)段。
圖5 基于暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)的故障定位流程
規(guī)定由母線指向線路為正方向,區(qū)段內(nèi)STU關(guān)系遵循正方向原則,即相對(duì)靠母線者為父(節(jié)點(diǎn))STU,其下游為子(節(jié)點(diǎn))STU。當(dāng)饋線無(wú)分支時(shí),父STU對(duì)應(yīng)的左右子STU不同時(shí)存在,此時(shí)從首個(gè)STU開(kāi)始搜索,至第一個(gè)偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào)STU為止,相鄰2個(gè)偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào)的STU之間區(qū)段即為故障區(qū)段。配電網(wǎng)單相故障定位原理如圖6所示。首個(gè)父STU僅有1個(gè)子STU,且STU1的偏態(tài)系數(shù)與STU2同號(hào),故障不在區(qū)段①內(nèi),應(yīng)繼續(xù)向下搜索,如圖6(a)所示。以STU2為父STU,獲取下一級(jí)子STU3的偏態(tài)系數(shù),若f點(diǎn)發(fā)生A相接地故障(A→G),STU2的偏態(tài)系數(shù)與STU3異號(hào),可判定區(qū)段②為故障區(qū)段,并不再繼續(xù)搜索。
圖6 配電網(wǎng)單相故障定位原理
若存在分支線路,父STU對(duì)應(yīng)2個(gè)及以上子STU,僅利用兩端暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào)無(wú)法判斷單相故障發(fā)生位置。當(dāng)故障點(diǎn)位于分支線路或分支出口位置時(shí),STU2與STU3均異號(hào)。此時(shí)應(yīng)聯(lián)合判斷父STU及其所有子STU的暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)。若所有子STU均與父STU偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào),即可判斷故障區(qū)段為分支出口位置。否則繼續(xù)向與父STU偏態(tài)系數(shù)同號(hào)的子STU一側(cè)搜索。圖6(b)中,父STU2含STU3、STU5兩個(gè)子STU,父STU與子STU3偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào),與子STU5同號(hào),因此應(yīng)繼續(xù)在同號(hào)STU支路向下搜索。以STU5為父STU,子STU6與其偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào),則可判定區(qū)段④為故障區(qū)段。圖6(c)中,子STU3、STU5均與父STU2偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào),由此可判定故障區(qū)段為分支出口位置即區(qū)段⑤。
考慮分布參數(shù)的有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障零模網(wǎng)絡(luò)如圖7所示。另外,考慮到零模電阻遠(yuǎn)小于零模電感,可得線路等效零模阻抗,如式(7)所示。
圖7 考慮分布參數(shù)的有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障零模網(wǎng)絡(luò)
圖8 仿真系統(tǒng)
為驗(yàn)證所提方法在不同過(guò)渡電阻下的適用性,設(shè)在饋線L2的30%處發(fā)生單相故障,故障初始角為0°。過(guò)渡電阻從1W至300W變化,仿真可得故障饋線各STU的偏態(tài)系數(shù),如表1所示。
表1 不同過(guò)渡電阻下的STU偏態(tài)系數(shù)和故障定位結(jié)果
當(dāng)過(guò)渡電阻為10W時(shí),以此為例說(shuō)明故障定位過(guò)程:首先以STU5為父STU,直接搜索下一級(jí)子STU6,二者偏態(tài)系數(shù)均為正值,根據(jù)式(6)可知,故障定位判據(jù)運(yùn)算結(jié)果為“0”,則判斷故障不在當(dāng)前判斷區(qū)段內(nèi);然后以STU6為父STU,搜索下一級(jí)子STU7,父STU與其子STU的暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào),即相鄰STU偏態(tài)特性相反,定位判據(jù)運(yùn)算結(jié)果為“1”,可判斷單相故障發(fā)生在STU6與STU7區(qū)段內(nèi)。
盡管暫態(tài)零模電流的數(shù)值受過(guò)渡電阻的影響,但其振蕩衰減特征始終存在。由于偏態(tài)系數(shù)反映的是數(shù)據(jù)分布特點(diǎn),而非數(shù)值大小,因此所提出的方法可以有效避免因過(guò)渡電阻變化而失去靈敏性,具有較強(qiáng)的耐過(guò)渡電阻能力。
理論上暫態(tài)零模電流振蕩衰減分量受故障初始角影響[31],有必要通過(guò)改變故障發(fā)生時(shí)刻以改變故障初始角,研究所提方法的適用性。設(shè)單相故障發(fā)生在線路L2的30%處,以45°為步長(zhǎng),故障初始角從0°變化到180°時(shí)的故障饋線各STU的偏態(tài)系數(shù)及故障定位結(jié)果如表2所示。
表2 不同故障初始角下的STU偏態(tài)系數(shù)和故障定位結(jié)果
隨著故障初始角變化,暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)隨之變化。但無(wú)論在何種故障初始角下,非故障區(qū)段內(nèi)STU的暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)特性始終一致,故障點(diǎn)異側(cè)暫態(tài)零模電流的偏態(tài)系數(shù)始終異號(hào)??梢?jiàn)基于特征暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)的單相故障定位方法不受故障初始角變化的影響,可有效定位有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障。
表3 不同故障位置下的STU偏態(tài)系數(shù)和故障定位結(jié)果
設(shè)故障位于分支線路出口時(shí),饋線L3中STU10—STU12的偏態(tài)特性相同且該區(qū)段內(nèi)無(wú)分支,可判斷單相故障不位于上述區(qū)段。父STU12與子STU13、STU14均異號(hào),由式(6)可判斷故障區(qū)段為分支線路出口位置,故障定位正確。設(shè)故障位于分支線路時(shí),子STU14與父STU13偏態(tài)系數(shù)同號(hào),進(jìn)一步以STU14為父STU,子STU15與其偏態(tài)系數(shù)異號(hào),則可判定STU14與STU15所構(gòu)成區(qū)段為故障區(qū)段。所提方法在故障點(diǎn)位于無(wú)分支線路、分支線路出口、有分支線路時(shí)均能實(shí)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)確定位。
進(jìn)一步討論分布式電源滲透率不斷提高下的定位方法可靠性,分別設(shè)置3組不同的DG接入組合,以模擬DG接入配電網(wǎng)部分饋線(1,2,3,4)、接入配電網(wǎng)所有饋線但滲透率不高(1,2,3,5)以及接入配電網(wǎng)所有饋線且滲透率較高(1—6)的場(chǎng)景。設(shè)單相故障發(fā)生在線路L2的30%處,故障饋線各STU的偏態(tài)系數(shù)及故障定位結(jié)果如表4所示。
表4 不同分布式電源接入場(chǎng)景下的STU偏態(tài)系數(shù)和故障定位結(jié)果
隨著分布式電源滲透率的不斷增加,STU測(cè)得的偏態(tài)系數(shù)雖因采樣窗口選擇等存在波動(dòng),但STU6與STU7的暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)始終異號(hào),即故障點(diǎn)異側(cè)暫態(tài)零模電流的偏態(tài)特性始終相反。這表明暫態(tài)零模電流的偏態(tài)特性?xún)H與故障位置有關(guān),而不受DG滲透率的影響。所提方法能可靠實(shí)現(xiàn)不同DG滲透率場(chǎng)景下的單相故障區(qū)段定位。
綜上所述,利用偏態(tài)系數(shù)刻畫(huà)單相故障后暫態(tài)零模電流的振蕩衰減特征,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)故障定位。其定位精度不受故障位置、故障初始角和分布式電源滲透率的影響,且具有較好的耐故障過(guò)渡電阻能力。
本文根據(jù)故障點(diǎn)上游與非故障區(qū)段暫態(tài)零模電流極性相反且均呈振蕩衰減的特征,提出了一種基于特征暫態(tài)零模電流偏態(tài)系數(shù)的有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障定位方法,得出以下結(jié)論:
1) 所提方法引入偏態(tài)系數(shù)用以刻畫(huà)暫態(tài)零模電流振蕩衰減且在故障區(qū)段兩側(cè)極性相反的特征,通過(guò)比較相鄰STU的偏態(tài)特性,實(shí)現(xiàn)有源配電網(wǎng)單相故障定位;
2) 定位方法中STU獨(dú)立確定特征頻段濾波器的采樣窗口開(kāi)啟時(shí)刻,就地完成特征暫態(tài)零模電流采集及其偏態(tài)系數(shù)計(jì)算,實(shí)時(shí)拓?fù)湎噜彽闹悄芙K端間僅需交互簡(jiǎn)單邏輯信號(hào),抗通信干擾能力強(qiáng);
3) 所提方法計(jì)算量小,既充分挖掘了故障暫態(tài)信息,也克服了暫態(tài)特征量采樣及處理的困難,且定位判據(jù)與系統(tǒng)參數(shù)無(wú)關(guān),具有靈敏度高、整定計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)便的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
本文針對(duì)分布式電源采用外特性等效,后續(xù)將結(jié)合分布式電源常規(guī)控制策略以及故障穿越控制下的控保協(xié)同開(kāi)展研究。
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Single-phase fault location method for an active distribution network based on the skewness coefficient of characteristic transient zero-mode current
HUANG Fei1, CHEN Jiyu2, DAI Jian1, OUYANG Jinxin2, LIU Jia1, FAN Zhaoyong3
(1. State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology (Chongqing University), Chongqing 400044, China;3. State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company, Chongqing 400015, China)
A distribution network with distributed generation is an important component of the new power system. However, the access of distributed generation leads to complex fault patterns. In particular, the single-phase fault characteristics are further weakened under the neutral via arc suppression coil grounded system, resulting in the serious difficulty of single-phase fault location. To address the problems of insufficient sensitivity or difficulty in extracting and processing the characteristics posed by existing methods, the zero-mode current and its distribution characteristics in the transient process of a single-phase fault in the active distribution network are analyzed. It is found that the transient zero-mode currents are always oscillating and decaying with opposite polarity upstream of the fault and in the non-faulted section. Then, the skewness coefficient is introduced to characterize the oscillating and decay of the transient zero-mode current. A single-phase fault location criterion based on the skewness coefficient of the characteristic transient zero-mode current is constructed, and a sensitive location method of the single-phase fault section in the active distribution network is proposed. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the method is able to locate single-phase faults in active distribution networks on the basis of significantly reducing the difficulty of fault feature extraction and processing. It has the advantages of simple setting calculation and strong anti-communication interference ability, providing a theoretical basis for the rapid and safe disposal of single-phase faults in the new generation of distribution networks.
distributed generation; active distribution network; transient zero-mode current; skewness coefficient; single-phase fault location
10.19783/j.cnki.pspc.226433
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目資助(51877018);國(guó)網(wǎng)重慶市電力公司科技項(xiàng)目資助(SGCQDK00DWJS2100189)
This work is supported by theNational Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51877018).
2021-12-20;
2022-03-01
黃 飛(1987—),男,通信作者,碩士研究生,高級(jí)工程師,研究方向?yàn)橹悄芘潆娋W(wǎng)技術(shù);E-mail: huangfei_87@ 163.com
陳紀(jì)宇(1999—),男,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)殡娏ο到y(tǒng)保護(hù)與控制;E-mail: chenjiyve@163.com
歐陽(yáng)金鑫(1984—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向?yàn)殡娏ο到y(tǒng)保護(hù)與控制。E-mail: jinxinoy@163.com
(編輯 姜新麗)