TheDualPerspectivesofCivilSocietyCriticismandMarx’sPhilosophyofLiberty——AnInterpretationBasedonEconomicandPhilosophicManuscriptsof1844

HE Lai, TIAN Shuai-shuai

(SchoolofPhilosophyandSociology,JilinUniversity,Changchun130012,China)

Abstract:How to understand human liberty is one of the important contents of Marx’s whole theory. Marx did not abstractly view the essence of human liberty, but reduced it to the social relations in which people lived to understand. Civil society constituted the basic form of modern society. In order to explore the way of human liberty and liberation, Marx criticized civil society from the dual perspectives of philosophy and political economics, surpassing the classical political economics tradition that only summarized the material movement laws of modern civil society and the German philosophical tradition that criticized modern civil society from an abstract perspective.EconomicandPhilosophicManuscriptsof1844was a positive result of this “dual perspective criticism”, creatively proposing the “theory of Alienated Labor”. It was precisely with the help of the analytical tool of the “Alienated Labor” that Marx profoundly exposed the essence of modern slavery in capitalist labor relations and the social reality root of the inability to achieve human liberty. At the same time, based on the dual perspectives of criticism of civil society, Marx proposed a practical plan to sublate modern civil society and achieve human liberty in reality, which was the communist movement.

Keywords:Freedom;Criticism of Civil Society; the Alienated Labor; the Dual Perspectives; Communist Movement

GlobalNeo-BiotechnologyCompetitionandItsManagementMechanism

MEN Hong-huaa,b, DING Dia

(TongjiUniversity:a.TheInstituteforChina&WorldStudies;b.TheSchoolofPoliticalScience&InternationalRelations,Shanghai200092,China)

Abstract:The emerging biotechnology has important strategic value and its development has created a favorable technological environment for contemporary biosecurity governance. Meanwhile, under the major powers’ competition, emerging biotechnology competition has become intense and lack of control in biotechnology competition also comes with a large number of uncertain risks which poses a challenge to the global biosecurity. The loss of control in biotechnology competition among major powers may even lead to a “security dilemma” and the risk of triggering an arms race. In the face of such problems, the traditional biotechnology control mechanism can no longer keep up with the needs of modern biotechnology. We should take sovereign states as the core, upgrade the functions of various actors in the international community, build a global biosecurity governance mechanism, reform the international biological arms control system, improve the internal self-regulation of the biotechnology industry, impose the positive role of emerging biotechnology in biosecurity governance, and control biotechnology competition effectively.

Keywords:Biosecurity; Biosecurity Governance; Biotechnology Competition; Risk Control; Security Dilemma

CanDigitalRuralConstructionPromoteIncomeGrowthforRuralResidents?——PSM-DIDTestBasedon801Counties

XU Xu-chu1,2, XU Zhi-chang1, WU Bin1

(1.SchoolofLaw,HangzhouDianziUniversity,Hangzhou310018,China; 2.ChinaAcademyforRuralDevelopment,Hangzhou310058,China)

Abstract:Digital rural construction is a strategic path for Chinese agricultural and rural modernization, which has an important impact on the life of rural residents and their income. This paper utilizes panel data from 801 counties in China from 2016 to 2021 and employs PSM-DID to conduct empirical analyses. This research finds that digital rural construction can promote rural residents’ income growth; mechanism test shows that digital rural construction mainly drives rural residents’ income growth through digital inclusive finance and industrial structure transformation. Furthermore, digital rural construction facilitates the digitization of agriculture. However, in the short term, digital agriculture may lower rural residents’ income; Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the positive effect of digital rural construction on rural residents’ income is significant in the eastern, western, and central regions, with the most pronounced effect observed in the eastern region. Additionally, digital rural construction has a positive impact on income increase for rural residents in both agricultural and industrial counties. The results of intergroup difference tests suggest that digital rural construction has a greater potential to boost rural residents’ income in industrial counties.

Keywords:Digital Rural Construction; Rural Residents’ Income; Digital Inclusive Finance; Industrial Structure Transformation; DID Model

AnthropoceneScienceandChineseHistoricalStudies

WANG Lin-ran

(KeyResearchofSocialHistoryofChina,SchoolofHistory,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin300350,China)

Abstract:Since the 21st century, the concept of the “Anthropocene” has gradually evolved into a cutting-edge field that attracts widespread attention in natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities both at home and abroad. However, in the field of history, especially Chinese historical studies, the discourse is relatively weak, and knowledge production directly centered around the theme is comparatively sparse. The participation of Chinese historians in Anthropocene research can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of Anthropocene, and in turn, enrich the development of Chinese historical studies. At the ontological level, categories closely associated with the Anthropocene, such as the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, also bear relevance to the course of Chinese history, which underscores that the subject of our history is not singular. At the epistemological level, within the framework of the Anthropocene, we can focus on the complex interactive feedback between human activities and the Earth system in the contemporary history of China, so the Anthropocene will no longer be a mere dispensable backdrop for Chinese historical research. At the methodological level, the new roadmap of the Anthropocene will guide closer collaboration between Chinese historical studies and Earth system sciences, among other natural sciences, providing theoretical and methodological inspiration for Chinese historical research.

Keywords:Anthropocene; Chinese History; Earth System Science; Historical Theory and Methodology