陳俊如 王藝霖 王玲珍 姜健 孫妍 盧愿
[摘要] 目的 探討復(fù)發(fā)性急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血?。╝cute promyelocytic leukemia,APL)的分子生物學(xué)改變,為復(fù)發(fā)性APL的臨床診斷和治療提供指導(dǎo)。方法 回顧性分析1例停藥8個(gè)月后分子生物學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)的APL患兒的臨床資料,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料。結(jié)果 患兒,男,1歲,以發(fā)熱、皮膚出現(xiàn)出血點(diǎn)起病,查體示貧血貌,全身皮膚、黏膜散布出血點(diǎn)、瘀斑,左側(cè)頸部可捫及數(shù)個(gè)腫大淋巴結(jié),有融合,肝肋下2 cm,血常規(guī)示血紅蛋白及血小板計(jì)數(shù)低,骨髓涂片示早幼粒細(xì)胞比例占75%,POX(+),骨髓PML/RARα融合基因聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)及熒光原位雜交檢測(cè)均陽性,NRAS基因突變,初始符合APL的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。經(jīng)規(guī)范治療后,患兒骨髓涂片及微小殘留完全緩解,PML/RARα融合基因轉(zhuǎn)陰。停藥8個(gè)月后復(fù)查患兒PML/RARα L型4.51%,考慮分子生物學(xué)復(fù)發(fā),給予復(fù)發(fā)方案化療,患兒PML/RARα轉(zhuǎn)陰,繼續(xù)規(guī)律化療,同時(shí)行自體干細(xì)胞采集,定期復(fù)查。結(jié)論 對(duì)于復(fù)發(fā)APL,一旦明確分子生物學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)后應(yīng)盡快選擇復(fù)發(fā)方案治療,同時(shí)應(yīng)注意定期檢測(cè)PML/RARα融合基因,無法達(dá)到第二次分子生物學(xué)緩解時(shí)應(yīng)考慮造血干細(xì)胞移植治療。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 白血病,早幼粒細(xì)胞,急性;癌基因蛋白質(zhì)類,融合;復(fù)發(fā);基因融合;分子生物學(xué)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R733.71? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the molecular biological changes of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), and to provide guidance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of relapsed APL.? Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of a pediatric patient with relapsed APL who was molecular relapse 8 months after drug withdrawal, and related literature was reviewed.? Results The patient was a 1-year-old boy who initially presented with fever and hemorrhagic spots on the skin, and physical examination showed the appearance of anemia. The skin and mucosa of his whole body were covered with hemorrhagic spots and ecchymosis. Several enlarged lymph nodes that had fused together could be palpated on the left side of the neck, and the liver was palpable at 2 cm below the costal margin. The routine blood test showed low hemoglobin and platelet counts. The bone marrow smear showed that the proportion of promyelocytes was 75%, and POX was positive. The polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization assay showed positive results for the PML/RARα fusion gene in the bone marrow smear. NRAS gene mutation was detected, and the initial diagnosis was APL. Following standard therapy, the patients bone marrow smear and minimal residual disease showed complete remission, and the PML/RARα fusion gene was no longer detectable. However, 8 months after drug withdrawal, the reexamination revealed that the L-type PML/RARα in the bone marrow of the child accounted for 4.51%. Therefore, the child was diagnosed with molecular relapse of APL and was given a chemotherapy regimen against relapsed APL. As a result, the PML/RARα of the child turned negative. Afterwards, the regular chemotherapy was continued. Meanwhile, autologous stem cell collection and regular reexamination were performed.? Conclusion For relapsed APL, once molecular relapse is confirmed, treatment should be started as soon as possible, and regular detection of the PML/RARα fusion gene should be performed. Moreover, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be considered if second molecular remission cannot be achieved.
[KEY WORDS] Leukemia, promyelocytic, acute; Oncogene proteins,fusion; Recurrence; Gene fusion; Molecular biology
急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病(acute promyelocytic leukemia,APL)是一種獨(dú)特的髓系白血病,該病特征是染色體t(15;17)(q22;q21)易位形成PML/RARα。經(jīng)全反式維甲酸(ATRA)及三氧化二砷(ATO)治療,APL患者存活率可超過90%,但仍存在一定復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文報(bào)道1例APL患兒停藥8個(gè)月后分子生物學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)的診治經(jīng)過,旨在為復(fù)發(fā)性APL患兒的診斷和治療提供指導(dǎo)。
1 臨床資料
患兒,男,1歲,2020年6月因“發(fā)熱2 d,皮膚出現(xiàn)出血點(diǎn)1 d”入院。查體顯示貧血貌,全身皮膚、黏膜有出血點(diǎn)、瘀斑,左側(cè)頸部有數(shù)個(gè)腫大淋巴結(jié),有融合,肝肋下2 cm。血常規(guī)顯示W(wǎng)BC計(jì)數(shù)4.48×109/L,RBC計(jì)數(shù)2.2×1012/L,血小板(PLT)計(jì)數(shù)13×109/L,血紅蛋白(HB)70 g/L。骨髓常規(guī)檢查示骨髓增生明顯活躍,粒系比例約80.0%,其中粗顆粒增多的早幼粒細(xì)胞比例75.0%,該類細(xì)胞POX(+),紅系比例9.5%,淋巴細(xì)胞比例10.5%,全片未見巨核細(xì)胞。外周血涂片示早幼粒細(xì)胞比例10%,診斷為APL。細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)及分子生物學(xué)檢查顯示PML/RARα基因呈陽性,NRAS突變率為7.2%。染色體核型檢測(cè)示47,XY,der(15),+mar[12]/46,XY[3]。納入APL低危組,按照兒童APL診療規(guī)范2018年版方案(CCLG-APL2018)予以ATRA+ATO規(guī)律化療。化療第28天后骨髓細(xì)胞學(xué)完全緩解,PML/RARα融合基因定量檢測(cè)為12.22%;第35天后患兒骨髓細(xì)胞學(xué)及PML/RARα基因檢查顯示完全緩解;隨后按上述方案繼續(xù)規(guī)范化治療,多次復(fù)查骨髓細(xì)胞學(xué)以及PML/RARα融合基因均正常,故而于2021年4月停藥。停藥8個(gè)月后復(fù)查骨髓細(xì)胞學(xué)示完全緩解,而PML/RARα融合基因陽性,2周以后PML/RARα融合基因定量檢測(cè)為4.51%,但NRAS基因突變陰性,微小殘留(MRD)陰性??紤]患兒分子生物學(xué)早期復(fù)發(fā),立即啟動(dòng)兒童復(fù)發(fā)性APL治療方案(2018北京方案),行阿糖胞苷+伊達(dá)比星+ATRA(ID+HD-ARa-C)化療,化療第35天后患兒PML/RARα融合基因轉(zhuǎn)陰,按方案繼續(xù)規(guī)律化療,于2022年11月停藥,目前患兒仍舊定期復(fù)查MRD及PML/RARα融合基因。
2 討? 論
APL是一種罕見的髓系白血病,往往起病兇險(xiǎn),易并發(fā)彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血(DIC),早期病死率高,自ATO應(yīng)用于臨床后,APL已成為可治愈的白血病之一。目前我國(guó)指南推薦的APL治療方案是ATRA、ATO和(或)聯(lián)合化療,大部分患者可長(zhǎng)期生存,但10%~25%的患者存在完全緩解后復(fù)發(fā)。APL的特征是t(15;17)(q22;q21)易位,形成PML/RARα融合基因。PML/RARα融合基因是APL特征性的分子生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物,其能夠干擾造血干細(xì)胞正常的自我更新以及骨髓分化[1]。在經(jīng)典的APL發(fā)病模型中,PML和RARα蛋白融合阻礙了視黃酸反應(yīng)元件的轉(zhuǎn)錄,產(chǎn)生顯性負(fù)突變,阻斷早幼粒細(xì)胞分化,同時(shí)還可使異常的白細(xì)胞不斷增殖[2]。PML/RARα融合蛋白還會(huì)破壞核體的形成。在缺乏視黃酸時(shí),PML/RARα融合蛋白會(huì)招募共阻遏物沉默與分化相關(guān)的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,并且防止白細(xì)胞凋亡[3]。APL除了具有特征性PML/RARα融合基因外,還可以檢測(cè)到其他的突變基因,例如FLT3、WT1、NRAS以及KRAS基因等[4]。
復(fù)發(fā)性APL可分為血液學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)、分子生物學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)和髓外復(fù)發(fā)。目前關(guān)于APL復(fù)發(fā)原因尚未明確。按照2022中國(guó)兒童APL診療指南,將APL患者按治療前的WBC計(jì)數(shù)分為非高危組、高危組[5]。經(jīng)過治療以后的高危組APL患者復(fù)發(fā)概率為10%~15%,明顯高于非高危組患者[6]。對(duì)于非高危組的APL患者,經(jīng)過ATO+ATRA誘導(dǎo)治療以后,當(dāng)PML/RARα轉(zhuǎn)錄水平≥6.5%時(shí),提示有復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7]。研究顯示APL預(yù)后不良的因素有CD56過度表達(dá)、存在PML/RARα BCR3亞型以及FLT3-ITD基因突變等[4]。然而近期研究仍然存在爭(zhēng)議,研究結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)LT3-ITD突變可提示APL預(yù)后不良[8]。同時(shí)也有研究表明,接受ATRA+ATO+蒽環(huán)類藥物化療后FLT3-ITD突變患者與FLT3-ITD陰性患者的預(yù)后無顯著差異[9]。實(shí)時(shí)定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(qRT-PCR)是目前進(jìn)行APL分子檢測(cè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,相較于逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR,qRT-PCR更敏感,能更好識(shí)別“假陰性”樣本。有研究表明,相比較于血液標(biāo)本,在骨髓當(dāng)中可以更早地監(jiān)測(cè)到分子復(fù)發(fā)[10]。這表明骨髓定期檢測(cè)是APL檢測(cè)采樣的首選方案。我國(guó)最新指南指出,鞏固治療后必須行骨髓MRD檢測(cè),結(jié)果提示陰性后,后續(xù)檢測(cè)可用骨髓或外周血,每3~6個(gè)月檢測(cè)一次,至少至維持治療結(jié)束后24個(gè)月[5]。
本患兒在停藥8個(gè)月(距離初診<18個(gè)月)后復(fù)查骨髓PML/RARα基因陽性,并送檢2家不同第三方實(shí)驗(yàn)室行qRT-PCR檢查均提示陽性,骨髓MRD陰性,確診為APL分子生物學(xué)早期復(fù)發(fā)。目前,針對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)性APL的治療,歐洲指南[4]指出,一旦懷疑為APL,應(yīng)立即開始ATRA化療,以避免血液學(xué)復(fù)發(fā);無論是分子生物學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)還是血液學(xué)復(fù)發(fā),在選擇治療方案時(shí),均應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮先前使用的一線化療方案;在ATRA化療后復(fù)發(fā)的患者應(yīng)該采用基于ATRA+ATO聯(lián)合的治療方案;而在ATRA+ATO治療后復(fù)發(fā)的患者,則應(yīng)選擇ATRA聯(lián)合蒽環(huán)類藥物進(jìn)行化療;對(duì)于采用ATRA聯(lián)合常規(guī)化療方案的鞏固治療階段,應(yīng)給予2~3個(gè)療程的蒽環(huán)類藥物化療,直至MRD轉(zhuǎn)陰。ABLA等[11]也指出,對(duì)于既往未應(yīng)用過ATO治療的復(fù)發(fā)性APL患者、早期復(fù)發(fā)的APL患兒,推薦應(yīng)用自體干細(xì)胞移植(Auto-HSCT)進(jìn)行鞏固治療;晚期復(fù)發(fā)、極晚期復(fù)發(fā)的患兒,應(yīng)當(dāng)首選ATRA或ATO聯(lián)合化療進(jìn)行再誘導(dǎo),然后采用ATO進(jìn)行鞏固治療。本例患兒在初始治療時(shí)采用ATRA+ATO化療方案,此次早期復(fù)發(fā)后立即采用ID+HD-ARa-C方案治療。
無論采用哪種化療方案,最終目的皆是達(dá)到分子生物學(xué)陰性與MRD陰性,為下一步HSCT做準(zhǔn)備。對(duì)于可以達(dá)到第二次完全緩解(CR2)的患者,建議行Auto-HSCT治療,而對(duì)于無法達(dá)到CR2的患者,則推薦行異基因移植(Allo-HSCT)治療,對(duì)于無法進(jìn)行HSCT的患者,則建議可以多次循環(huán)進(jìn)行ATO和(或)ATRA和(或)化療藥物治療。研究表明,診斷為復(fù)發(fā)/難治性APL的患兒,Auto-HSCT與Allo-HSCT治療在5年無事件生存率(EFS)、總生存率(OS)方面比較無顯著差異,但目前臨床上,復(fù)發(fā)APL患兒CR2后的首選治療方案仍是Auto-HSCT[12]。本例患兒復(fù)發(fā)后對(duì)化療方案較敏感,在PML/RARα轉(zhuǎn)陰、MRD完全緩解后曾行自體干細(xì)胞采集,但患兒家屬在考慮患兒病情及家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)情況后,決定暫不行Auto-HSCT治療,繼續(xù)ID+HD-ARa-C方案化療并動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)PML/RARα融合基因,目前患兒已停藥,后續(xù)每3~6個(gè)月定期復(fù)查。對(duì)于復(fù)發(fā)性APL的患者,在分子生物學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)即開始ATRA和(或)ATO治療,其預(yù)后要明顯好于血液學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)后再開始的治療[4],血液學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)的患者發(fā)生出血性死亡和APL分化綜合征的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[11]。有研究表明,復(fù)發(fā)性APL患者預(yù)后與復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間有一定關(guān)聯(lián),與晚期復(fù)發(fā)和極晚期復(fù)發(fā)患者相比,早期復(fù)發(fā)患者EFS和OS更高[13]。
對(duì)于復(fù)發(fā)APL,定期行PML/RARα基因監(jiān)測(cè)十分必要,一旦早期發(fā)現(xiàn)分子生物復(fù)發(fā)后應(yīng)盡快選擇復(fù)發(fā)方案治療,避免血液學(xué)復(fù)發(fā)。目前公認(rèn)的復(fù)發(fā)治療藥物依然是ATRA和(或)ATO,對(duì)于一線治療已使用過ATRA+ATO聯(lián)合治療后再次復(fù)發(fā)的患者,應(yīng)選擇ATRA+蒽環(huán)類化療藥物,無法達(dá)到CR2時(shí)應(yīng)考慮HSCT,以改善患者預(yù)后。
作者聲明:陳俊如、王藝霖、盧愿參與了研究設(shè)計(jì);陳俊如、王玲珍、姜健、孫妍參與了論文的寫作和修改。所有作者均閱讀并同意發(fā)表該論文。所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(本文編輯 耿波 厲建強(qiáng))