官敏 李嘉妮 高銀杰 李浩 王孝平 湯善宏
摘要:
目的 分析血脂指標(biāo)在慢加急性肝衰竭前期(pre-ACLF)和慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)組間的差異,并探討患者進(jìn)展的危險(xiǎn)因素。 方法 回顧性分析西部戰(zhàn)區(qū)總醫(yī)院2012年1月—2020年12月ACLF組(n=118)和pre-ACLF組(n=44)患者的基線年齡、白蛋白、肌酐、血常規(guī)、血脂等指標(biāo)。計(jì)量資料服從正態(tài)分布的兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料不服從正態(tài)分布的兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。通過Logistic二元回歸進(jìn)行多因素分析,篩選獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素。使用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)比較指標(biāo)的敏感度和特異度,通過約登指數(shù)計(jì)算臨界值。結(jié)果 比較兩組間年齡、肌酐、白蛋白、TBil、INR、ALT、AST、TG、TC、HDL、LDL、WBC和中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)水平的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)ACLF組患者的TC[2.02(1.56~2.37) mmol/L vs 3.01(2.57~3.66)? mmol/L ,Z=5.411,P<0.001]、HDL[0.40(0.25~0.49)? mmol/L? vs 0.62(0.47~0.75)? mmol/L ,Z=4.781,P<0.001]、LDL[1.52(1.22~1.84)? mmol/L? vs 1.93(1.49~2.36)? mmol/L ,Z=3.146,P=0.002]水平顯著低于pre-ACLF組,ACLF組患者的TBil[352.13(284.32~451.19) μmol/L vs 135.80(112.80~154.68) μmol/L,Z=-9.775,P<0.001]、INR[1.96(1.71~2.51)vs 1.39(1.33~1.44),Z=-9.776,P<0.001]、WBC[6.74(5.07~9.19)×109/L vs 5.04(4.13~7.09)×109/L,Z=-3.985,P<0.001]、中性粒細(xì)胞水平[4.67(3.40~7.06)×109/L vs 3.30(2.72~5.01)×109/L,Z=-3.676,P<0.001]顯著高于pre-ACLF組,兩組間年齡、肌酐、白蛋白、ALT、AST和TG水平無顯著差異(P值均>0.05)。進(jìn)一步通過Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn)TC(OR=0.003,95%CI:0.000~0.068)、LDL(OR=61.901,95%CI:3.354~1 142.558)、WBC(OR=3.175,95%CI:1.097~9.185)具有獨(dú)立預(yù)測價(jià)值(P值均<0.05),ROC結(jié)果顯示TC的AUC為0.852,LDL敏感度為0.887,TC特異度為0.840。結(jié)論 血脂指標(biāo)在pre-ACLF進(jìn)展到ACLF過程中下降,提示臨床醫(yī)師需要關(guān)注pre-ACLF階段脂質(zhì)的變化,并及時(shí)調(diào)整營養(yǎng)方案。
關(guān)鍵詞:
慢加急性肝功能衰竭; 膽固醇; 脂蛋白類, LDL
基金項(xiàng)目:四川省衛(wèi)生健康委員會科研課題(20PJ180); 中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)(2682021ZTPY022)
Value of blood lipid parameters in predicting the progression of HBV-related acute-on-chronic pre-liver failure
GUAN Min1,2, LI Jiani1,2, GAO Yinjie3, LI Hao2, WANG Xiaoping4, TANG Shanhong1,2. (1. Medical School of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; 2. Department of Gastroenterology, The General hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China; 3. Department of Liver Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; 4. Department of Gastroenterology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629018, China)
Corresponding author:
TANG Shanhong, shanhongtang@163.com (ORCID:0000-0001-6652-2942)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the difference in blood lipid parameters between acute-on-chronic pre-liver failure (pre-ACLF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and the risk factors for disease progression. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the related data of 118 patients with ACLF (ACLF group) and 44 patients with pre-ACLF (pre-ACLF group) who were treated in The General Hospital of Western Theater Command from January 2012 to December 2020, including baseline age, albumin, creatinine, routine blood test results, and blood lipids. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison between normally distributed continuous data; and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between non-normally distributed continuous data; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. A binary logistic regression analysis was used for multivariate analysis to identify independent predictive factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of related indicators, and Youden index was used to calculate cut-off values. Results Compared with the pre-ACLF group, the ACLF group had significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (TC)[2.02(1.56-2.37) mmol/L vs 3.01(2.57-3.66)? mmol/L, Z=5.411, P<0.001], high-density lipoprotein [0.40(0.25-0.49)? mmol/L vs 0.62(0.47-0.75)? mmol/L, Z=4.781, P<0.001], and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [1.52(1.22-1.84)? mmol/L vs 1.93(1.49-2.36)? mmol/L, Z=3.146, P=0.002] and significantly higher levels of total bilirubin [352.13(284.32-451.19) μmol/L vs 135.80(112.80-154.68) μmol/L, Z=-9.775, P<0.001], international normalized ratio [1.96(1.71-2.51) vs 1.39(1.33-1.44), Z=-9.776, P<0.001], white blood cell count (WBC) [6.74(5.07-9.19)×109/L vs 5.04(4.13-7.09)×109/L, Z=-3.985, P<0.001], and neutrophils [4.67(3.40-7.06)×109/L vs 3.30(2.72-5.01)×109/L, Z=-3.676, P<0.001], while there were no significant differences between the two groups in age, creatinine, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and triglyceride (all P>0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that TC (odds ratio [OR]=0.003, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.000-0.068, P<0.05), LDL (OR=61.901, 95%CI: 3.354-1142.558, P<0.05), and WBC (OR=3.175, 95%CI: 1.097-9.185, P<0.05) had an independent predictive value, and the ROC analysis showed that? the? area under the ROC curve of TC was 0.852,? the? sensitivity of LDL was 0.887, and TC had the best specificity of TC was 0.840. Conclusion There are reductions in blood lipid parameters in the progression from pre-ACLF to ACLF, suggesting that clinicians should pay attention to the changes in lipids in the pre-ACLF stage and adjust the nutritional regimen in a timely manner.
Key words:
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure; Cholesterol; Lipoproteins, LDL
Research funding:Research Project of Sichuan Provincial Health Commission(20PJ180); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682021ZTPY022)
脂質(zhì)具有多種代謝和非代謝功能,可代表一種有效的能量底物:產(chǎn)生 ATP 并參與維生素、激素、膽汁鹽、類花生酸和細(xì)胞膜的合成,還可作為關(guān)鍵的炎癥和抗炎分子參與細(xì)胞信號傳導(dǎo)的調(diào)節(jié)[1-2],脂質(zhì)吸收減少將導(dǎo)致機(jī)體能量不足,并導(dǎo)致慢性肝病患者營養(yǎng)不良[3]。研究[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),內(nèi)源性生物活性脂質(zhì)在慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)中具有重要作用,并認(rèn)為通過脂質(zhì)的免疫途徑治療在肝衰竭中具有良好前景。脂質(zhì)組學(xué)分析[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)溶血磷脂酰膽堿和膽固醇酯在乙型肝炎相關(guān)ACLF的早期預(yù)測、生物學(xué)診斷和預(yù)測6個(gè)月病死率等方面具有重要價(jià)值。上述研究表明,脂質(zhì)指標(biāo)在ACLF相關(guān)研究中具有巨大潛力。ACLF前期(pre-ACLF)作為乙型肝炎急性加重進(jìn)展到ACLF的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,對該階段進(jìn)行有效防治可以延緩甚至是阻止疾病進(jìn)展,但由于國內(nèi)外對pre-ACLF認(rèn)知存在差異,目前尚缺乏pre-ACLF階段的相關(guān)研究。鑒于脂質(zhì)指標(biāo)在評估營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)和ACLF預(yù)后中的重要價(jià)值,本研究對pre-ACLF和ACLF組間脂質(zhì)水平變化進(jìn)行探索,以便指導(dǎo)臨床及時(shí)關(guān)注pre-ACLF患者營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象 選取2012年1月—2020年12月西部戰(zhàn)區(qū)總醫(yī)院收治的肝衰竭患者,根據(jù)《肝衰竭診治指南(2018年版)》[6]篩選pre-ACLF組和ACLF組。
1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):pre-ACLF組(1)極度乏力,并有明顯厭食、嘔吐和腹脹等嚴(yán)重消化道癥狀;(2)ALT和/或AST大幅升高,黃疸進(jìn)行性加深(85.5 μmol/L≤TBil<171 μmol/L)或每日上升≥17.1 μmol/L;(3)有出血傾向,40%<PTA≤50%(INR<1.5);(4)HBsAg(+)或乙型肝炎病史。ACLF組(1)極度乏力,并有明顯厭食、嘔吐和腹脹等嚴(yán)重消化道癥狀;(2)ALT和/或AST大幅升高,黃疸進(jìn)行性加深(TBil≥171 μmol/L)或每日上升≥17.1 μmol/L;(3)有出血傾向,PTA≤40%(INR≥1.5);(4)HBsAg(+)或乙型肝炎病史。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并HAV/HCV/HDV/HEV、EB、梅毒、HIV等病毒感染;(2)合并自身免疫性疾病、藥物性肝損傷、寄生蟲感染等;(3)懷孕或妊娠;(4)合并嚴(yán)重肝外疾病,如布-加綜合征等;(5)合并惡性腫瘤或疑似惡性腫瘤;(6)年齡<18歲或>80歲。
1.3 臨床資料收集 收集所有患者入院時(shí)的臨床資料和信息:人口學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)資料,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,以及基礎(chǔ)疾病情況。期間患者均予以對癥處理,包括抗病毒、保肝、人工肝等對癥支持治療。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 使用SPSS 26.0進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料服從正態(tài)分布的以x±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料不服從正態(tài)分布的以M(P25~P75)表示,兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。通過Logistic二元回歸進(jìn)行多因素分析,篩選獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素。使用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)評估相關(guān)指標(biāo)的預(yù)測效能,并計(jì)算指標(biāo)的臨界值、敏感度和特異度,P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 一般資料 共納入162例患者,其中83.95%為男性(136/162),16.05%為女性(26/162),平均入組年齡為(45.81±12.16)歲,平均入院天數(shù)為(19.59±16.22) d,所有患者按照分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被分為pre-ACLF組(44/162,27.16%)和ACLF組(118/162,72.84%),其中pre-ACLF組中有4例(9.09%,4/44)在28 d內(nèi)進(jìn)展為ACLF。TBil、INR、TC、HDL、LDL、WBC、中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)水平在pre-ACLF組和ACLF組間的差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.05);兩組間的年齡、肌酐、白蛋白、ALT、AST、TG的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 相關(guān)指標(biāo)在pre-ACLF組和ACLF組間的價(jià)值分析 進(jìn)一步通過多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)TC、LDL和WBC水平在兩組間的差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.05)(表2),LDL和WBC是pre-ACLF進(jìn)展的危險(xiǎn)因素,TC是疾病進(jìn)展的保護(hù)因素。其中TC的曲線下面積(AUC)為0.852,LDL敏感度為0.887,TC特異度為0.840(表3、圖1)。
3 討論
營養(yǎng)不良在慢性肝病患者中十分常見,并在肝衰竭進(jìn)展過程中逐漸加重,其中脂質(zhì)吸收減少被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致慢性肝病患者營養(yǎng)不良的主要因素之一[3],脂質(zhì)作為人體需要的重要營養(yǎng)素,在供給人體能量方面起著重要作用,Meng等[7]通過研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)ACLF預(yù)后不良與患者營養(yǎng)不良和能量代謝異常有關(guān),因此建議臨床醫(yī)師對ACLF患者實(shí)行個(gè)體化營養(yǎng)策略,但目前缺乏對pre-ACLF進(jìn)展階段脂質(zhì)等營養(yǎng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)研究,臨床醫(yī)師也并未關(guān)注pre-ACLF階段患者營養(yǎng)和能量情況,同時(shí)鑒于我國乙型肝炎病因下ACLF主要集中于肝損傷等現(xiàn)狀[8],以及脂質(zhì)指標(biāo)在反映肝臟合成功能、患者營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)以及影響炎癥反應(yīng)等各方面的作用[9],本研究對pre-ACLF進(jìn)展到ACLF階段的血脂指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了探索。
本研究通過Logistic多因素回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn)pre-ACLF和ACLF組間TC和LDL水平的差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義?,F(xiàn)將這些指標(biāo)分析如下。(1)TC:第一,TC水平下降原因,pre-ACLF進(jìn)展到ACLF階段時(shí),肝細(xì)胞大量壞死、凋亡而呈現(xiàn)出亞大塊壞死等病理表現(xiàn)[10],具備正常合成功能的肝細(xì)胞數(shù)量較少,導(dǎo)致TC水平降低;TC的代謝產(chǎn)物總膽汁酸因肝臟受損不能正常代謝,從而導(dǎo)致脂類物質(zhì)消化吸收減少,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致TC水平降低[11]。第二,TC反映pre-ACLF患者病情進(jìn)展,TC在人體內(nèi)主要由肝細(xì)胞合成,故其可一定程度上反映肝臟合成能力,此外由于TC與機(jī)體能量代謝之間相關(guān)[12],故目前也常將TC視作患者營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)的預(yù)測指標(biāo)[13]。既往研究[11,14]顯示營養(yǎng)不良與ACLF患者預(yù)后不良相關(guān),其中低水平TC(TC≤2.0 mmol/L)除與肝衰竭預(yù)后不良相關(guān)外,與肝衰竭患者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生也相關(guān)。此外研究[15]也發(fā)現(xiàn)充足的TC能為肝再生提供能量,因此臨床上需要及時(shí)關(guān)注pre-ACLF患者營養(yǎng)狀態(tài),根據(jù)TC水平及時(shí)調(diào)整營養(yǎng)方案,并制訂個(gè)性化營養(yǎng)策略,以便滿足患者肝再生的營養(yǎng)需求,進(jìn)而降低pre-ACLF到ACLF的轉(zhuǎn)化率。(2)LDL:第一,LDL水平下降原因,造成pre-ACLF進(jìn)展到ACLF過程中LDL水平下降的原因可能與肝病時(shí)TC合成減少,LDL運(yùn)載內(nèi)源性膽固醇需求功能降低,進(jìn)而造成LDL水平降低有關(guān),也可能與卵磷脂膽固醇?;D(zhuǎn)移酶的損害有關(guān)[16]。第二,LDL反應(yīng)pre-ACLF病情進(jìn)展,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LDL水平下降可作為pre-ACLF病情進(jìn)展的標(biāo)志,Xiao等[17]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清LDL-C水平降低可作為HBV相關(guān)ACLF患者生存的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,同時(shí)Kawamoto等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)LDL水平的恢復(fù)可反應(yīng)肝切除術(shù)后肝再生早期肝功能的恢復(fù),這都表明LDL在肝病預(yù)后中的重要價(jià)值。總之,血脂指標(biāo)在預(yù)測pre-ACLF進(jìn)展和ACLF預(yù)后中具有重要作用,這提示臨床醫(yī)生不僅需要關(guān)注ACLF病程中炎癥反應(yīng)、肝損傷和器官衰竭等情況,也需要關(guān)注個(gè)體的營養(yǎng)狀況,以期降低pre-ACLF到ACLF的轉(zhuǎn)化率,進(jìn)而改善ACLF患者預(yù)后不佳的現(xiàn)狀。
前文提到脂質(zhì)指標(biāo)可作為關(guān)鍵的炎癥和抗炎分子參與細(xì)胞信號傳導(dǎo)的調(diào)節(jié),目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脂質(zhì)(尤其是HDL)對減輕炎癥反應(yīng)具有重要作用,主要的作用機(jī)制有:HDL可通過從細(xì)胞中清除膽固醇和其他脂質(zhì)物質(zhì)來調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞膜上的膽固醇水平,并通過Toll樣受體信號通路減少炎癥受體信號傳導(dǎo)[19];HDL還可通過中和細(xì)菌脂多糖等內(nèi)毒素,并促進(jìn)產(chǎn)物排泄減輕肝病患者炎癥反應(yīng)[20]。本研究通過進(jìn)一步探索炎癥指標(biāo)在pre-ACLF進(jìn)展中的價(jià)值發(fā)現(xiàn)WBC的獨(dú)立預(yù)測作用,但受限于本研究樣本量小,本研究并未得出HDL的獨(dú)立價(jià)值,但對比發(fā)現(xiàn)ACLF組的HDL水平較pre-ACLF低,既往研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)HDL-C是影響HBV-ACLF短期預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因素[21],因此未來可以繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大樣本探索HDL聯(lián)合炎癥指標(biāo)在pre-ACLF中的價(jià)值,并進(jìn)一步探索脂質(zhì)在ACLF中炎癥反應(yīng)中的作用,同時(shí)關(guān)注及時(shí)補(bǔ)充HDL等與炎癥作用關(guān)系明確的脂質(zhì)在改善ACLF進(jìn)展及預(yù)后中的作用。
由于樣本量較少,本研究僅對符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的pre-ACLF和ACLF患者群進(jìn)行探索,pre-ACLF直接進(jìn)展到ACLF的患者群由于樣本量太少并未得出相關(guān)差異,因此未來可擴(kuò)大樣本量或進(jìn)行前瞻性的臨床試驗(yàn),觀察血脂指標(biāo)在pre-ACLF動態(tài)進(jìn)展過程中的變化。綜上,脂質(zhì)在肝病的進(jìn)展和預(yù)后中發(fā)揮重要作用,其與炎癥、再生之間關(guān)系緊密,因此臨床上需要密切關(guān)注pre-ACLF和ACLF階段中脂質(zhì)指標(biāo)的變化,并根據(jù)患者自身營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)制訂個(gè)體化營養(yǎng)策略,為患者提供充足的營養(yǎng)支持。
倫理學(xué)聲明:本研究方案于2020年7月9日經(jīng)西部戰(zhàn)區(qū)總醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批,批號:2020ky005。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:官敏參與數(shù)據(jù)收集,數(shù)據(jù)分析,文章撰寫;李嘉妮、高銀杰負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫作思路,論文修改;李浩、王孝平負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)分析;湯善宏負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫文章與最后定稿。
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收稿日期:
2022-10-15;錄用日期:2022-11-25
本文編輯:王亞南
引證本文:
GUAN M, LI JN, GAO YJ, et al.
Role of blood lipid parameters in the progression of HBV-related acute-on-chronic pre-liver failure[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2023, 39(7): 1564-1569.
官敏, 李嘉妮, 高銀杰,? 等. 血脂指標(biāo)對乙型肝炎相關(guān)慢加急性肝衰竭前期進(jìn)展的預(yù)測價(jià)值
[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2023, 39(7): 1564-1569.