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藍(lán)藻生物活性提取物的研究進(jìn)展

2023-04-29 03:53:36田龍龍張聞定金小霞馮杰李婷婷
關(guān)鍵詞:藍(lán)藻殺蟲(chóng)抗癌

田龍龍 張聞定 金小霞 馮杰 李婷婷

摘要:藍(lán)藻又稱藍(lán)綠藻,是可以進(jìn)行光合作用的原核生物,被認(rèn)為是新的生物活性物質(zhì)的重要來(lái)源。藍(lán)藻的多種天然產(chǎn)物在抗菌、殺蟲(chóng)、抗病毒以及抗癌等方面展現(xiàn)出不同的生物活性。本文介紹了抗菌、殺蟲(chóng)、抗病毒、抗癌等藍(lán)藻提取物的研究進(jìn)展,以期為藍(lán)藻活性產(chǎn)物的進(jìn)一步研究與開(kāi)發(fā)提供幫助和新思路。

關(guān)鍵詞:藍(lán)藻;天然產(chǎn)物;抗菌;殺蟲(chóng);抗病毒;抗癌

中圖分類號(hào):R978.1? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A? ? ? ? ?文章編號(hào):1001-8751(2023)03-0202-09

Research Progress of Bioactive Extracts from Cyanobacteria

Tian Long-long1,? ?Zhang Wen-ding1,? ?Jin Xiao-xia1, Feng Jie1,2, Li Ting-ting1

(1 School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou? ?730000;

2 State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology,

College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University,? ?Lanzhou? ?730000)

Abstract: Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthesizing prokaryotes and are considered to be in great potential for providing substances with unique bioactivities. In this paper, the research progress of antibacterial, insecticidal, antiviral and anticancer extracts of cyanobacteria was reviewed, in order to provide help and new ideas for further research and development of cyanobacteria active products.

Key words: cyanobacteria; natural product; antibacterial; disinsection; antiviral; anticancer

藍(lán)藻是可以進(jìn)行光合作用的原核生物,又稱藍(lán)綠藻或藍(lán)細(xì)菌[1]。大多數(shù)藍(lán)藻的細(xì)胞壁外面有膠質(zhì)衣,因此又名粘藻。藍(lán)藻主要包括藍(lán)球藻、顫藻、念珠藻和發(fā)菜等。藍(lán)藻在自然界中分布十分廣泛,可在多種環(huán)境中生存,在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮著獨(dú)特的作用[2]。藍(lán)藻營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求低,易于培養(yǎng),某些菌株具有固氮的能力[3]。藍(lán)藻富含肽、蛋白質(zhì)、脂質(zhì)、維生素、色素、碳水化合物、萜類化合物、多不飽和脂肪酸、類黃酮、酚類化合物等多種化合物,是潛在的新型生物活性化合物的“生產(chǎn)工廠”[4]。藍(lán)藻所產(chǎn)的多種活性物質(zhì)在抗菌、殺蟲(chóng)、抗病毒、抗癌中都有極大的應(yīng)用前景[5]。

細(xì)菌、寄生蟲(chóng)、病毒感染以及腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲嚴(yán)重危害著人類健康,同時(shí)由于耐藥問(wèn)題,現(xiàn)有的抗感染、抗癌藥物治療效果有不同程度的下降。隨著抗菌藥物的大量使用,細(xì)菌耐藥的問(wèn)題日趨嚴(yán)重,2022年世界衛(wèi)生組織報(bào)告顯示,大腸埃希菌對(duì)環(huán)丙沙星的耐藥率高達(dá)92.9%,肺炎克雷伯菌對(duì)環(huán)丙沙星的耐藥率高達(dá)79.4% [6]。寄生蟲(chóng)感染引起的疾病也在全球范圍蔓延,2019年至2020年期間,瘧疾感染人數(shù)達(dá)1400萬(wàn),死亡人數(shù)達(dá)6.9萬(wàn)[7]。然而傳統(tǒng)使用的抗瘧藥物已出現(xiàn)了耐藥問(wèn)題[8]。病毒也對(duì)人類健康造成了巨大的挑戰(zhàn),2020年全球艾滋病死亡人數(shù)約150萬(wàn)[9],埃博拉病毒(Ebola virus,EBOV)可引起致死性的中風(fēng)、心肌梗塞、低血容量休克或多發(fā)性器官衰竭,患者病死率高達(dá)50%至90%[10],嚴(yán)重急性呼吸系統(tǒng)綜合征冠狀病毒2型(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)導(dǎo)致約660萬(wàn)人死亡[11]。此外,腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲是人類死亡的主要原因,而且新型癌癥的發(fā)病率正在迅速增加,但腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)目前可用的藥物(如長(zhǎng)春花生物堿和紫杉烷類)產(chǎn)生耐藥[12],因此也需要開(kāi)發(fā)新的抗癌藥物。綜上所述,隨著細(xì)菌、寄生蟲(chóng)、病毒以及腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)藥物的耐藥問(wèn)題日趨嚴(yán)重,開(kāi)發(fā)新的抗感染、抗癌藥物迫在眉睫,然而活性化合物資源枯竭導(dǎo)致新藥的研發(fā)速度越來(lái)越慢。目前的研究已從藍(lán)藻中分離發(fā)現(xiàn)了多種具有抗感染及抗癌活性的化合物[13],藍(lán)藻有望成為活性化合物藥物開(kāi)發(fā)的新來(lái)源。本綜述將對(duì)藍(lán)藻天然產(chǎn)物的抗菌、殺蟲(chóng)、抗病毒以及抗癌作用的最新研究成果進(jìn)行歸納和總結(jié),以利于進(jìn)一步研究和開(kāi)發(fā)藍(lán)藻活性物質(zhì)。

1 藍(lán)藻提取物的抗菌及抗炎活性研究

抗菌肽(Antimicrobial peptides , AMPs)是一類具有抗菌活性的多肽。研究表明,它們主要通過(guò)破壞細(xì)菌細(xì)胞膜完整性對(duì)細(xì)菌起到殺傷作用[14-15]。從淡水菌株鞘絲藻(Lyngbya sp.)中鑒定出的環(huán)肽Lyngbyazothrins C和Lyngbyazothrins D對(duì)革蘭陰性菌(大腸埃希菌、銅綠假單胞菌和黏質(zhì)沙雷菌)和革蘭陽(yáng)性菌枯草芽孢桿菌都具有殺菌作用[16]。研究者還從鞘絲藻屬中發(fā)現(xiàn)了Pahayokolide A和Pitipeptolide A-F這七種抗菌肽[17]。Pahayokolide A可以抑制枯草芽孢桿菌、巨大芽孢桿菌、蠟樣芽孢桿菌的生長(zhǎng)[18]。Pitipeptolide A-F對(duì)結(jié)核分枝桿菌有殺菌作用[17],2020年,全球范圍內(nèi)約有1000萬(wàn)人罹患結(jié)核病,估計(jì)有150萬(wàn)人死于結(jié)核病[9],而Pitipeptolide A-F有望進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)結(jié)核病防治新藥物。相較于化學(xué)合成的抗菌肽,藍(lán)藻產(chǎn)生的多肽綠色環(huán)保,合成成本低。另外,與核糖體多肽相比,藍(lán)藻產(chǎn)生的非核糖體多肽常被非核糖體肽合成酶修飾,結(jié)構(gòu)更穩(wěn)定,不易被蛋白酶降解,不易產(chǎn)生耐藥[15]。且藍(lán)藻營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求低,易于培養(yǎng),能夠產(chǎn)生的肽類豐富,合成可塑性強(qiáng) ,因此藍(lán)藻有望成為更好的抗菌肽新來(lái)源。

我們對(duì)多種來(lái)源于念珠藻(Nostoc sp.)、費(fèi)氏藻(Fischrella sp.)和鞘絲藻的抗菌活性物質(zhì)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)(見(jiàn)表1)。近年來(lái),耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)的感染不斷增多,2020年全國(guó)細(xì)菌耐藥監(jiān)測(cè)報(bào)告顯示MRSA全國(guó)平均檢出率為29.4%[19]。而從念珠藻 CAVN 10中分離出來(lái)的Carbamidocyclophanes對(duì)MRSA表現(xiàn)出抗菌活性,其最小抑制濃度MIC為0.1 mmol/L[20]。此外,研究者利用絲狀藍(lán)藻VPG 16-59的天然產(chǎn)物合成了新的抗菌藥物Anaephenes A和B,該藥物對(duì)MRSA也具有抗菌活性(MIC:8 μg/mL)[21]。這些化合物可能為MRSA的臨床治療提供新的方案。據(jù)報(bào)道,從費(fèi)氏藻屬中分離出的Ambiguine-I isonitrile對(duì)枯草芽孢桿菌和白葡萄球菌表現(xiàn)出比鏈霉素更強(qiáng)的抗菌活性,其MIC分別為0.312 μg/mL、0.078 μg/mL[5]。此外,研究人員對(duì)藍(lán)藻提取物的活性成分進(jìn)一步分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)藍(lán)藻產(chǎn)生的脂質(zhì)α-亞麻酸(α-Linolenic acid)對(duì)金黃色葡萄球菌具有抗菌活性(MIC:15.6 mg/L)[22]。

另一方面,目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的300多種海洋藍(lán)藻生物堿中有很多非核糖體多肽或混合聚酮—非核糖體多肽生物合成途徑的產(chǎn)物[15],通過(guò)該途徑合成的天然產(chǎn)物包括許多目前臨床使用的藥物,例如抗菌藥物萬(wàn)古霉素(糖肽類)、免疫抑制劑環(huán)孢霉素(非核糖體多肽)和抗癌劑博來(lái)霉素(糖肽類)等[23]。海洋藍(lán)藻中這些獨(dú)特的天然產(chǎn)物的發(fā)現(xiàn),為此類新藥開(kāi)發(fā)提供了除放線菌和真菌以外的又一重要來(lái)源。

不同于傳統(tǒng)的藥物,金屬納米顆粒是一種新型抗菌材料。金屬納米顆粒的主要抗菌機(jī)制是破壞細(xì)胞膜或細(xì)胞壁以及產(chǎn)生活性氧使蛋白質(zhì)和核酸等生物大分子失活[24]。在金屬和金屬氧化物納米顆粒中,納米銀粒子(Argentum nanoparticles,AgNP)對(duì)各種病原體特別是耐藥細(xì)菌表現(xiàn)出獨(dú)特的抗菌活性[25]。金屬銀離子可以在藍(lán)藻細(xì)胞內(nèi)與藻藍(lán)蛋白結(jié)合形成AgNP,也可以在藍(lán)藻細(xì)胞外與藻類多糖結(jié)合形成AgNP[26]。相比于傳統(tǒng)納米材料,藍(lán)藻AgNP體積更大,更易于提取使用[27]。藍(lán)藻合成的AgNP對(duì)巨大芽孢桿菌、大腸埃希菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、銅綠假單胞菌和MRSA均具有抗菌作用[26,28]。在一項(xiàng)比較研究中,利用海洋藍(lán)藻Phormidium formosum合成的AgNP 對(duì)金黃色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈值為2.2 cm,而抗菌藥物頭孢丙烯與多黏菌素對(duì)金黃色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈值分別為1.5 cm及2.0 cm [29],藍(lán)藻AgNP表現(xiàn)出更好的抗菌效果,由此可見(jiàn)藍(lán)藻AgNP的抗菌優(yōu)勢(shì)。

廣譜β-內(nèi)酰胺酶(Extended-spectrum β-lactamases,ESBL)是一類能水解多種青霉素類、頭孢菌素類以及單環(huán)β-內(nèi)酰胺類抗菌藥物的酶。ESBL(+)菌可對(duì)上述抗菌藥物產(chǎn)生廣泛的耐藥性,從而導(dǎo)致難以治愈的菌血癥、腹腔內(nèi)感染、尿路感染和呼吸道感染[30]。5%至25%的呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者感染ESBL(+)菌后,會(huì)影響治療、預(yù)后甚至危及生命[31]。研究人員從海洋藍(lán)藻Accillatoria acuminata NTAPC05中提取的生物活性物質(zhì)MGDG-palmitoyl對(duì)ESBL(+)的大腸埃希菌、嗜麥芽窄食單胞菌和阿氏腸桿菌B938的最低殺菌濃度MBC均為100 μg/mL,表現(xiàn)出較高的殺菌活性[32],這為抗ESBL(+)菌的藥物開(kāi)發(fā)提供了新的方向。

此外,具有殺細(xì)菌、殺真菌作用的藍(lán)藻活性化合物也在開(kāi)發(fā)外用殺菌劑以及農(nóng)業(yè)殺菌劑方面有巨大的優(yōu)勢(shì)和應(yīng)用前景。一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)魚(yú)腥藻屬(Anabaena)藍(lán)藻胞外蛋白酶對(duì)念珠鐮刀菌等植物病原真菌具有殺菌作用,可以作為植物病原真菌生物防治劑[33]。從藍(lán)藻中提取的Cryptophycin是對(duì)抗隱球菌的有效殺菌劑,目前已投入使用[34]。藍(lán)藻產(chǎn)生的殺菌化合物憑借高活性、易分解的特點(diǎn),在有效殺滅細(xì)菌和真菌的同時(shí)能夠避免殺菌劑殘留,防止毒性物質(zhì)在食物鏈中的富集和擴(kuò)散。而且由于藍(lán)藻營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求低,無(wú)須添加碳源,易于大規(guī)模培養(yǎng),利用藍(lán)藻生產(chǎn)天然殺菌劑的方法明顯優(yōu)于昂貴且不環(huán)保的化學(xué)合成方法[35]。

藍(lán)藻活性物質(zhì)不僅具有抗菌活性,還可以調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)。例如,海洋藍(lán)藻產(chǎn)物中的脂多糖分子CyP可以調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)菌感染引起的炎癥。人體細(xì)胞中的Toll樣受體4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)和MD-2受體可以通過(guò)識(shí)別革蘭陰性菌的脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)激活機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答[36-37],合成促炎因子,誘發(fā)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生炎癥[38]。CyP可與LPS競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合MD-2受體,進(jìn)而抑制LPS與TLR4-MD-2受體復(fù)合物結(jié)合[36],從而選擇性抑制TLR4通路介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)和一氧化氮(NO)的產(chǎn)生,調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)。牙齦卟啉單胞菌的LPS(Pg-LPS)能夠促進(jìn)牙周的慢性炎癥。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CyP可以抑制Pg-LPS誘導(dǎo)的炎癥,具體作用機(jī)制是阻斷人單核細(xì)胞中TLR4-MD-2通路,促進(jìn)miR-146a(促炎反應(yīng)的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子)的表達(dá),從而抑制腫瘤壞死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,? TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(Interleukin,IL)-1β和IL-8等促炎因子生成[39]。牙齦卟啉單胞菌也在口腔癌的發(fā)病中發(fā)揮作用[40],CyP的上述抗炎活性可能對(duì)牙齦卟啉單胞菌相關(guān)的口腔癌的治療具有重大意義。又如,Malyngamides是一類衍生自海洋藍(lán)藻鞘絲藻屬巨大鞘絲藻(Lyngbya majuscula)的酰胺類化合物,該類化合物選擇性地抑制TLR4和TNF-α介導(dǎo)的髓樣分化因子依賴性通路中的蛋白質(zhì)的活化和磷酸化,抑制了IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α和誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶轉(zhuǎn)錄,進(jìn)而抑制巨噬細(xì)胞中NO等免疫因子參與的炎癥反應(yīng)[40-41]。鞘絲藻酰胺的抑制炎癥作用使其成為潛在的免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑。從海洋藍(lán)藻鞘絲藻屬獲得的生物活性物質(zhì)Grassystatins A可以與外源性抗原(如破傷風(fēng)毒素)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合主要組織相容性復(fù)合體Ⅱ類分子,阻礙外源性抗原進(jìn)入輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞,從而抑制T細(xì)胞的增殖,抑制炎性細(xì)胞因子(IL17和干擾素-γ)的生成,減輕炎癥反應(yīng)[42-43]。

2 藍(lán)藻提取物的殺蟲(chóng)活性研究

2.1 藍(lán)藻提取物的殺傷寄生蟲(chóng)活性研究

從藍(lán)藻菌株中發(fā)現(xiàn)的多種生物活性物質(zhì)如Viridamide A、Venturamides、Dragomabin、Ambigol C可以有效殺傷寄生蟲(chóng)(見(jiàn)表2)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Nostocarboline及其二聚體是惡性瘧原蟲(chóng)的有效抑制劑,其半數(shù)抑制濃度(IC50)為194 nmol/L[49],此外,該化合物對(duì)布氏錐蟲(chóng)、克氏錐蟲(chóng)、杜氏利什曼原蟲(chóng)均表現(xiàn)出殺蟲(chóng)作用,且對(duì)大鼠L6細(xì)胞毒性極弱,有良好的藥物開(kāi)發(fā)的潛力[49-50]。Clark等[50]從海洋藍(lán)藻中分離出6種新的?;彼嵫苌颰umonoic acids D-I均在抗瘧試驗(yàn)中有效,其中,Tumonoacid I效果最好(IC50:2 μmol/L)。從藍(lán)藻束藻屬(Symploca sp.)獲得的Symplocamide A也對(duì)瘧原蟲(chóng)有殺蟲(chóng)效果(IC50:0.95 μmol/L)[51]。此外,Sanchez等[52]從巨大鞘絲藻中分離并鑒定出了一系列脂肽Almiramids A-C,這些脂肽在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中殺利什曼原蟲(chóng)作用與殺錐蟲(chóng)藥物硝呋替莫相同(IC50:3.0 μmol/L)。2015年,研究者從熱帶藍(lán)藻Okeania hirsuta中分離出一種新的化合物Bastimolide A,它對(duì)氯喹、甲氟喹、乙胺嘧啶和阿托伐醌耐藥的瘧原蟲(chóng)有抑制活性[53],有望用于抗耐藥惡性瘧原蟲(chóng)的藥物開(kāi)發(fā)。

2.2 藍(lán)藻提取物殺傷蚊蟲(chóng)活性的研究

蚊子作為瘧原蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)媒可以傳播瘧疾,2021年世界范圍內(nèi)通過(guò)按蚊傳播的瘧疾導(dǎo)致約61.9萬(wàn)人死亡[54]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)藍(lán)藻活性物質(zhì)可以對(duì)多種蚊子起到強(qiáng)效殺蟲(chóng)作用,進(jìn)而減少瘧原蟲(chóng)等寄生蟲(chóng)的傳播。研究篩選了多種藍(lán)藻分離株及其提取物,發(fā)現(xiàn)藍(lán)藻Westiellopsis sp.提取物可以殺傷多種蚊子幼蟲(chóng),例如埃及伊蚊及致倦庫(kù)蚊等[55]。藍(lán)藻費(fèi)氏藻ATCC 43239產(chǎn)生的吲哚生物堿Hapalindole在低劑量下對(duì)搖蚊幼蟲(chóng)表現(xiàn)出殺傷作用[56]。來(lái)自鞘絲藻屬的化合物Pahayokolides對(duì)蚊子幼蟲(chóng)也有殺傷作用[35, 57]。此外,從項(xiàng)圈藻(Anabaenopsis)和微囊藻屬(Microcytis sp.)的藍(lán)藻中獲得的藍(lán)藻毒素(Cyanobacterial toxins)、柱孢藻毒素(Cylindrospermopsin)和微囊藻毒素(Microcystins)等對(duì)蚊子幼蟲(chóng)的殺滅率超過(guò)50%[35]。不同于傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)藥,部分藍(lán)藻毒素與微囊藻毒素屬于肽類化合物,這些化合物容易被水解,在環(huán)境中不易長(zhǎng)期殘留[58],因此該類化合物在殺滅蚊子幼蟲(chóng)的同時(shí)能夠有效避免毒素殘留,屬于環(huán)境友好型殺蟲(chóng)劑。

3 藍(lán)藻提取物抗病毒活性的研究

藍(lán)藻提取物對(duì)人類免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)、單純皰疹病毒(Herpes simplex virus,HSV)、丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)、EBOV和一系列其他包膜病毒顯示出抗病毒活性[63-66](見(jiàn)表3)。從念珠藻中提取的兩種糖結(jié)合蛋白,藍(lán)藻抗病毒蛋白N(Cyanovirin-N,CV-N)和Scytovirin N(SVN)有望成為新型的殺病毒藥物。CV-N在體外和體內(nèi)均表現(xiàn)出抗HIV和其他慢病毒的活性[67-68]。此類糖結(jié)合蛋白可以干擾病毒感染細(xì)胞過(guò)程中的多個(gè)步驟,如通過(guò)干擾HIV gp120蛋白與CD4+受體、靶細(xì)胞趨化因子受體的結(jié)合來(lái)抑制HIV病毒與CD4+細(xì)胞的吸附[67]。CV-N在發(fā)揮抗HIV病毒作用的同時(shí)對(duì)人體毒性小,有望開(kāi)發(fā)成為抑制HIV性傳播的陰道凝膠,從而減少HIV-1的全球傳播[69]。此外,CV-N還被發(fā)現(xiàn)可在體外抑制單純皰疹病毒-6與靶細(xì)胞的吸附;抑制麻疹病毒的包膜糖蛋白與血凝素的結(jié)合;強(qiáng)烈阻斷貓類免疫缺陷病毒感染免疫細(xì)胞[67]。CV-N具有SARS-CoV-2的S糖蛋白的聚糖類型表征,利用分子對(duì)接和分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CV-N與SARS-CoV-2 S糖蛋白對(duì)接時(shí)形成了穩(wěn)定的分子間氫鍵[70],被認(rèn)為是SARS-CoV-2的潛在阻斷劑[71]。SVN具有廣泛的抗病毒活性,其主要機(jī)制是SVN與許多病毒的包膜糖蛋白上富含甘露糖的寡糖具有高親和力,可以與靶細(xì)胞上的受體分子競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合病毒的包膜糖蛋白,從而阻止病毒進(jìn)入靶細(xì)胞[65]。從偽枝藻屬(Scytonema varium)中提取分離出來(lái)的Scytovirin N可以與HIV的包膜糖蛋白(gp120、gp160和gp41)結(jié)合,在低濃度下就可使HIV病毒失活[69]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SVN可以與扎伊爾型埃博拉病毒(Zaire Ebola virus,ZEBOV)包膜糖蛋白上的黏蛋白區(qū)域特異性結(jié)合,抑制ZEBOV復(fù)制[65]。來(lái)自藍(lán)藻偽枝藻屬的天然硫糖脂也可以抑制HIV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶和DNA聚合酶的活性[72],從而起到抗HIV病毒的作用。

從藍(lán)藻鈍頂螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)中分離出的Calcium spirulan(Ca-SP)是一種具有廣譜抗病毒活性的硫酸化多糖,可強(qiáng)烈抑制多種人類病毒如人巨細(xì)胞病毒(Human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)、HSV-1、麻疹病毒、腮腺炎病毒、甲型流感病毒和HIV-1的復(fù)制[73-74]。Ca-SP可抑制病毒附著并入侵宿主細(xì)胞;還可以抑制感染HIV和未感染HIV的CD4 +淋巴細(xì)胞之間的融合,從而極大減弱病毒的傳染性[63]。Hayashi等[74-75]評(píng)估了Ca-SP對(duì)HIV-1和HSV-1的抗病毒潛力,發(fā)現(xiàn)使用Ca-SP的艾滋病模型小鼠的血清樣品在24 h后沒(méi)有觀察到病毒誘導(dǎo)的合胞體形成。相較于其他硫酸化多糖,Ca-SP抗病毒效果強(qiáng),抗凝血活性低,藥物動(dòng)力學(xué)半衰期更長(zhǎng),Ca-SP可以作為抗HIV治療藥物的候選藥物。此外,從念珠藻中分離出的抗病毒多糖Nostoflan可以抑制病毒與細(xì)胞的相互作用,對(duì)HSV-1、HSV-2、人巨細(xì)胞病毒和甲型流感病毒顯示出有效的抗病毒活性[63]。

4 藍(lán)藻提取物的抗癌及抗肥胖活性研究

有研究顯示,從念珠藻屬GSV224中分離出來(lái)的念珠藻素-1可以干擾微管的組裝,導(dǎo)致有絲分裂停滯,阻斷G2或M期的細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞死亡[34]; 現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)它對(duì)KB人鼻咽癌細(xì)胞、人結(jié)直腸癌LoVo細(xì)胞、阿霉素耐藥的M17乳腺癌細(xì)胞系和DMS 273肺癌細(xì)胞系均表現(xiàn)出有效的抗癌活性[34]?;衔顲uracin A首先由Gerwick等從鞘絲藻屬巨大鞘絲藻中分離出來(lái)[76],該化合物可導(dǎo)致真核細(xì)胞的有絲分裂停滯[77],未來(lái)有成為抗癌藥物的潛力。從束藻屬中分離出來(lái)的海兔毒素-10是有效的抗細(xì)胞增殖劑[78-79],海兔毒素-10的類似物TZT-1027在小鼠癌癥模型中可以有效抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖[80]。目前,海兔毒素類似物ILX-651已成功完成I期臨床試驗(yàn)[75]。Apratoxin A是從鞘絲藻屬中分離出的環(huán)肽,已發(fā)現(xiàn)其可誘導(dǎo)人癌細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期停滯和凋亡[81];Somocystinamide A是從海洋藍(lán)藻鞘絲藻屬巨大鞘絲藻中分離出來(lái)的化合物,可以破壞內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞小管形成,導(dǎo)致真核細(xì)胞的有絲分裂停滯,抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖[77]。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)抑制蛋白酶的活性可抑制人癌細(xì)胞的生成并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,且對(duì)正常細(xì)胞的毒性較小[82],因此多種蛋白酶(如胰蛋白酶-3)被認(rèn)為是癌癥治療的靶點(diǎn)[83],蛋白酶抑制劑在抗癌領(lǐng)域有良好前景。已經(jīng)有人發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些藍(lán)藻來(lái)源的蛋白酶抑制劑,如圓柱菌素、銅氯菌素[84-85]。來(lái)自圓柱菌素的柱胞藻毒素(Cylindrospermopsin,CYN)是由許多淡水藍(lán)藻產(chǎn)生的一種聚酮類化合物。CYN可以誘導(dǎo)DNA聚合物形成、DNA鏈斷裂,引起紡錘體破壞,導(dǎo)致染色體非整倍性丟失,進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞有絲分裂,抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖[85]。胰蛋白酶-3可以介導(dǎo)前列腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移[86],來(lái)自銅氯菌素的Suomilide可以抑制胰蛋白酶-3的產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)而抑制前列腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖,同時(shí)不影響正常前列腺細(xì)胞的增殖[87],可以作為前列腺癌治療的候選藥物進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的開(kāi)發(fā)。

肥胖被認(rèn)為是一種低度炎癥狀態(tài)[88]。鈍頂螺旋藻中的藻藍(lán)蛋白和β-胡蘿卜素是有效的抗炎和抗氧化成分,可以通過(guò)清除自由基和活性氧來(lái)抑制促炎細(xì)胞因子(IL-2、TNF-α)的釋放,進(jìn)而降低血脂、減少脂肪因子的生成,從而有效改善肥胖或超重[89-90]。目前藍(lán)藻中的螺旋藻已被開(kāi)發(fā)為膳食補(bǔ)充劑(如螺旋藻片)用于改善肥胖[91-92],未來(lái)可能有更多從藍(lán)藻中開(kāi)發(fā)的改善肥胖的藥物走向市場(chǎng)。

5 小結(jié)與展望

藍(lán)藻是天然活性化合物的“合成工廠”和資源寶庫(kù),從藍(lán)藻中已發(fā)現(xiàn)了豐富的抗菌、殺蟲(chóng)、抗病毒、抗癌及抗肥胖活性化合物。對(duì)藍(lán)藻生物活性化合物資源的進(jìn)一步發(fā)掘和研究預(yù)期將發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的高效、低毒、低成本的新藥物前體,為人類的生命健康作出貢獻(xiàn)。

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收稿日期:2022-12-13

作者簡(jiǎn)介:田龍龍,本科生,主要從事病原生物學(xué)研究。

*通訊作者:李婷婷,博士,研究員,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,主要從事病原微生物與宿主互作和免疫機(jī)制工作。

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