肖子軼,羅芬,李婧,劉帆
[摘要]目的:研究高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽用于雙頜前突的正畸效果,以及對牙根形態(tài)及根尖外吸收的影響。方法:納入2018年1月-2022年1月筆者醫(yī)院收治的96例雙頜前突患者為研究對象,按照隨機數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對照組,每組48例。觀察組采用Damon-Q金屬高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽進行系統(tǒng)矯治,對照組采用傳統(tǒng)直絲弓金屬托槽。比較兩組矯治前后牙菌斑指數(shù)及牙周袋深度,檢測兩組矯治前后齦溝液炎癥因子[白介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)]水平;通過錐形束CT影像測量,比較兩組矯治后根尖外吸收量、矯治前后尖牙間寬度、第一前磨牙間寬度、第二前磨牙間寬度及前牙凸度,比較兩組矯正前后舌骨位置變化。結(jié)果:兩組矯治后3個月牙菌斑指數(shù)、牙周袋深度均顯著高于矯治前,矯治后6個月牙菌斑指數(shù)、牙周袋深度均顯著高于矯治前及矯治后3個月;觀察組矯治后3、6個月,牙菌斑指數(shù)、牙周袋深度均顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組矯治后6個月IL-1β、TNF-α水平均顯著高于矯治前,且觀察組IL-1β、TNF-α水平均顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。矯治后,觀察組右上頜中切牙、左上側(cè)中切牙、右上頜側(cè)切牙、左上頜側(cè)切牙根尖外吸收量均低于對照組(P<0.05);兩組矯治后6個月第一前磨牙間寬度、第二前磨牙間寬度、前牙凸度顯著高于矯治前,且觀察組數(shù)據(jù)顯著高于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組矯治后舌骨垂直向距離較矯正前顯著增加,水平向距離顯著減小,觀察組矯治后舌骨垂直向距離顯著大于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽矯治雙頜前突的效果顯著,且在減輕根尖外吸收發(fā)生風(fēng)險方面具有一定優(yōu)勢。
[關(guān)鍵詞]高轉(zhuǎn)矩;自鎖托槽;雙頜前突;正畸;牙根形態(tài);根尖外吸收
[中圖分類號]R783.5? ? [文獻標志碼]A? ? [文章編號]1008-6455(2023)04-0151-05
Analysis of the Effect of High Torque Self-locking Bracket in the Treatment of Bimaxillary Protrusion and Its Influence on Root Morphology and External Apical Root Resorption
XIAO Ziyi,LUO Fen,LI Jing,LIU Fan
(Department of Orthodontics,Wuyi Hospital,Changsha Stomatological Hospital,Changsha 410005,Hunan,China)
Abstract: Objective? To study the orthodontic effect, root morphology and external apical root resorption of high torque self-locking brackets used in bimaxillary protrusion. Methods? 96 patients with bimaxillary protrusion treated from January 2018 to January 2022 were included as the research objects. They were divided into two groups according to the random number table method, with 48 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with damon-Q metal high torque self-locking bracket, and the control group was treated with traditional straight wire mental bracket.Plaque index and periodontal pocket depth were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory factor was measured before and after correction in the two groups IL-1β and TNF-α level, measure and compare the external apical root resorption, inter canine width, inter molar width of the first premolar,inter molar width of the second premolar and anterior tooth convexity between the two groups after correction by cone beam CT image.Compaird the hyoid position before and after correction between the two groups. Results? The plaque index and periodontal pocket depth of the two groups at 3 months after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment , and the plaque index and periodontal pocket depth at 6 months after treatment were significantly higher than those before and 3 months after treatment. The plaque index and periodontal pocket depth of the observation group at 3 and 6 months after correction were significantly lower than those of the control group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the two groups after 6 months of correction were significantly higher than those before correction ,After 6 months of treatment, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The external apical root resorption of right maxillary central incisor, left maxillary central incisor, right maxillary lateral incisor and left maxillary lateral incisor in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The width between the first premolar, the width between the second premolar, anterior tooth convexity? in the two groups were significantly higher than those before correction 6 months after treatment. The width between the first premolar, the width between the second premolar, anterior tooth convexity in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group 6 months after correction (P<0.05). After correction,the vertical distance of hyoid bone was significantly increased and the horizontal distance was significantly reduced in both groups.After correction,the vertical distance of hyoid bone in the observation group was significantly greater than that in the control group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion? High torque self-locking bracket has significant orthodontic effect on bimaxillary protrusion,and has certain advantages in reducing the risk of external apical root resorption.
Key words: high torque; self locking bracket; bimaxillary protrusion; orthodontics; root morphology; external apical root resorption
隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,人們對面部美觀性的追求日益提高,采取正畸治療雙頜前突的患者數(shù)量逐漸增多[1]。直絲弓金屬托槽是既往臨床在治療雙頜前突中應(yīng)用較多的矯治器,具有精準定位牙齒、矯治力使用合理等優(yōu)點,但其易受口腔不良衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣影響,引起菌斑滯留、造成牙周炎等[2-3]。高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽是近年來臨床應(yīng)用廣泛的一種新型托槽,其對傳統(tǒng)托槽結(jié)構(gòu)進行革新,弓絲可在槽溝內(nèi)輕松出入,從而使牙齒在治療過程中得到更佳的矯治力[4-5]。而高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽與傳統(tǒng)托槽相比,其用于雙頜前突的正畸效果、牙根形態(tài)及根尖外吸收情況相關(guān)臨床報道較少,故本研究對此展開分析,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1? 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:納入2018年1月-2022年1月筆者科室收治的96例雙頜前突患者為研究對象,按照隨機數(shù)字表法分為兩組,每組48例。觀察組:男26例,女22例,年齡18~50歲,平均(26.24±7.20)歲;對照組:男23例,女25例,年齡19~49歲,平均(25.83±6.60)歲。兩組一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究獲醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準。
1.2 納入標準:①雙頜前突;②安氏Ⅰ類、骨性Ⅰ類、均角;③采取拔除第一前磨牙方式矯治;④年齡≥18歲;⑤口腔衛(wèi)生狀況良好,口腔黏膜正常;⑥臨床病例資料完整,影像學(xué)檢查清晰;⑦患者依從性良好,按時復(fù)診;⑧患者或其家屬知情同意,簽署知情同意書。
1.3 排除標準:①伴有牙外傷、牙髓壞死及行根管治療者;②牙列重度擁擠、齲齒、埋伏牙;③既往正畸治療史;④牙體、冠根比例、牙根形態(tài)異常;⑤伴有先天缺牙、多生牙;⑥合并牙周炎等牙周病;⑦X線檢查示牙槽骨中存在骨島等高密度影像;⑧合并全身性疾??;⑨入院前3個月內(nèi)使用過激素或抗生素類藥物;⑩嚴重面部創(chuàng)傷或畸形;? ?妊娠、哺乳期女性。
1.4 方法:患者矯治前常規(guī)拍攝錐形束CT,設(shè)置掃描參數(shù)為掃描層厚0.25 mm,焦點0.3 mm,掃描角度360°,掃描時間18 s,對患者頜面部進行掃描。觀察組采用Damon-Q金屬高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽[美國ORMCO公司生產(chǎn),國食藥監(jiān)械(進)字2013第2632166號,由底板、體部、槽溝、SpinTke滑蓋等組成,材質(zhì)為醫(yī)用不銹鋼(包含鎳、鉻),制備方法為174不銹鋼鑄模成形技術(shù)]進行系統(tǒng)矯治;對照組采用傳統(tǒng)直絲弓金屬托槽[美國3M Unitek公司,國食藥監(jiān)械(進)字2015第2630713號,由底板、體部、槽溝、雙翼等組成,材質(zhì)為醫(yī)用不銹鋼(包含鎳、鉻),制備方法為174不銹鋼鑄模成形技術(shù)],使用磨牙強支抗。牙齒矯正全程需經(jīng)歷牙齒排齊、牙列整平、咬合關(guān)系調(diào)整、精細調(diào)整、保持等步驟。托槽粘接于牙冠中心,穿過鎳鈦絲。定期復(fù)診,順序更換弓絲,排齊、整平上下牙列,不銹鋼絲為主弓絲,滑動法內(nèi)收前牙關(guān)閉間隙,精細調(diào)整咬合關(guān)系,拆除矯治后拍攝錐形束CT,并使用透明保持器保持。
1.5 觀察指標
1.5.1 矯治前后牙菌斑指數(shù)及牙周袋深度[6]:觀察兩組矯治前后牙菌斑指數(shù)及牙周袋深度。菌斑指數(shù):共分為4級。0=齦緣區(qū)無菌斑;1=齦緣區(qū)牙面有薄菌斑,視診不易見,但用探針尖的側(cè)面可刮出菌斑;2=齦緣或鄰面可見中等量菌斑;3=齦緣區(qū)或齦溝內(nèi)、鄰面有大量軟垢;牙周袋深度檢測:以0.2 N壓力用牙周探針沿牙齒長軸方向進行探診,記錄基牙頰唇、舌側(cè)的近中、中央、遠中6個位點從牙齦緣至牙周袋底的距離,取平均值記錄。
1.5.2 矯治前后齦溝液炎癥因子水平:將齦溝液樣本取出于-4 ℃條件下解凍,每管中分別加入稀釋緩沖液l ml在室溫下震蕩洗滌1 h,置于離心機中離心1 200 r/min,離心10 min,收集上清液。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測兩組樣本中白介素- 1β(IL-1β)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)含量。
1.5.3 矯治后根尖外吸收量:兩組于矯治前及矯治后6個月拍攝錐形束CT影像,拍攝的錐形束CT影像資料通過CS 3D imaging sofware圖像處理軟件調(diào)整X、Y、Z軸確定根尖點(b點)及切緣中點(a點),牙長軸為通過切緣中點(a點)與根尖點(b點)的直線,經(jīng)過牙長軸且與唇面垂直縱的切面為牙體矢狀面,正中矢狀面上唇側(cè)釉牙本質(zhì)界點(c點),經(jīng)c點做牙長軸的垂直線相交于d點,測量b、d點間的距離為牙根長。牙根根尖外吸收量=矯治前牙根長度-矯治后牙根長度。
1.5.4 矯治前后尖牙間寬度、第一前磨牙間寬度、第二前磨牙間寬度及前牙凸度:通過錐形束CT影像測量及比較兩組矯治前后尖牙間寬度、第一前磨牙間寬度、第二前磨牙間寬度、前牙凸度(UI-SN角度:將上中切牙和蝶鞍點連線,再將蝶鞍點與鼻根點連線,測量兩條連線之間夾角角度;UI-NA:上中切牙至鼻根點的連線與上齒槽座點至鼻根點的連線之間的垂直距離)。
1.5.5 矯治前后舌骨位置變化:測量兩組治療前后舌骨X線片,垂直方向測量舌骨尖與眶耳平面的垂直距離,水平方向測量舌骨尖與翼上頜裂點。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析:選用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行處理,計量資料以(x?±s)表示,組間比較行t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以百分率(%)表示,組間比較行χ2檢驗;利用ICC指數(shù)評估觀察者間的觀測一致性,以ICC>0.75為試驗的可重復(fù)性較好。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組矯治前后牙菌斑指數(shù)及牙周袋深度比較:兩組矯治后3個月,牙菌斑指數(shù)、牙周袋深度均顯著高于矯治前;矯治后6個月,牙菌斑指數(shù)、牙周袋深度均顯著高于矯治前及矯治后3個月;觀察組矯治后3、6個月牙菌斑指數(shù)、牙周袋深度均顯著低于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組矯治前后齦溝液炎癥因子水平比較:兩組矯治后6個月IL-1β、TNF-α水平均顯著高于矯治前,但觀察組矯治后6個月IL-1β、TNF-α水平顯著低于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組矯治后根尖外吸收量比較:矯治后,觀察組右上頜中切牙、左上頜中切牙、右上頜側(cè)切牙、左上頜側(cè)切牙根尖外吸收量均低于對照組(P<0.05)。見表3。表3中觀察者間ICC指數(shù)均≥0.903。
2.4 兩組矯治前后尖牙間寬度、第一前磨牙間寬度、第二前磨牙間寬度、UI-NA及UI-SN比較:兩組矯治后6個月,第一前磨牙間寬度、第二前磨牙間寬度、UI-NA、UI-SN顯著高于矯治前(P<0.05);觀察組矯治后6個月第一前磨牙間寬度、第二前磨牙間寬度、UI-NA、UI-SN顯著高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。表4中觀察者間ICC指數(shù)均≥0.912。
2.5 兩組矯治前后舌骨位置變化:兩組矯治后舌骨垂直向距離較矯正前顯著增加,水平向距離顯著減小,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組矯治后舌骨垂直向距離顯著大于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表5。表5中觀察者間ICC指數(shù)均≥0.907。
2.6 典型病例:張某,18歲,安氏Ⅰ類、骨性Ⅰ類、均角,上下頜拔雙側(cè)第一前磨牙,采用Damon-Q金屬高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽矯治,矯治前及矯治后3、6個月口內(nèi)咬合像見圖1。
3? 討論
在雙頜前突的臨床治療中,隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,固定矯治器的迭代更新,矯治技術(shù)也越來越精湛[7]。直絲弓金屬托槽是既往臨床較為主流的固定矯治器,直絲弓矯治技術(shù)強調(diào)持續(xù)輕力,具有早期支抗控制,可增加下切牙冠舌向轉(zhuǎn)矩以對抗打開咬合及Ⅱ類牽引時下切牙唇傾,增加上切牙的冠唇舌向轉(zhuǎn)矩以抵抗第一前磨牙拔除患者收切牙時的轉(zhuǎn)矩丟失,并顯著減少下尖牙至下第二磨牙冠舌向轉(zhuǎn)矩[8-9]。直絲弓金屬托槽的優(yōu)勢在臨床應(yīng)用中得到廣泛認可,但該矯治器也存在一定劣勢,其傳統(tǒng)的結(jié)扎方式使弓絲不能靈活移動,從而產(chǎn)生較大摩擦力,影響矯治進程[10-11]。
高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽是一種運用新矯治理念的矯治器,其結(jié)構(gòu)由兩個鎳鈦彈力夾組成,當弓絲對其產(chǎn)生壓力后,彈力夾可通過材料的彈性形變而自動開閉,弓絲可在槽溝內(nèi)輕松出入,從而顯著降低弓絲和槽溝之間的摩擦力[12]。這個系統(tǒng)通過改變弓絲放置及取出的方式徹底變革傳統(tǒng)矯治理念,從而實現(xiàn)了托槽設(shè)計上的進步,解決了摩擦力過高這一矯治過程中的經(jīng)典難題[13-14]。
本研究觀察高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽用于矯治雙頜前突的正畸效果及對牙根形態(tài)、根尖外吸收的影響。結(jié)果顯示,兩組矯治后牙菌斑指數(shù)及牙周袋深度均明顯高于矯治前,而觀察組矯治后3、6個月牙菌斑指數(shù)、牙周袋深度均顯著低于對照組;炎癥因子方面,兩組矯治后6個月IL-1β、TNF-α水平較矯治前明顯升高,但觀察組較對照組升高水平更低。IL-1β可促進人牙周成纖維細胞中金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶表達,進而崩解牙周組織;TNF-α與牙槽骨吸收密切相關(guān),兩者均為反映牙周炎癥的重要指標[15]。提示采用高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽對口腔環(huán)境影響較小,對牙周組織的化學(xué)、機械刺激小。自鎖托槽無需對弓絲進行結(jié)扎,其通過鎖扣結(jié)構(gòu)固定弓絲,降低了摩擦力,且其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單更有利于患者口腔衛(wèi)生的維護,降低產(chǎn)生菌斑、炎癥等風(fēng)險。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組右上頜中切牙、左上頜中切牙、右上頜側(cè)切牙、左上頜側(cè)切牙根尖外吸收量均低于對照組,且觀察組矯治后6個月第一前磨牙間寬度、第二前磨牙間寬度、UI-NA、UI-SN均顯著高于對照組,表明應(yīng)用Damon-Q金屬高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽正畸對牙根尖外吸收量較小,正畸效果顯著。根尖外吸收是正畸治療中最常發(fā)生的并發(fā)癥,嚴重的牙根吸收會引起冠根比例減小,牙齒穩(wěn)定性下降,甚至發(fā)生牙齒松動、脫落[16]。矯治器種類是影響牙根吸收的重要因素之一,孫志濤等[17]研究顯示,正畸性根尖外吸收量與矯治力大小、牙移動速度呈正相關(guān),這可能與根尖局部壓力增加有關(guān)。傳統(tǒng)直絲弓托槽為防止前牙轉(zhuǎn)矩丟失,發(fā)生舌傾,在關(guān)閉間隙過程中主弓絲上前牙加正轉(zhuǎn)矩,從而產(chǎn)生較大的控根力量,可能使牙根吸收風(fēng)險增加[18]。而高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽在排齊整平階段逐步增加上前牙的轉(zhuǎn)矩,前牙內(nèi)收階段換主弓絲后未加正轉(zhuǎn)矩及后傾彎等保持弓絲完全水平,未主動對上前牙施加大的控根力量,使其摩擦力小、輕力等優(yōu)勢充分發(fā)揮,顯著降低牙根尖吸收風(fēng)險。自鎖托槽作用力輕、摩擦力小,靈活適宜的矯治力有利于牙列更快排齊,并促進后牙弓擴大,牙槽骨組織發(fā)生適應(yīng)性改建,為前突的牙合排齊提供間隙,提升正畸效果。
綜上,高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽用于雙頜前突具有良好的正畸效果,且正畸性根尖外吸收發(fā)生風(fēng)險較傳統(tǒng)直絲弓托槽小,并有利于保護牙周健康,具有較高的臨床應(yīng)用價值。
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[收稿日期]2022-06-07
本文引用格式:肖子軼,羅芬,李婧,等.高轉(zhuǎn)矩自鎖托槽矯治雙頜前突的療效及對牙根形態(tài)及根尖外吸收的影響分析[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2023,32(4):151-155.