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讀后續(xù)寫起筆、銜接、推進(jìn)及句子拓展之高分技巧

2023-10-10 16:47
教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2023年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:主位狀語題型

伍 爭

(湖北省宣恩縣第一中學(xué))

讀后續(xù)寫這一題型對我們的來講,并不像其它題型那樣熟悉,這是因?yàn)樾W(xué)和初中階段都沒有涉及此種題型的考查。因此很多學(xué)生對讀后續(xù)寫有畏難情緒,不知如何下筆,不知如何推進(jìn)故事發(fā)展,也不知如何拓展自己的句子……而且,讀后續(xù)寫為試卷中最后一題,受前面題型難易度影響較大,前面題型如果較難,花費(fèi)時(shí)間較多,則續(xù)寫所剩時(shí)間就非常有限,那么,如何在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)快速完成一篇高質(zhì)量的讀后續(xù)寫呢?針對以上問題,側(cè)重讀后續(xù)寫中的“寫”,筆者總結(jié)了一些“如何寫”的技巧。

一、不知從何動(dòng)筆,沒辦法與段首句銜接怎么辦?

我們可以采用“主述位推進(jìn)法”,此方法用在段首提示句之后。主位(theme)是信息的出發(fā)點(diǎn),是敘述內(nèi)容的起點(diǎn),是舊知;而述位(rheme)是對這一出發(fā)點(diǎn)的陳述、描寫和說明,是信息的主體部分,是新知。主位引出述位,下一句的主位從上一句的述位開始,也就是說下一句將上一句的述位當(dāng)做主位,當(dāng)作重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行描述。

例如2020 年全國新高考Ⅰ卷,第一段段首提示句:When Mrs.Meredith heard of John’s idea,she thought it was a good one,too.這一句話中,Mrs.Meredith 是主位,John’s idea 是述位,那么下一句就應(yīng)該寫idea,進(jìn)一步具體講清如何實(shí)施這個(gè)idea。第二段首提示句With everything ready,Bernard started out on his new business.這句話的主位是Bernard,述位是new business,因此,我們下一句就接著寫new business 的具體實(shí)施情況。

又例如2021 年全國新高考Ⅰ卷,第一段段首提示句As the twins looked around them in disappointment,their father appeared.第二句段首提示句The twins carried the breakfast and woke their mother up.按照“主述位推進(jìn)法”,我們的續(xù)寫第一句可以這樣寫:Asthe twinslooked around them in disappointment,theirfatherappeared.Looking around the kitchen,fatherquickly understood what was happening;此句主位是the twins,述位為father,因此第一句續(xù)寫接著寫father 的所見所聞所想。The twinscarried the breakfast and woketheir motherup.Mother was beaming at the twins with delight and surprise.此句the twins 為主位,their mother 為述位,因此續(xù)寫接著寫mother 的所見所思。

“主述位推進(jìn)法”既解決了我們下筆難的問題,又能避免我們忽略第一句與段首提示句相銜接的問題。

二、不知如何推進(jìn)故事怎么辦?

我們可采用“人物互動(dòng)+1”寫法或者“拋繡球+1”寫法。先弄清文章主角,然后段落展開采用主角互動(dòng)方式,如主角1 互動(dòng)2,2 互動(dòng)3,3互動(dòng)1 等?!皰伬C球+1”寫法也類似主角互動(dòng),但使用范圍更廣,可以主角1 拋給2,2 拋給3;如果主角只有一個(gè),那就自己拋給自己,側(cè)重自我心理描寫和環(huán)境描寫,即自我互動(dòng)以及與環(huán)境互動(dòng)。兩個(gè)續(xù)寫自然段的“+1”所指不同,第一段的“+1”指的是角色互動(dòng)后加一句銜接句,尤其第一段最后一句一定要與第二段第一句進(jìn)行銜接;第二段的“+1”指的是故事結(jié)尾或者升華。

下面我們以《麥琪的禮物》為例看一看如何進(jìn)行“人物互動(dòng)+1”寫法。續(xù)寫前文為:吉姆和德拉是一對窮困的年輕夫婦。圣誕節(jié)就要到了,他們彼此都在為送什么禮物給對方而發(fā)愁。為了給丈夫買一條白金表鏈作圣誕禮物,妻子德拉賣掉了一頭秀發(fā)。而丈夫吉姆出于同樣的目的,賣掉了祖?zhèn)鞯慕鸨斫o妻子買了一套發(fā)梳。要續(xù)寫的部分為兩人相互送禮物的場景。其兩段續(xù)寫開頭語如下所示:Para.1.The door opened and Jim stepped in.Para.2.Inside Jim’s package were the combs —something special to hold her hair that Della had wanted ever since she saw them in a shop window.

用“人物互動(dòng)+1”寫法,我們可以將第一段寫成:Para.1.The door opened and Jim stepped in(段首提示句).No sooner had Jim(主角1)widened his eyes in disbelief than he noticed that Della had a new haircut,squeezing out a faint smile to mask his inner dismay.// Eyes shining with anticipation,Della(主 角2)danced gracefully towards him at a brisk pace and spread out her palm,inside which there was a precious gift to him—the shiny chain!Meanwhile,she gently whispered in his ears“Merry Christmas,honey!”.// After being aware that Della sacrificed her beloved hair to buy him this gift,Jim(主角1)was on the verge of tears and embraced her tightly in his arms,mildly stroking her newly-cut short hair.// Reluctant to see the beautiful hair cut and deeply touched,Jim murmured in a choked voice to his dearest wife,“I’ve also got a gift for you!”as he reached for a package from his bag.(過 渡)Para.2.Inside Jim’s package were the combs—something special to hold her hair that Della had wanted ever since she saw them in a shop window.(段首提示句)

此段第一句中,主位為door,述位為Jim,因此續(xù)寫第一句以寫Jim 為主。第一句主角1 Jim,第二句互動(dòng)到主角2 Della,第三句再次互動(dòng)主角1,最后一句過渡銜接下一段的package。用主角互動(dòng)切換的方式推進(jìn)文章,可以使我們寫起來有方向感,避免了無序思考,能更快更好地完成續(xù)寫。而且這種方式還能避免因時(shí)間不夠,一時(shí)著急考慮不到與第二段銜接。

下面,我以另一個(gè)續(xù)寫故事來說明“拋繡球+1”寫法在一個(gè)角色中的使用。前文故事:一個(gè)小男孩身體羸弱沒有自信,卻跟著一群小孩去爬山崖,其他小孩都爬上去并回家了,留下小男孩在半崖間,不敢進(jìn)也不敢退。續(xù)寫兩段提示語為:Para.1.However,the way up to the top was even worse—higher,steeper,more challenging.Par.2.I didn’t know how long it had passed until a familiar voice came below.由兩段的提示可以看出,第二段才有人來救他,因此第一段只能寫小男孩一個(gè)人在崖壁上孤苦無援的場景。第一段對于我們而言,難在“湊詞數(shù)”,一個(gè)簡單的場景,一個(gè)不能與他人互動(dòng)的場景,如何能保質(zhì)保量地完成規(guī)定詞數(shù)呢?

我們可以將“拋繡球+1”寫法運(yùn)用于第一段續(xù)寫,例如:Para.1: However,the way up to the top was even worse—higher,steeper,more challenging.(段首提示句)So challenging was the way up that it seemed never would I make it to the top.Too scared to move an inch,I stood there motionlessly with both tears and sweat rolling down my depressed cheeks.(自己情感動(dòng)作描寫)I heard someone sobbing and moaning sorrowfully;I wondered who it was and then suddenly it dawned on me that it was I,myself.(自己將話題拋給自己,側(cè)重內(nèi)心獨(dú)白)The shadows gradually lengthening and the sun disappearing from the treetops beyond the clearing below,dusk began to gather and the ground below the cliff became dim.(與環(huán)境互動(dòng))Time dragged and with each passing minute,my legs and arms grew numb.(銜接第二段開頭)Para.2: I didn’t know how long it had passed until a familiar voice came below.

此段第一句中,主位為way,述位是隱藏的“I”。因此第一句引出述位“I”。第二句側(cè)重“I”的情緒、動(dòng)作等的描寫,對“I”的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步說明。第三句“拋繡球”拋給自己,進(jìn)行“內(nèi)心活動(dòng)互拋”。第四句用“天黑”的環(huán)境烘托當(dāng)時(shí)的處境和心情,與環(huán)境互動(dòng)。最后一句用time 與第二段提示句進(jìn)行銜接。由此可見,“自我拋繡球”寫法側(cè)重于心理描寫和環(huán)境描寫,與自我互動(dòng),與環(huán)境互動(dòng),可充分利用環(huán)境從側(cè)面烘托自己的心境。當(dāng)不知如何互動(dòng)時(shí),一個(gè)好辦法就是多描寫內(nèi)心獨(dú)白和環(huán)境,只有這樣我們才能將有限的場景用無限的語言支撐起來,既不為字?jǐn)?shù)所累,又能做到語言優(yōu)美、描寫深刻。

三、不知如何拓展自己的句子,寫不出高級的句子怎么辦?

我們可采用動(dòng)作—神態(tài)—情緒三聯(lián)合嵌入高級結(jié)構(gòu)固定化描寫方法。如流水賬句子:He sat on the sofa.He felt sad and regretted and he cried.我們用動(dòng)作—神態(tài)—情緒三聯(lián)合嵌入高級結(jié)構(gòu)固定化描寫法可將其改成:He sat on the sofa motionlessly,crossing his fingers in his lap,with sorrow and regret written on his tear-stained face.從句子拓展來看,這一句加了副詞motionlessly,加了“如何”坐在沙發(fā)上的動(dòng)作描寫,加了“怎么”哭的表情描寫。從描寫來看,動(dòng)作描寫sat、crossing,情緒描寫sorrow、regret 與表情描寫tear-stained face三者連續(xù)使用,實(shí)現(xiàn)了三種描寫方式的聯(lián)合。從高級結(jié)構(gòu)上講,改寫句運(yùn)用了現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語以及with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)這兩個(gè)高級結(jié)構(gòu)。又如:The little boy said sorry to his mother.可改寫拓展為:Lowering his head regretfully,the little boy murmured an apology to his mother,(with) his face blushing/scarlet.本句將動(dòng)作描寫lower、murmur,情緒描寫regretfully 與表情描寫his face blushing scarlet三者聯(lián)合,且用了現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或者獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等高級結(jié)構(gòu)。在拓展方面,增加了道歉時(shí)的動(dòng)作“低頭”,增加了表情緒的副詞“regretfully”,對道歉的動(dòng)作和心理進(jìn)行了細(xì)致描述,即“如何道歉”“帶著什么情感道歉”;且對道歉這一動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行了更精準(zhǔn)的選擇“murmur”,側(cè)重于說的方式,即“如何說”。

換句話說,我們寫的句子不能只注重陳述,注重事情發(fā)生的結(jié)果,而是要更多注重描寫過程或方式。凡事問一個(gè)“怎么”“如何”,要說的話是“如何說”,要做的事是“怎么做”,這樣就能將過程描寫和方式描寫結(jié)合起來,用更多、更好的句子撐起有限的場景。

另外,對于如何固定化描寫,我們在寫作過程中則需不斷進(jìn)行嘗試和歸納總結(jié),如句子可固定成:表神態(tài)的獨(dú)立主格+動(dòng)詞+with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)描寫情緒和聲音。例如:Tears welling up in his eyes(獨(dú)立主格表神態(tài)),he showed the police his heart-felt gratitude(主動(dòng)作),with his voice trembling in excitement(with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)表聲音).又或者將句子固定成:情緒形容詞作狀語+主動(dòng)作+修辭(+with 結(jié)構(gòu))。例如:Physically and mentally exhausted(情緒形容詞作狀語),he lay on the ground(主動(dòng)作)like a log of wood(比喻)with his eyes closed(with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),可根據(jù)情況增減).先固定,固定是為了讓我們能熟練地應(yīng)用這些固定嵌套句型,用熟練之后,我們再根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,靈活應(yīng)變。

綜上所述,要又快又好地完成一篇續(xù)寫,我們可以首先起筆用“主述位推進(jìn)法”,續(xù)寫第一句,寫段首提示句的述位;然后用“人物互動(dòng)+1”寫法或“拋繡球+1”寫法推進(jìn)整個(gè)段落,形成段落基本框架結(jié)構(gòu);之后,用動(dòng)作—神態(tài)—情緒三聯(lián)合嵌入高級結(jié)構(gòu)固定化描寫方式來豐富語言,拓展句子,增加高級感。只要我們將這一整套寫法多加練習(xí),熟記于心,尤其注重固定化語言的練習(xí)和總結(jié),就一定能在考場的短時(shí)間內(nèi)完成一篇行文流暢銜接自然,且語言優(yōu)美的續(xù)寫作品。

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