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杜梨實生苗遺傳多樣性分析及火疫病抗性鑒定評價

2023-10-27 01:31:29蔣媛位杰王巖李永豐謝宏江崔龍
果樹學報 2023年10期
關鍵詞:杜梨實生苗遺傳多樣性

蔣媛 位杰 王巖 李永豐 謝宏江 崔龍

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230032

摘? ? 要:【目的】杜梨是新疆梨產(chǎn)區(qū)廣泛應用的砧木,但其對梨火疫病的抗性較差。探究杜梨實生后代的遺傳多樣性和抗病性,對后續(xù)杜梨分子水平上遺傳多樣性的分析以及抗病基因的挖掘具有重要意義?!痉椒ā繉θ斯づ嘤?96份杜梨實生苗的19個質(zhì)量性狀和6個數(shù)量性狀進行形態(tài)遺傳多樣性分析,采用室內(nèi)人工接種梨火疫病菌的方法進行種質(zhì)的抗病性鑒定,并結合田間發(fā)病情況進行綜合評價。【結果】19個質(zhì)量性狀中裂刻、刺芒、葉背茸毛、托葉、針刺這5個性狀的遺傳較為穩(wěn)定,其他14個性狀的變異系數(shù)在2.33%~57.03%之間,遺傳多樣性指數(shù)在0.03~1.20之間,葉尖性狀變異系數(shù)最大(57.03%),葉緣的變異系數(shù)最?。?.33%);6個數(shù)量性狀的變異系數(shù)在11.14%~22.27%之間,遺傳多樣性指數(shù)在1.95~2.07之間,葉面積的變異系數(shù)最大(22.27%),葉形指數(shù)和葉長的變異系數(shù)相對較低,分別為11.14%和11.73%,數(shù)量性狀表型遺傳多樣性相對更為豐富。抗病性鑒定篩選出4個抗病材料和10個中抗材料。田間發(fā)病規(guī)律表現(xiàn)為童期發(fā)病程度較輕,進入開花期后發(fā)病程度加重較快,樹勢越強,發(fā)病率越高,發(fā)病程度越重?!窘Y論】研究結果為進一步探討杜梨種質(zhì)多樣性、開展抗梨火疫病砧木育種和挖掘相關抗病基因奠定了材料基礎。

關鍵詞:杜梨;實生苗;遺傳多樣性;火疫病;抗病性;鑒定評價

中圖分類號:S661.2 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)10-2204-10

Analysis of genetic diversity and evaluation of disease resistance to pear fire blight of Pyrus betulifolia Bunge seedling

JIANG Yuan, WEI Jie*, WANG Yan, LI Yongfeng, XIE Hongjiang, CUI Long

(Agricultural Scientific Institute of 2nd Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tiemenguan 841005, Xinjiang, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 Pyrus betulifolia Bunge is widely used as a rootstock for pears in Xinjiang due to its deep root system, drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, cold resistance, salinity resistance and other characteristics. In recent years, pear fire blight has been spreading rapidly in Xinjiang and become a major threat to the development of characteristic forestry and fruit industry in Xinjiang, especially to the Kuerlexiang Li pear industry in the south of Xinjiang. P. betulifolia and Kuerlexiang Li pear? are of poor resistance to pear fire blight. Germplasm resources are the important material basis for pear breeding, production, as well as scientific research. Studying the genetic diversity and disease resistance of the seedling offsprings of P. betulifolia is important for the subsequent research in the genetic diversity of P. betulifolia at molecular level and the excavation of disease-resistant genes. 【Methods】The morphological genetic diversity analysis of 19 qualitative traits and 6 quantitative traits of 196 cultivated P. betulifolia seedlings were conducted. Seedling resistance was identified by artificial inoculation with pear fire blight fungus, and the comprehensive evaluation was combined with the field disease investigation. 【Results】Leaves of P. betulifolia seedlings were more diversified in morphological characters. Leaf shape ranged from ovate, elliptic, to lanceolate. The shape of leaf base was narrowly to broadly wedge-shaped, round, or truncate. The leaf apex was broadly to narrowly acuate. The leaf margin was mostly acutely serrate. All the 196 samples investigated showed no lobe, no seta on leaf margin, no pubescence on the back of mature leaf, no stipules, and no thorn. The leaf shape was mainly ovate (84.18%); the shape of leaf base was mainly wide wedge-shaped and wedge-shaped (55.10% and 30.61%, respectively); the shape of leaf apex was mainly broadly or narrowly acuate (45.92% and 47.96%, respectively); the leaf margin was mainly serrate (serration) (99.49%). The status of leaf surface was mainly enclasped (60.71%), and the latitude of leaf in relative to the shoot was mainly downwards (70.92%). The bark was generally longitudinally cracked, accounting for 93.88%. The tree posture was mainly semi-spreading or spreading, accounting for 50.51% and 36.22%, respectively. The density of lenticels on one-year-old branches was mainly medium or many, accounting for 53.06% and 45.41%, respectively. The leaf bud posture was mainly oblique, accounting for 70.41%. The size of bud receptacle was mainly small, accounting for 92.34%. The tree vigor was generally strong. The color of one-year-old shoot was mainly red brown and yellow brown, accounting for 38.27% and 35.71%, respectively. The genetic diversity index of the 14 qualitative traits ranged from 0.03 to 1.20. The genetic diversity indexes of leaf base shape (1.04), tree habit (1.08), tree vigor (1.01), and annual branch color (1.20) were relatively high. Six quantitative traits had a coefficient of variation ranging from 11.14% to 22.27%. The of leaf area had the largest coefficient of variation of 22.27%, followed by leaf petiole length (21.73%), and the coefficients of variation of the 6 quantitative traits were relatively low ranging from 11.14% to 11.73%. The genetic diversity index of the 6 quantitative traits ranged from 1.95 to 2.07. The genetic diversity indices of the quantitative traits were much greater than those of the qualitative traits, indicating that the phenotypic diversity of the quantitative traits was relatively high. No high resistance materials were found from the 196 P. betulifolia seedlings. There were four disease resistant (R) seedlings and ten moderately resistant (MR) seedling. There were 36 seedlings (18.37%) exhibiting moderate susceptibility (MS), 58 (29.59%) exhibiting susceptibility (S), and 88 (44.90%) exhibiting high susceptibility (HS). Most of the seedlings (92.86%) showed different degrees of susceptibility to pear fire blight fungus, indicating a lack of resistant materials in the tested P. betulifolia seedlings. The disease pattern in the field showed that the degree of disease was light in the juvenile stage and increased after entering the adult stage, and the stronger the tree, the higher the disease incidence. 【Conclusion】This result provides a material basis for further study of the germplasm diversity of P. betulifolia, as well as for breeding of rootstock resistant to pear fire blight and the excavation of disease resistance genes.

Key words: Pyrus betulifolia Bunge; Seedlings; Genetic diversity; Fire blight; Disease resistance; Identification evaluation

杜梨(Pyrus betulifolia Bunge)屬于薔薇科(Rosasceae)梨屬(Pyrus)植物,因其根系深、抗旱、耐澇、抗寒、抗鹽堿等特性在新疆梨產(chǎn)區(qū)作為梨栽培種的砧木廣泛應用。近年來,梨火疫病在新疆迅速蔓延,對新疆特色林果業(yè)的發(fā)展造成了重大威脅,尤其是對南疆的庫爾勒香梨產(chǎn)業(yè)造成了近乎毀滅性的打擊[1-2]。相關研究表明,砧木杜梨和栽培種庫爾勒香梨對梨火疫病的抗性最差[3]。篩選抗病種質(zhì)、培育抗病品種是防治梨火疫病最經(jīng)濟、有效和促進生態(tài)安全的方法。

種質(zhì)資源是開展梨樹遺傳育種、生產(chǎn)栽培以及科學研究的重要物質(zhì)基礎[4]。杜梨屬于典型的異質(zhì)種質(zhì),其野生群體內(nèi)富含優(yōu)良特異的種質(zhì),群體內(nèi)的遺傳多樣性結構是遺傳育種的基礎[5-6]。Zong等[7-8]對中國北方野生杜梨的遺傳多樣性和系統(tǒng)地理學進行了評估,表明遺傳變異與地理距離之間存在相關性,為野生杜梨種群的保護利用奠定了基礎。目前,種質(zhì)資源遺傳多樣性的研究主要在形態(tài)學水平、細胞學水平、生理生化水平和分子水平等[9]方面開展。在形態(tài)學上,馬春暉等[10]對88份梨屬植物葉片色澤多樣性進行了分析,認為葉片色澤能夠作為一項重要的分類參考指標;宗宇等[11]對中國北方野生杜梨的分布現(xiàn)狀進行了調(diào)查,并通過葉片和果實的系列形態(tài)指標對其進行了形態(tài)多樣性評價。在分子水平上,SSR[12-15]、RAPD[16-17]、SRAP[18]等手段也廣泛應用于梨種質(zhì)資源的遺傳多樣性及分類關系評價研究。目前,對梨遺傳多樣性的評價主要集中在栽培品種上,關于砧木,尤其是實生砧木群體的遺傳多樣性相關報道較少,而關于杜梨實生砧木的火疫病抗性評價更是鮮見報道。

筆者在本研究中以人工培育的杜梨實生群體為研究對象,對196份杜梨實生苗葉片、枝條等19個質(zhì)量性狀和6個數(shù)量性狀進行形態(tài)遺傳多樣性分析,并采用室內(nèi)人工接種梨火疫病菌的方法進行種質(zhì)抗病性鑒定,結合田間發(fā)病情況綜合評價資源的抗性,篩選抗性種質(zhì),為后續(xù)杜梨分子水平上遺傳多樣性的研究以及抗逆基因的挖掘奠定基礎。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

供試196份杜梨實生苗均為新疆庫爾勒收集的種子繁育而來,2014年育苗,2016年移栽定植,株行距1 m×3 m,土、肥、水管理水平一致。

供試菌株為梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora(編號E.a Y01),菌株分離于新疆伊寧市,寄主為梨,屬于強致病力菌株,由南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學植物保護學院胡白石教授惠贈。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 表型性狀數(shù)據(jù)采集 調(diào)查測定性狀共25個,包括質(zhì)量性狀19個,數(shù)量性狀6個。各性狀在特征表現(xiàn)最明顯、最具代表性的時期進行調(diào)查記錄并拍照,數(shù)據(jù)采集和整理參照《梨種質(zhì)資源描述規(guī)范和數(shù)據(jù)標準》[19]進行。2019—2021連續(xù)3 a(年)進行采集,取平均值。

1.2.2 遺傳多樣性分析 數(shù)量性狀計算其平均值、標準差、變異系數(shù)、極差,質(zhì)量性狀計算各分級的有效百分比。參照王永康等[20]的方法計算各數(shù)量性狀和質(zhì)量性狀的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)。

1.2.3 杜梨實生苗抗梨火疫病室內(nèi)鑒定 試驗于2021年7月進行。采集各杜梨實生苗的1年生幼嫩枝條,基部用浸水的無菌脫脂棉包裹,再用保鮮膜包扎保濕后帶回實驗室。

(1)病原菌的活化及接種液制備。將供試菌株接種于LB培養(yǎng)基上,28 ℃培養(yǎng)36 h活化。挑取單菌落于LB液體培養(yǎng)基中,于28 ℃、220 r·min-1條件下振蕩培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)成OD600值為1.4左右的菌液,然后吸取5 mL加入到三角瓶中,再加入無菌水稀釋成OD600值為0.2的菌液作為接種液。

(2)離體枝條接種。將枝條截成30 cm的枝段,每個枝段上端保留有1~3枚健康完整無破損的葉片。用75%乙醇做表面消毒后,枝段下端切口留斜口,插入盛有接種液的三角瓶中浸漬接種,每個品種接種3組,每組5個枝條。對照為無菌液的無菌水,其他培養(yǎng)條件相同。接種后放置于28 ℃、相對濕度75%、光照12 h的室內(nèi)。

(3)病情統(tǒng)計。接種后第7天統(tǒng)計測定發(fā)病枝條數(shù)、發(fā)病枝條病斑長度、病斑長度占接種枝條長度的比例及發(fā)病級別。參照李洪濤等[21]、李曉妹等[1]的方法,制定梨火疫病病菌接種梨離體枝條的病情分級標準:0級,枝條無病斑;Ⅰ級,枝條病斑長度占接種枝條長度的<1.0%~5.0%;Ⅲ級,枝條病斑長度占接種枝條長度的>5.0%~15.0%;Ⅴ級,枝條病斑長度占接種枝條長度的>15.0%~30.0%;Ⅶ級,枝條病斑長度占接種枝條長度的>30.0%~50.0%;Ⅸ級,枝條病斑長度占接種枝條長度的≥50.1%。根據(jù)公式計算枝條發(fā)病率、離體枝條接種后相同時間病情指數(shù)。

發(fā)病率(%)=(發(fā)病枝條數(shù)/接種總枝條數(shù))×100;

病情指數(shù)(DI)=[∑(各級發(fā)病枝條數(shù)×病級代表值)/(接種總枝條數(shù)×最高病級代表值)]×100。

(4)杜梨實生苗對梨火疫病菌株的抗病性評價。統(tǒng)計各杜梨實生苗接種后發(fā)病枝條數(shù)、測量枝條病斑長度,計算發(fā)病率、病情指數(shù),制定抗病性評價指標,綜合評價供試杜梨實生苗的抗火疫病水平。參考李洪濤等[21]、李曉妹等[1]的研究及《梨種質(zhì)資源描述規(guī)范和數(shù)據(jù)標準》[19]的抗病性分級指標,制定資源抗病性劃分標準:高抗(HR),病情指數(shù)<5.0;抗病(R),病情指數(shù)5.0~15.0;中抗(MR),病情指數(shù)>15.0~30.0;中感(MS),病情指數(shù)>30.0~40;感?。⊿),病情指數(shù)>40.0~50.0;高感(HS),病情指數(shù)>50。

1.2.4? ? 杜梨實生苗田間自然發(fā)病情況調(diào)查? ? 從定植開始,每年觀察記錄每份杜梨實生苗的生長、開花、自然發(fā)病情況。單株田間肉眼觀察梨火疫病感病程度分級標準:1級,未發(fā)病(R),樹體健康,無表型枝枯病感病癥狀;3級,中抗(MR),嫩枝或果實部分有輕微感染枝枯?。ú“呙娣e15%以下);5級,中感(MS),嫩枝或果實感枝枯病嚴重(病斑面積15%~40%),側枝有輕微感病癥狀(病斑面積15%以下);7級,感?。⊿),嫩枝或果實感染枝枯病很嚴重(病斑面積>40.0%~65%),側枝感病癥狀嚴重(病斑面積15%~40%);9級,高感(HS),嫩枝或果實、側枝、主枝感染枝枯病極嚴重(病斑面積65%以上),主干流膿,全株或主枝死亡。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析

試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel進行數(shù)據(jù)整理、分析和圖表繪制。采用Shannon-Winter指數(shù)表示形態(tài)多樣性程度,質(zhì)量性狀直接按各分級有效百分比計算,數(shù)量性狀計算總體平均值和標準差,然后從第1級[Xi>(`x + 2 δ)]到第10級[Xi<(`x -2 δ)],每0.5 δ為1級[19]。

2 結果與分析

2.1 杜梨實生苗質(zhì)量性狀多樣性分析

不同杜梨實生苗葉片形態(tài)特征見圖1。由圖1可以看出,杜梨實生苗葉片在形態(tài)上表現(xiàn)較為豐富。葉片形狀主要有卵圓形、橢圓形、披針形;葉基形狀主要有狹楔形、楔形、寬楔形、圓形、截形;葉尖形狀主要有漸尖、急尖和長尾尖(銳尖),葉緣主要是銳鋸齒(鋸齒)。

196份杜梨實生苗的19個質(zhì)量性狀的多樣性分析結果見表1。由表1可知,19個質(zhì)量性狀共包含66個分級,在196份樣本的調(diào)查結果中,包含了53個分級性狀類型。其中,裂刻、刺芒、葉背茸毛、托葉、針刺這5個性狀均為單一性狀,調(diào)查的196份樣本均表現(xiàn)出無裂刻、無刺芒、無葉背茸毛、無托葉、有針刺。葉片形狀以卵圓形為主,占84.18%,葉基形狀以寬楔形和楔形為主,分別占55.10%和30.61%,葉尖形狀以漸尖和長尾尖(銳尖)為主,分別占45.92%和47.96%。葉緣以銳鋸齒(鋸齒)為主,占99.49%。葉片伸展狀態(tài)以抱合為主,占60.71%。葉姿以斜向下為主,占70.92%。主干樹皮特征以縱裂為主,占93.88%。樹姿以半開張和開張為主,分別占50.51%和36.22%。1年生枝皮孔數(shù)量以中、多為主,分別占53.06%和45.41%。葉芽姿態(tài)以斜生為主,占70.41%。芽托大小以小為主,占92.34%。樹勢以強為主,占53.57%。1年生枝顏色以紅褐色和黃褐色為主,分別占38.27%和35.71%。除5個單一性狀外,其他14個質(zhì)量性狀的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)在0.03~1.20之間,葉基形狀(1.04)、樹姿(1.08)、樹勢(1.01)、1年生枝顏色(1.20)的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)相對較高。由質(zhì)量性狀的各項指標說明大部分質(zhì)量性狀具有豐富的遺傳多樣性。

除裂刻、刺芒、葉背茸毛、托葉、針刺這5個性狀外,其他14個性狀的變異系數(shù)在2.33%~57.03%(表2)。葉尖形狀的變異系數(shù)最大,為57.03%,其次是葉片伸展狀態(tài),為32.12%,葉緣的變異系數(shù)最小,為2.33%。有13個性狀的變異系數(shù)均超過了10%,說明這13個性狀的遺傳多樣性高。

2.2 杜梨實生苗數(shù)量性狀多樣性分析

196份杜梨實生苗6個數(shù)量性狀的調(diào)查結果見表3和表4。由表3可知,6個數(shù)量性狀的變異系數(shù)在11.14%~22.27%之間,葉面積的變異系數(shù)最大,為22.27%,其次是葉柄長,為21.74%,葉形指數(shù)和葉長的變異系數(shù)相對較低,分別為11.14%和11.73%。由表4知,6個數(shù)量性狀的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)在1.95~2.07之間,均具有較高的遺傳多樣性。數(shù)量性狀的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)遠大于質(zhì)量性狀的遺傳多樣性指數(shù),說明數(shù)量性狀表型遺傳多樣性相對更為豐富。

節(jié)間長度的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)最大,為2.07,葉面積的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)最小,為1.95,6個數(shù)量性狀的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)相互間差異不大。葉面積主要集中在10.52~15.05 cm2,占0.632 7,葉長主要集中在5.68~6.81 cm,占0.621 3,葉寬主要集中在2.85~3.51 cm,占0.607 2,葉柄長主要集中在1.97~2.80 cm,占0.617 4,葉形指數(shù)主要集中在1.76~2.20,占0.739 9,節(jié)間長度主要集中在2.80~3.25 cm,占0.418 4。

2.3 杜梨實生苗抗性評價

對196份杜梨實生苗的離體枝條人工接種梨火疫病菌后進行抗性評價(圖2),其中未發(fā)現(xiàn)高抗資源,抗?。≧)實生苗資源有4份,中抗(MR)實生苗資源有10份。表現(xiàn)出中感(MS)的材料有36份,占比18.37%;表現(xiàn)出感?。⊿)的材料有58份,占比29.59%;表現(xiàn)出高感(HS)的材料有88份,占比44.90%。大部分(92.86%)杜梨實生苗資源對梨火疫病菌都表現(xiàn)出不同程度的感病,說明供試的杜梨實生苗中抗性種質(zhì)較為匱乏。

2.4 杜梨實生苗田間發(fā)病規(guī)律

2016—2022年連續(xù)7 a對196份杜梨實生苗進行觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)杜梨的童期至少5 a(圖3),2020年、2021年、2022年開花率依次為10.71%、19.39%、72.96%,有27.04%的杜梨童期在7 a以上。在定植后前4 a(2017年梨火疫病在本地發(fā)生),未發(fā)現(xiàn)有材料出現(xiàn)感病癥狀,2020年開始出現(xiàn)零星感病癥狀,之后逐年遞增,2020年、2021年、2022年發(fā)病率依次為4.59%、10.20%、46.43%,表明樹在童期發(fā)病程度較輕,進入開花期后發(fā)病程度加重較快。田間發(fā)病情況與室內(nèi)離體鑒定結果基本一致,表明離體鑒定方法具有一定的準確性和實用性。

196份杜梨實生苗不同樹勢的田間發(fā)病情況見表5。不同樹勢均會感染梨火疫病菌,樹勢不同,感染程度也不同。2020年剛開始發(fā)病時不同樹勢的發(fā)病率和病情指數(shù)表現(xiàn)為中>強>弱,樹勢之間差異不太明顯,2021—2022年不同樹勢發(fā)病率和病情指數(shù)均表現(xiàn)為強>中>弱,強樹勢和中樹勢的發(fā)病率和病情指數(shù)明顯高于弱樹勢,表明樹勢越強,發(fā)病率越高,發(fā)病程度越重。

3 討 論

種質(zhì)資源綜合分析、評價是種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新的基礎,是品種改良的關鍵[22]。遺傳多樣性評價是遺傳育種的基礎,植物的表型特征能直觀反映出其自身的生長特性,在資源評價方面是最古老也是最直接簡便的方法[22]。筆者在本研究中對實生培育的196份杜梨實生苗的25個性狀進行遺傳多樣性分析,結果表明19個質(zhì)量性狀中裂刻、刺芒、葉背茸毛、托葉、針刺這5個性狀的遺傳較為穩(wěn)定,葉尖形狀、葉緣等13個性狀的變異系數(shù)在11.71%~57.03%,變異較為豐富,其中葉尖性狀變異系數(shù)最大(57.03%);6個數(shù)量性狀的變異系數(shù)在11.14%~22.27%之間,變異也較為豐富,其中葉面積的變異系數(shù)最大(22.27%)。數(shù)量性狀的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)遠大于質(zhì)量性狀的遺傳多樣性指數(shù),說明數(shù)量性狀表型遺傳多樣性相對更為豐富。閆帥[23]在對太行山區(qū)杜梨資源的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)不同類型的野生杜梨的葉長、葉寬、葉柄長均呈現(xiàn)一定的變異水平,多數(shù)資源新生葉葉背茸毛較多,葉緣大多數(shù)為銳鋸齒,葉基主要是楔形、寬楔形和圓形,葉尖多為急尖,少部分為漸尖。筆者調(diào)查的葉基、葉緣與其相一致,在葉背茸毛和葉尖上有差異。其可能與種源基因型、生長環(huán)境、地帶性氣候條件不同有關,即便開始是一致的遺傳基礎,生長環(huán)境、氣候條件不同加之自然傳粉后滲入外源基因也會導致外觀形態(tài)差異的產(chǎn)生。這與宗宇等[11]對中國北方野生杜梨形態(tài)多樣性的調(diào)查結果相一致,不同地域范圍內(nèi)杜梨的葉片形態(tài)變異較大。

防治火疫病最根本和最為經(jīng)濟有效的方法是培育抗病品種[24]。對種質(zhì)資源進行抗性篩選是選育抗病品種的前提[25],高抗或多抗種質(zhì)資源是培育抗病砧木品種的基礎[26]。目前對抗火疫病梨種質(zhì)資源的研究主要集中在栽培品種上[21,27-28],對梨砧木的抗火疫病研究較少。美國從2個巴梨實生優(yōu)系的雜交后代中選育出了抗火疫病、抗寒、自交結實、長勢旺的OH×F系列砧木,其中OH×F87和OH×F97應用最廣泛[29-30]。何臨梓等[31]采用活體嫩梢人工接種的方式分析了秋子梨、豆梨、杜梨和川梨4種梨砧木對梨火疫病的抗病相關酶活性的變化,認為秋子梨對梨火疫病的抗性較強,杜梨最弱。作為新疆梨產(chǎn)區(qū)應用的砧木,必須綜合考慮砧木的抗寒性、抗病性、嫁接親和性、耐鹽堿性等,因而現(xiàn)有抗火疫病砧木類型未在新疆得到發(fā)展。杜梨種質(zhì)資源在中國的分布較為豐富,從不同類型的資源中篩選抗病杜梨是最經(jīng)濟的防治方法。筆者在本研究中采用離體枝條人工接種法對196份杜梨實生苗進行了抗病性鑒定,發(fā)現(xiàn)92.86%的杜梨實生苗對梨火疫病菌都表現(xiàn)出不同程度的感病,表明抗病杜梨資源相對于資源群體來說較為匱乏。初步篩選出的4份抗病資源和10份中抗資源可作為優(yōu)異資源進一步加以利用。

對自然狀態(tài)下杜梨的田間調(diào)查結果發(fā)現(xiàn),進入開花結果期植株發(fā)病的漲幅速度明顯大于處于童期植株的發(fā)病速度,說明同一植物的不同發(fā)育階段對火疫病病菌的反應可能有差異,進入結果期的植株可能由于花器及果實采摘造成的傷口比童期植株為病原細菌提供了更多的入侵途徑。當植物的生理階段改變時,其抗性水平也會隨之發(fā)生變化。杜梨苗期表現(xiàn)出良好的抗病性可能并不代表成株后也具有良好的抗性,從苗期篩選出來的抗性種質(zhì)若能在成年后依然保持良好的抗性是很有意義的。田間調(diào)查還發(fā)現(xiàn),杜梨樹勢越強,發(fā)病率越高,發(fā)病程度也越嚴重,究其原因可能是,樹勢旺,樹體內(nèi)部生理生化代謝活動快,營養(yǎng)積累多,有利于病菌的生長繁殖。Blachinsky等[32]研究認為,幼嫩和生長旺盛的組織比老的、生長緩慢的組織更易感病,發(fā)病速度隨著植株的生長速度降低會減緩。本研究結果與其結果相一致,因此生產(chǎn)上要注意合理調(diào)控樹勢,避免樹勢過旺,保持中庸狀態(tài)。

4 結 論

196份杜梨實生苗的19個質(zhì)量性狀中裂刻、刺芒、葉背茸毛、托葉、針刺這5個性狀的遺傳較為穩(wěn)定,其他14個性狀的變異系數(shù)在2.33%~57.03%,遺傳多樣性指數(shù)在0.03~1.20,葉尖性狀變異系數(shù)最大(57.03%),葉緣的變異系數(shù)最?。?.33%);6個數(shù)量性狀的變異系數(shù)在11.14%~22.27%,遺傳多樣性指數(shù)在1.95~2.07,葉面積的變異系數(shù)最大(22.27%),葉形指數(shù)和葉長的變異系數(shù)相對較低,分別為11.14%和11.73%,數(shù)量性狀表型遺傳多樣性相對更為豐富。抗病性鑒定篩選出4份抗病資源和10份中抗資源。田間發(fā)病規(guī)律表現(xiàn)為童期發(fā)病程度較輕,進入開花期后發(fā)病程度加重較快,樹勢越強,發(fā)病率越高,發(fā)病程度越重。

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收稿日期:2023-02-09 接受日期:2023-04-22

基金項目:自治區(qū)“天山英才”培養(yǎng)計劃科技創(chuàng)新人才項目;兵團財政科技計劃項目(2022CB005-01);第二師鐵門關市科技計劃項目(2021NYGG01)

作者簡介:蔣媛,女,副研究員,研究方向為果樹栽培生理生態(tài)與遺傳育種。Tel:17767660878,E-mail:360315184@qq.com

通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:17767668878,E-mail:627weijie@sina.com

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