孫曉紅 徐吉花 侯鴻敏 戴洪義 祝軍 張玉剛
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230237
摘? ? 要:福星是青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)以新世界×粉紅佳人雜交選育出的晚熟蘋果新品種。果實(shí)近圓形,單果質(zhì)量為238.08 g,果形指數(shù)為0.93,外觀美麗、高樁;果面光潔,有蠟質(zhì),在不套袋栽培條件下果實(shí)全面著鮮紅色。果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為17.83%,果肉硬度為11.61 kg·cm-2,可滴定酸含量為0.28%,果實(shí)酸甜,果肉硬脆,風(fēng)味好,香氣濃郁;果實(shí)可鮮食加工兼用。在山東省青島市栽培區(qū),果實(shí)10月下旬成熟,果實(shí)發(fā)育期180 d。果實(shí)晚采有糖心現(xiàn)象。11月中旬樹體落葉,營養(yǎng)生長期220 d。葉片高抗炭疽葉枯病和早期落葉病。貯藏性好,果實(shí)在冷藏條件下(0~4 ℃)貯存至第二年5月中旬果肉硬度為8.13 kg·cm-2。適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),在蘋果栽培適區(qū)均可栽植;豐產(chǎn)性好,以M9T337為砧木的3年生樹平均單株產(chǎn)量為9.52 kg,折合每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量為1 504.6 kg。
關(guān)鍵詞:蘋果;新品種;福星;晚熟;免套袋栽培
中圖分類號:S661.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)10-2275-04
Breeding report of a new late-ripening apple cultivar Fuxing
SUN Xiaohong1, XU Jihua1, HOU Hongmin2, 3, DAI Hongyi2, ZHU Jun2, ZHANG Yugang2, 3*
(1College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; 2College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; 3Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257091, Shandong, China)
Abstract: Fuxing is a late-ripening apple cultivar derived from the cross between Shinsekai (female parent) and Cripps Pink (male parent). The cross was made in the spring of 2010 in the Modern Agricultural Technology Demonstration Farm of Qingdao Agricultural University, and 2498 seeds were obtained in the autumn. The seeds were sown in the early spring of 2011 and the seedlings were raised in a greenhouse. The buds taken from the upper parts of the seedlings were grafted in March of 2012 on M26 interstocks previously planted in the field. The hybrid tree numbered 2010-W15-13Z-N3 was noticed for elegant fruits in 2014. It was determined as a promising strain for further field trail in 2015. The regional cultivation experiments were undertaken in 2016. The provincial variety certificate of fruit crop was obtained in 2019 (S-SV-MD-013-2019). It was registrated as Fuxing by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2020 (GPD apple(2020) 370015) and the plant variety right (CNA20184367.5) was obtained in the same year. The tree has moderate growth vigor with an open canopy. The color of tree trunk is taupe, with a slightly rough surface. The perennial branches are brown and relatively smooth. The leaf sizes are medium to large, the leaf is elliptical in shape and flat, with slightly clasped edges on both sides, the leaf color is thick green, and the back of the leaf is furry and sparse; and the petiole has small stipules at the base. The leaf buds are nearly triangular in shape, pointed in the middle, tightly attached on the branch, with tight scales and furry hairs. The flower buds are large in size, conical in shape, and pink in color, slightly pointed at the apex, with tight scales. The initial flowering period is from April 17 to 20 (Jiaozhou, Qingdao). The average fruit weight is 238.08 g. The fruit is nearly round in shape and the fruit shape index (L/D) is 0.93. The length of fruit stem is 3.17 cm. The fruit is fully bright red in color. The fruit surface is smooth with wax and good skin finish. The fruit flesh is light yellow, juicy and sweet. The fruit flesh texture is hard and crispy. The fruit firmness is 11.61 kg·cm-2. The total soluble solids content is 17.83%, and the titratable acid content is 0.28%. The trees are very productive and resistant to leaf diseases and apple canker. Suitable cultivation areas may cover many areas in China according to the results of the field trails, and this cultivar has high yield potential as the seedlings with branches can bear fruits next year after planting. The average yield of 3 years old Fuxing trees can achieve 1 504.60 kg per 666.7 m2 on M9T337 rootstocks. The time of fruit harvest is in late October in Shandong. The fruits have long storage life and shelf life, cold storage life is seven months and shelf life is over 240 days, and after storage the fruit aroma is quite strong. Spacing in the rows and between rows are (2.5-3.5) m×(3.5-4.5) m on vigorous rootstocks and (1.0-1.5) m×3.5 m on dwarf rootstocks. The suitable stocks are M26 interstock or M9T337 rootstock. Suitable pollination varieties can be chosen from Fuji, Gala, etc. Trees should be trained as the high spindle or thin spindle system. It would be a good variety for the bagless cultivation.
Key words: Apple; New cultivar; Fuxing; Late-ripening; Bagless cultivation
多年來富士、嘎拉、金冠等品種是我國主栽蘋果(Malus domestica Borkh.)品種,其中富士占栽培面積的70%以上[1]。富士品種需要通過套袋來解決果實(shí)著色[2]、病害及表光問題,增加了管理成本。選育擁有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的蘋果新品種是應(yīng)對農(nóng)村勞動力短缺、降低蘋果生產(chǎn)成本、滿足消費(fèi)者日益增長的多樣化需求的迫切需要[3]。
1 選育經(jīng)過
2010年4月青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)蘋果育種團(tuán)隊(duì)以新世界為母本、粉紅佳人為父本進(jìn)行人工授粉,獲得2498粒雜交種子。次年春季將層積萌動的雜交種子播種到穴盤中,當(dāng)雜種苗長至15 cm時,轉(zhuǎn)移至大型育苗袋在溫室內(nèi)生長。2012年春季選取栽培性狀明顯的雜種苗,取其高節(jié)位芽嫁接到已經(jīng)定植的M26矮化中間砧木上[4]。2014年雜種樹開始結(jié)果,編號為2010-W15-13Z-N3的品系所結(jié)的果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,未經(jīng)套袋果面著色鮮紅(圖1)。經(jīng)過2 a(年)評價,將該品系確定為優(yōu)系。2016年將該優(yōu)系高接到萊陽試驗(yàn)站和青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)膠州現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)科技示范園大樹,進(jìn)行高接鑒定。同時,在陜西咸陽、山西運(yùn)城、甘肅慶陽、河南商丘、山東煙臺、青島膠州等地進(jìn)行區(qū)試和品比試驗(yàn)。2018年9月27日,通過了山東省品種審定委員會專家現(xiàn)場測產(chǎn)驗(yàn)收,2019年12月獲得山東省林木良種證書(良種編號魯S-SV-MD-013-2019),2020年6月獲得農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部非主要農(nóng)作物品種登記證書[登記編號:GPD蘋果(2020)370015],同年7月獲得農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部植物新品種權(quán)證書(品種權(quán)號:CNA20184367.5)。
2 主要特征特性
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
福星樹型為普通型,樹勢中庸,樹姿開張。主干樹皮灰褐色,皮面稍粗糙,多年生枝褐色,較光滑。皮孔數(shù)量多,葉片中大,橢圓形,平均葉長7.60 cm,葉寬4.75 cm,葉片較平整,葉緣兩側(cè)微抱合,葉緣銳鋸齒;葉面光滑平展,葉色濃綠,葉背茸毛疏;葉柄長2.52 cm,基部有小托葉,葉柄基部淡紅。葉芽近三角形,中尖,緊貼于莖上,鱗片緊,茸毛中?;ㄑ恐写?,圓錐形,先端稍尖,鱗片較緊,茸毛少,花蕾粉色。
2.2 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
福星果實(shí)近圓形,平均單果質(zhì)量238.08 g,果形指數(shù)0.93,未套袋時果面鮮紅色,果面平滑光潔,果梗較長,風(fēng)味酸甜,汁液多,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為17.83%,可滴定酸含量為0.28%,果肉黃白色、致密,硬度為11.61 kg·cm-2。果實(shí)發(fā)育期為180 d左右,在山東省10月下旬成熟,無采前落果現(xiàn)象,晚采有糖心。果實(shí)貯藏性好,存儲(0~4 ℃)至第二年5月中旬果肉硬度為8.13 kg·cm-2,香氣依然濃郁。福星鮮食加工兼用,鮮榨果汁米黃色,香氣濃郁,口感潤滑、柔和,較甜,維生素C含量(ρ)為263.85 mg·L-1(表1)。
2.3 生長結(jié)果習(xí)性
福星幼樹生長旺盛,萌芽率和成枝率高;以短果枝結(jié)果為主,連續(xù)結(jié)果能力強(qiáng),無大小年結(jié)果現(xiàn)象;有良好的豐產(chǎn)性,以M9T337為砧木的3年生樹平均單株產(chǎn)量9.52 kg,折合666.7 m2產(chǎn)量為1 504.60 kg。
2.4 物候期
在山東省膠州市,福星花芽萌動期是4月1日,葉芽萌動期是4月10日,初花期4月17—20日,盛花期在4月21—25日,落花期在4月29日,果實(shí)成熟期在10月20—25日,落葉期在11月30日—12月1日,營養(yǎng)生長期220 d。
2.5 適應(yīng)性及抗病性
果實(shí)及樹體在田間表現(xiàn)出較好的抗病性,尤其抗炭疽葉枯病、早期落葉病、腐爛病等。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 栽植密度及授粉品種
福星采用嫁接繁殖,喬化砧木宜采用八棱海棠(M. robusta Rehd.)或山定子(M. baccata Borkh.)等,栽植株行距一般為(2.5~3.5) m×(3.5~4.5) m;矮化砧木可以采用M9T337自根砧或者M(jìn)26、M9矮化中間砧木,栽植株行距一般為(1.0~1.5) m×3.5 m。福星自花坐果率低,需配置授粉樹,以富士、嘎拉和新紅星等品種為宜。
3.2 整形修剪
喬化樹宜采用自由紡錘形或小冠疏層形,矮化樹宜采用高紡錘形。幼樹期以輕剪長放為主,春季可通過涂抹發(fā)枝素促發(fā)分枝,充分利用中長果枝結(jié)果。進(jìn)入結(jié)果盛期后利用中短果枝結(jié)果,應(yīng)及時更新結(jié)果枝。
3.3 花果管理
福星較易成花,自然坐果率高,若采用壁蜂傳粉或者人工授粉,可顯著提高坐果率。為提高果實(shí)質(zhì)量和維持樹勢,提倡疏花疏果。
3.4 肥水管理
福星幼樹期要施足基肥,以有機(jī)肥為主,輔以追肥,及時灌水,促進(jìn)幼樹營養(yǎng)生長和成花。進(jìn)入盛果期以后每年要施有機(jī)肥,及時追肥,注意氮、磷、鉀的合理搭配;灌水應(yīng)掌握隨旱隨灌的原則,保證芽前水和萌動水,在果實(shí)膨大期適當(dāng)灌溉。
3.5 適宜區(qū)域
福星蘋果適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),在蘋果栽培適區(qū)均可栽植。目前在新疆阿克蘇和伊犁,陜西洛川和咸陽,山西運(yùn)城,甘肅慶陽,河南商丘,山東煙臺、青島及威海等地區(qū)栽植均表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良。
3.6 病蟲害防治
按常規(guī)防治蘋果常見病蟲害,注意防治紅蜘蛛、金紋細(xì)蛾、蘋果輪紋病等。
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收稿日期:2023-06-12 接受日期:2023-07-07
基金項(xiàng)目:國家現(xiàn)代蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項(xiàng)目(CARS-27);山東省農(nóng)業(yè)良種工程項(xiàng)目(2021LZGC024,2022LZGC010);黃三角國家農(nóng)高區(qū)科技專項(xiàng)(2022SZX34);山東省“泰山學(xué)者”特聘專家人才項(xiàng)目(tstp20221134)
作者簡介:孫曉紅,女,副教授,從事蘋果新品種選育工作。Tel:13792884440,E-mail:mingsun9887@163.com
通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:13468290339,E-mail:ygzhang@qau.edu.cn