楊麗 王玉柱 張俊環(huán) 姜鳳超 張美玲 于文劍 孫浩元
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230155
摘? ? 要:京仁4號(hào)是從杏與扁桃遠(yuǎn)緣雜交后代中選出的仁用杏新品種,母本為仁用杏品種龍王帽,父本為從意大利引進(jìn)的扁桃品種意大利4號(hào)。果實(shí)7月中旬成熟,卵圓形,有果頂尖;成熟時(shí)果皮黃色,向陽(yáng)面具片狀紅色,著色面積中等;果核卵圓形,核殼粗糙,單核平均縱橫側(cè)徑分別為3.77、2.58和1.49 cm,平均鮮質(zhì)量4.15 g;核仁飽滿,味甜,雙仁多,單仁平均縱橫側(cè)徑分別為2.47、1.61和0.84 cm,平均鮮質(zhì)量為1.15 g、干質(zhì)量為0.93 g,離核;出仁率29.98%;杏仁脂肪含量(w,后同)為435.96 g·kg-1,蛋白質(zhì)含量為288.28 g·kg-1,鈣含量為1.11 g·kg-1,鐵含量為23.01 mg·kg-1。豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn),適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),綜合性狀優(yōu)良。
關(guān)鍵詞:仁用杏;新品種;京仁4號(hào);遠(yuǎn)緣雜交
中圖分類號(hào):S662.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)10-2287-04
A new kernel-used apricot cultivar Jingren 4 by distant hybridization
YANG Li1, 2, 3, WANG Yuzhu1, 2, 3, ZHANG Junhuan1, 2, 3, JIANG Fengchao1, 2, 3, ZHANG Meiling1, 2, 3, YU Wenjian1, 2, 3, SUN Haoyuan1, 2, 3*
(1Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; 2Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China; 3Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China)
Abstract: Kernel-used apricot is widely planted in three northern regions of China for its outstanding characteristics of cold resistance, drought resistance, and barren tolerance as an irreplaceable economic forest for developing agricultural economy and protecting the natural environment in mountainous areas. Compared with the excellent almond cultivars, the yield of the main cultivated kernel-used apricot in China is lower and the average single kernel mass is also lower. The growing regions of almond are very limited. Selection of innovative germplasm through distant hybridization has been successfully used in fruit breeding. In order to create a new germplasm combining the high yield of almond and the multi-resistance of kernel-used apricot, we made the distant hybridization between kernel-used apricot and almond and obtained F1 progenies. Through evaluation and selection of the hybrid progenies for many years, Jingren 4 bred from the cross of Longwangmao × Italy 4 was finally released as a new cultivar. The plant variety right was granted by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration in December 2022. The fruit of this new cultivar was ovoid with convex apex and the fruit peel was orange yellow when mature, with medium area red color on sunny side. The shell was ovoid with rough shell surface and plump kernel. The average longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and side diameter of the single shell was 3.77, 2.58 and 1.49 cm respectively, and the fresh shell weight 4.15 g. The kernel was sweet and large with average single fresh weight 1.15 g, dry weight 0.93 g, and high proportion of double kernel, the average longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and side diameter of single kernel was 2.47, 1.61 and 0.84 cm respectively. The content of fat in the kernel was 435.96 g·kg-1, the content of protein 288.28 g·kg-1, the content of Ca 1.11 g·kg-1 and the content of Fe 23.01 mg·kg-1. In Pinggu district of Beijing, the flower blossomed from late March to early April, with the flowering period of 5-7 days. The flowers were solitary and the petals were white. The pistils were significantly higher than the stamens, the proportion of complete flowers was high. The fruit development period was about 100 d and the fruits matured in mid-July. The leaves were dark green and glossy. Trees defoliation started in mid-late November and the vegetative growth periods lasted about 220 days. Jingren 4 had strong sprouting power and started to bear fruit in the second year after high grafting. It had good yield and stability without biennial fruiting. The pollinator trees were necessary for its poor self-flowering ability.
Key words: Kernel-used apricot; New cultivar; Jingren 4; Distant hybridization
仁用杏以取仁為主要目的,抗寒、抗旱、耐瘠薄特性突出,是著名的“抗旱先鋒”樹(shù)種,適宜我國(guó)三北地區(qū)種植,生態(tài)效益顯著,在發(fā)展山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)和保護(hù)自然環(huán)境中具有不可替代的作用,是我國(guó)特有的經(jīng)濟(jì)林樹(shù)種。杏仁是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的出口創(chuàng)匯產(chǎn)品,是世界著名的堅(jiān)果之一,富含蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸、多種維生素及微量元素,既可直接食用,也是食品、飲料、化妝品、藥品、油料等加工產(chǎn)品的重要原料 [1-2]。
扁桃(Amygdalus communis L.)同樣以取仁為主要目的,與目前我國(guó)主栽的仁用杏品種龍王帽等相比,國(guó)外優(yōu)良扁桃品種的單位面積產(chǎn)量高約3倍,單仁質(zhì)量平均高0.2 g以上。但是,扁桃在我國(guó)適生區(qū)域范圍遠(yuǎn)不及仁用杏廣泛,在北方大多數(shù)地區(qū)種植易發(fā)生“抽條”現(xiàn)象,不能獲得正常產(chǎn)量,難以實(shí)現(xiàn)種植效益。
遠(yuǎn)緣雜交技術(shù)可以將親緣種屬的優(yōu)良基因資源導(dǎo)入,是進(jìn)行品種遺傳改良的重要方法,已廣泛應(yīng)用于果樹(shù)育種研究并取得一定成效[3-6],通過(guò)這一途徑選育出兼具扁桃產(chǎn)量與單仁質(zhì)量以及仁用杏抗性等優(yōu)良特性的新種質(zhì),將對(duì)我國(guó)仁用杏種植區(qū)域產(chǎn)量和效益的提高具有重大意義。為此,北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院林業(yè)果樹(shù)研究所在國(guó)內(nèi)外率先開(kāi)展了扁桃與仁用杏的遠(yuǎn)緣雜交,歷經(jīng)艱苦努力,成功獲得后代群體,為選育單產(chǎn)大幅度增加的仁用杏改良品種奠定了基礎(chǔ)[7-8],通過(guò)多年鑒定篩選,從中培育出京仁4號(hào)。
1 選育經(jīng)過(guò)
選擇仁用杏良種龍王帽為母本,以從意大利引進(jìn)的扁桃品種意大利4號(hào)(A. communis L.)為父本。2004年4月從山東省泰安市采集父本花粉,充分干燥后置于4 ℃干燥條件下保存;當(dāng)年4月中旬,在位于北京延慶香營(yíng)新莊堡村的仁用杏園內(nèi),選擇母本龍王帽樹(shù)上大蕾期的花蕾去雄,授以父本意大利扁桃4號(hào)花粉;7月下旬果實(shí)成熟時(shí)采收雜交果,并及時(shí)去除果肉、取出種核,充分洗凈后放在3~5 ℃冷庫(kù)中層積沙藏90 d左右;10月中旬種子開(kāi)始陸續(xù)萌芽,將其及時(shí)播種到營(yíng)養(yǎng)缽內(nèi),冬季在溫室中培養(yǎng);2005年4月將幼苗定植到北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院林業(yè)果樹(shù)研究所位于北京平谷區(qū)馬坊鎮(zhèn)小屯村東的杏育種圃,株行距1 m×4 m,正常生產(chǎn)管理。
2009年,通過(guò)對(duì)雜種實(shí)生樹(shù)的果實(shí)性狀進(jìn)行鑒定,代號(hào)P31-44單株表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良,單仁大,雙仁多,仁香甜,豐產(chǎn),初選為優(yōu)株;2010年高接繁殖3株,第二年即結(jié)果,經(jīng)過(guò)2011—2014年連續(xù)鑒定評(píng)價(jià),優(yōu)良性狀表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定;2015年起在北京平谷、海淀及通州等地嫁接繁殖,多地多年表現(xiàn)良好;2022年6月通過(guò)專家現(xiàn)場(chǎng)審查,12月獲得國(guó)家林業(yè)和草原局植物新品種權(quán),品種權(quán)號(hào)20220597,定名為京仁4號(hào)(圖1)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 經(jīng)濟(jì)與品質(zhì)性狀
各類型果枝均可結(jié)果,以短果枝和花束狀果枝結(jié)果為主,完全花比例高,豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn),高接第二年即可結(jié)果,正常年份每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量為1500 kg左右,無(wú)明顯大小年。果實(shí)7月中旬成熟,卵圓形,有果頂尖,平均單果質(zhì)量41.7 g,果實(shí)縱橫側(cè)徑分別為4.63、4.56和3.96 cm ;成熟時(shí)果皮黃色,向陽(yáng)面具片狀紅色,著色面積中等;果核卵圓形,核殼粗糙,單核平均縱橫側(cè)徑分別為3.77、2.58和1.49 cm,鮮質(zhì)量4.15 g;核仁飽滿,味甜,雙仁多,單仁平均縱橫側(cè)徑分別為2.47、1.61和0.84 cm,平均鮮質(zhì)量1.15 g、干質(zhì)量0.93 g,離核;出仁率29.98%。杏仁中富含脂肪、蛋白質(zhì)、礦物質(zhì)等多種營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分(表1)。
2.2 植物學(xué)特征
樹(shù)勢(shì)較強(qiáng),樹(shù)姿半開(kāi)張;主干條狀縱裂;成枝力強(qiáng),多年生枝灰褐色,皮孔稠密;一年生枝陽(yáng)面紅褐色,幼樹(shù)結(jié)果初期發(fā)枝力強(qiáng);葉片顏色濃綠,有光澤,卵圓形,先端短尾尖,尖端夾角中等鈍角,基部鈍圓,葉緣鋸齒鈍,重鋸齒,葉緣起伏中等;葉柄長(zhǎng)2.5~3.5 cm,蜜腺2~3個(gè);花單生,花萼筒狀,淺紫紅色,花瓣白色,完全花比例高,雌蕊1枚、顯著高于雄蕊。
2.3 物候期
在北京平谷地區(qū),3月下旬至4月上旬盛花,花期5~7 d;4月中下旬展葉;7月上中旬果實(shí)成熟,果實(shí)發(fā)育期100 d左右;11月中下旬落葉,年生育期約220 d。
2.4 抗逆性與適應(yīng)性
樹(shù)體和花芽抗寒力均較強(qiáng),在北京地區(qū),多年未見(jiàn)嚴(yán)重凍花芽和抽條現(xiàn)象。無(wú)特殊敏感性病蟲(chóng)害和逆境傷害。適宜北京及具有相似生態(tài)條件區(qū)域種植。
2.5 指紋圖譜
基于SSR分子標(biāo)記技術(shù),利用篩選出的4對(duì)引物構(gòu)建了京仁4號(hào)和對(duì)照品種龍王帽的指紋圖譜(表2)。京仁4號(hào)在4個(gè)SSR位點(diǎn)的等位變異均為雜合,分別為189 bp和234 bp、151 bp和181 bp、170 bp和179 bp、139 bp和154 bp,構(gòu)成其特征指紋圖譜;龍王帽在SSR位點(diǎn)1、3、4的等位變異為雜合,分別為204 bp和234 bp、172 bp和179 bp、139 bp和143 bp,在SSR位點(diǎn)2的等位變異為純合,擴(kuò)增片段大小為181 bp,這4個(gè)位點(diǎn)的等位變異構(gòu)成其特征指紋圖譜。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 建園
園地應(yīng)選擇光照充足、排水良好的地塊,避免重茬地和低洼地等易發(fā)生晚霜危害的區(qū)域。苗木應(yīng)選擇優(yōu)質(zhì)嫁接苗,定植時(shí)先解除嫁接處綁條,接口應(yīng)露出地面。定植密度根據(jù)立地條件適當(dāng)調(diào)整,在山地、丘陵地、沙荒地等立地條件較差地區(qū)建園可適當(dāng)密植,在地勢(shì)相對(duì)平坦、土層較厚、有灌溉條件的地區(qū)建園可適當(dāng)稀植,一般株行距為(2~3)m×(4~5) m。選擇花期相同、花粉量大、授粉親和的品種如柏峪扁、優(yōu)1等作授粉樹(shù),授粉樹(shù)按1∶7左右比例配置。定植前整地,若有條件則按每666.7 m2施底肥2000~3000 kg的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行,澆透水。秋季落葉后或春季萌芽前均可定植,定植后應(yīng)立即灌足水,在60~80 cm高度定干。
3.2 整形修剪
樹(shù)形采用自然圓頭形或疏散分層形,幼樹(shù)以整形為主,結(jié)果期樹(shù)以調(diào)節(jié)樹(shù)體結(jié)構(gòu)、保持產(chǎn)量為主,老樹(shù)以更新復(fù)壯為主。修剪應(yīng)冬剪、夏剪相結(jié)合,加強(qiáng)夏季修剪,培育結(jié)果枝及結(jié)果枝組,改善通風(fēng)透光條件,促進(jìn)品質(zhì)提高和花芽分化。
3.3 花果管理
早春預(yù)防花期晚霜危害,可采用風(fēng)機(jī)、防風(fēng)障、熏煙等方式;自花結(jié)實(shí)率低,通過(guò)定植時(shí)適當(dāng)配置授粉樹(shù)、花期放蜂或人工授粉等方式提高產(chǎn)量;必要時(shí)進(jìn)行疏花疏果,合理負(fù)載,以利連年豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。避免過(guò)早采收,以利杏仁飽滿和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累。
3.4 肥水管理
在秋季9、10月間施用基肥,以腐熟的農(nóng)家肥和有機(jī)肥為主,每666.7 m2施肥2000~3000 kg,幼樹(shù)少施、盛果期大樹(shù)多施,可采用條狀溝施、放射狀溝施、環(huán)狀溝施等施肥方式。生長(zhǎng)季根據(jù)樹(shù)體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)等具體情況適當(dāng)追肥,7月前追肥以氮肥為主,磷、鉀肥配合使用,7月后追肥以鉀肥為主,促進(jìn)花芽分化。在萌芽前、硬核期、土壤上凍前結(jié)合秋施基肥各灌水1次,以滿足樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)需要;雨季注意排水,防止?jié)澈Α?/p>
3.5 病蟲(chóng)害防治
以“預(yù)防為主、綜合防治”為原則,增強(qiáng)樹(shù)勢(shì),提高樹(shù)體抵御逆境和病蟲(chóng)害的能力,冬季清園后和春季萌芽前樹(shù)體噴5°Bé石硫合劑,日常管理主要控制杏疔病、流膠病、杏仁蜂、桃紅頸天牛、介殼蟲(chóng)、蚜蟲(chóng)、食心蟲(chóng)等病蟲(chóng)害,早春萌芽前、開(kāi)花后、結(jié)果期等是重點(diǎn)防治時(shí)期,根據(jù)病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生情況及時(shí)采取有效防治措施。修剪時(shí)及時(shí)清理病蟲(chóng)枝以防病蟲(chóng)害傳播。
致謝:感謝山東省泰安市泰山林科院張文越老師協(xié)助采集扁桃花粉。
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收稿日期:2023-04-20 接受日期:2023-07-18
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2019YFD1001203);北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新能力建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(KJCX20230118);北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院科研創(chuàng)新平臺(tái)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(PT2023-09)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:楊麗,女,副研究員,研究方向?yàn)樾?、李資源收集評(píng)價(jià)與新品種選育。Tel:010-82595857,E-mail:yangli8260@126.com
通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:010-62599649,E-mail:haoyuansun@139.com