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晚熟白肉枇杷新品種迎雪的選育

2023-10-27 05:26:01徐紅霞李曉穎葛航陳俊偉
果樹學(xué)報 2023年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:白肉晚熟枇杷

徐紅霞 李曉穎 葛航 陳俊偉

DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230167

摘? ? 要:迎雪是由寧海白×解放鐘雜交選育出的晚熟白肉枇杷新品種。該品種果實近圓形,果皮淡黃色,果面光滑,果實較大,平均單果質(zhì)量為42.0 g,最大單果質(zhì)量為58.5 g;每果實含種子4.8粒。果肉乳白色,肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩,酸甜適口,風(fēng)味濃郁,品質(zhì)上等。可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為14.5%,總糖含量為13.5%,可滴定酸含量為0.35%,維生素C含量為13.3 mg·g-1。在嘉興市海寧市(東經(jīng)120.42°,北緯30.32°)6月上旬成熟;花序花朵69朵·穗-1,成枝力強(qiáng)。該品種花期晚且長、抗凍、抗栓皮、抗裂果、抗日灼,優(yōu)質(zhì)果率高。常溫貨架期7 d,冷藏1個月。適合浙江省及周邊枇杷產(chǎn)區(qū)栽培,嫁接苗第3年開花結(jié)果,豐產(chǎn)性好,商品果率高。

關(guān)鍵詞:枇杷;新品種;迎雪;晚熟;白肉;抗逆

中圖分類號:S667.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)10-2291-05

Breeding report of a new loquat variety Yingxue

XU Hongxia, LI Xiaoying, GE Hang, CHEN Junwei*

(Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China)

Abstract: Yingxue is a late-season, table loquat with excellent appearance. The seedling was derived from a cross between Ninghaibai and Jiefangzhong in 2011 at experimental field. Through artificial pollination, 450 hybrid seeds were obtained. The strain named A208 was initially selected as the superior line in 2017 for its late flowering time, strong stress resistance, large fruit, and excellent quality, and then was named Yingxue in 2018. After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Yuhang, Haining and Lanxi) for three years from 2020 to 2022, the new variety exhibited stable comprehensive straits such as excellent stress resistance, high yield, as well as good fruit quality in various regions, and the characteristics were consistent with the performance of the mother tree. In May, 2022, it was approved by the Zhejiang Provincial Forestry Variety Certification Committee (Improved number: Zhejiang S-SV-EJ-008-2022). The tree was tall, vigorous with semicircular crown and open tree gesture. The young branches were densely pubescent, then glabrous, dull grey-brown in color. The leaves were lanceolate, apical acuminate and wedge-shaped leaf bases. The leaf edges were curled and sharp, with shallow serrations and moderate density. The flowering period was from early December to early January, the inflorescence was long and conical, with an average length of 9.7 cm and a width of 8.5 cm. The average number of branches was 8.5, with drooping branches and moderate tightness. The petals were yellow-white, the fruit was relative large, and late ripening. The fruit was nearly round, with light yellow surface, easy peeling. The average fruit weight was 42.0 g, and the maximum fruit weight was 58.5 g. The average number of seeds per fruit was 4.8 and the average weight of seeds per fruit was 7.8 g. The flesh was milky white, with moderate hardness, medium juice, and a pleasant sour and sweet taste. The content of soluble solid was 14.5%, the content of total sugar was 13.5%, the content of reducing sugar was 13.4%, the content of titratable acid was 0.35%, the content of vitamin C was 13.3 mg·g-1, and the edible rate was 71.2%. The quality is excellent. The fruit matured in early June in Haining, Jiaxing area, the number of flowers was 69 per inflorescence. The branching ability was strong. It was resistant to frost, cork, fruit cracking, and sunburning. The cold storage life of fruit was 1 month and shelf life was over 7 days. The suitable cultivation areas would be Zhejiang Province and surrounding loquat producing areas. This variety could bear fruits three years after grafting, and had high yield potential and high commercial fruit rate. Orchards should choose mountainous or flat areas with an average annual temperature over 15 ℃ and a minimum temperature not lower than -9 ℃. Sandy soil was preferred, the spacing would be 4 m×4 m. The evacuation layered tree type would be recommended, and the tree height should be controled within 3.0 meters.

Key words: Loquat; New cultivar; Yingxue; Late-maturing; White flesh; Stress-resistant

枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)是一種原產(chǎn)于我國的重要亞熱帶果樹,培育果實品質(zhì)優(yōu)良、抗性強(qiáng)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好的新品種一直是枇杷育種者追求的目標(biāo)。近年來,陸續(xù)有通過雜交選育獲得性狀優(yōu)良的新品種的報道,如特早熟白肉品種白雪早[1]和三月白[2]、早熟白肉品種早佳8號[3]、中熟白肉品種西蜀3號[4]、特晚熟白肉品種香妃[5]、早熟紅肉品種黔早1號[6]以及晚熟紅肉品種黔光2號[7]等。

枇杷在浙江等北亞熱帶地區(qū)秋冬季開花坐果,花和幼果易發(fā)生凍害。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)枇杷花抗凍能力優(yōu)于幼果[8],花能抗-6 ℃低溫,而幼果-3 ℃就受凍。枇杷第一批花在10—11月開放,這批花在溫度最低的次年1月份剛好形成幼果,最易受凍害。因此,延遲花期是減輕幼果凍害發(fā)生的重要措施[9]。白肉枇杷因品質(zhì)好、口感佳,備受消費者歡迎,但是,現(xiàn)有的白肉品種普遍存在花期早、抗性差等問題,幼果凍害以及果實成熟期易日灼和裂果是白肉枇杷產(chǎn)量不穩(wěn)與種植效益不高的主要原因。因此,培育晚花抗逆白肉枇杷品種是促進(jìn)白肉枇杷產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的有效途徑之一。

迎雪是浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院園藝研究所通過人工雜交選育的枇杷新品種,該品種植物學(xué)性狀表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定,經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀良好,具有晚熟、品質(zhì)優(yōu)良、抗性強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(圖1)。

1 選育過程

迎雪是從以寧海白為母本、解放鐘為父本的雜交后代中選育出的晚熟優(yōu)質(zhì)白肉枇杷新品種。2011年11月選取健壯的解放鐘花穗,在花朵露白前將整個花穗進(jìn)行套袋,待露白后采集未開放花苞,收集花粉,置于烘箱內(nèi)25 ℃干燥后轉(zhuǎn)4 ℃冷藏備用。2011年12月,選取健康的已露白的寧海白花穗,去除雄蕊,用保存的解放鐘花粉進(jìn)行授粉,并立即套袋。2012年5月下旬收獲雜交果,取得450粒雜交種子,播種于營養(yǎng)缽中。2013年春將450株雜交實生苗定植于浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院海寧楊渡創(chuàng)新基地。2017年雜交后代首次結(jié)果,經(jīng)2017年和2018年對450株雜交后代進(jìn)行植物學(xué)特性、果實品質(zhì)性狀和抗性等觀察,代號為A208的株系因其花期遲、抗逆性強(qiáng),果型大、品質(zhì)優(yōu),初選為優(yōu)系,定名為迎雪,同時進(jìn)行嫁接擴(kuò)繁,在余杭、海寧、蘭溪3個地方進(jìn)行規(guī)模試驗示范,并以當(dāng)?shù)胤N植寧海白為對照品種,調(diào)查該優(yōu)系的植物學(xué)特征、物候期、抗逆性、果實品質(zhì)、產(chǎn)量等指標(biāo),經(jīng)過2020—2022年連續(xù)3 a(年)觀察,該品種在各地的抗逆性、豐產(chǎn)性、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性、果實品質(zhì)等綜合性狀表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定,特征特性與母樹表現(xiàn)一致。2022年5月通過浙江省林業(yè)品種審認(rèn)定委員會審定(良種編號:浙S-SV-EJ-008-2022)。

2 主要性狀

2.1 果實主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀

迎雪果實近圓形,平均單果質(zhì)量為42.0 g,果面淡黃色,易剝皮,果肉乳白色,質(zhì)地細(xì)嫩、化渣,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為14.5%,總糖含量為13.5%,還原糖含量為13.4%,可滴定酸含量為0.35%,維生素C含量為13.3 mg·g-1,可食率為71.2%(表1)。與對照品種寧海白相比,迎雪果型更大,可滴定酸含量和維生素C含量更高,風(fēng)味更濃郁。

2.2 植物學(xué)特征

該品種樹姿開張,樹冠為半圓球形,樹勢中等;葉姿斜向上,葉片為披針形,葉尖漸尖,葉基楔形,葉緣外卷、銳尖,鋸齒淺,密度中等;花期晚,花序為長圓錐形,花序平均長9.7 cm,寬8.5 cm,平均花序支軸數(shù)8.5個,支軸下垂,緊密度中等,花瓣顏色為黃白色,平均每穗花朵數(shù)69朵;果實較大,果肉乳白色,硬度中等,汁液中多,風(fēng)味酸甜適口;平均每果含種子4.8粒,平均每果種子質(zhì)量7.8 g;晚熟。

2.3 物候期

在浙北地區(qū),迎雪1年抽梢3次,即春梢、夏梢和秋梢,春梢始于3月上旬,與寧海白同期;花期遲而且長,初花時間為12月上旬,盛花期12月中旬至1月上旬,較寧海白等主栽品種遲30~40 d。果實6月上旬成熟,比寧海白晚10 d左右。

2.4 抗逆性

2020年12月至2021年1月浙江省經(jīng)歷多次強(qiáng)寒潮天氣,各區(qū)枇杷也不同程度地遭遇低溫凍害。2021年3月對余杭示范基地的迎雪和寧海白凍害情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查,結(jié)果顯示迎雪第一批幼果存活率為42.2%,第二批幼果存活率為83.5%,第三批幼果存活率為91.8%;而對照品種寧海白第一批幼果存活率為0,第二批幼果存活率為2.3%,第三批幼果存活率為10.3%(表2)。因此,迎雪3個批次幼果的成活率均較對照寧海白高,具備豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)特性。幼果歷經(jīng)冬季低溫,部分幼果會被凍傷,主要表現(xiàn)為果皮出現(xiàn)木栓層,俗稱“金剛?cè)Α?,雖然不影響果實可食性,但是嚴(yán)重影響果實的外觀和商品性。2021年4月對迎雪和寧海白的栓皮發(fā)生率進(jìn)行了調(diào)查統(tǒng)計,發(fā)現(xiàn)迎雪因花期遲,幼果受凍比例較低,所以果實發(fā)育后栓皮率也較低,為3.4%;而對照品種寧海白抗凍性差,花果受凍率高,果實發(fā)育后栓皮果率較高,為26.1%(表2)。2021年5月浙江省各地遭遇多次暴雨和高溫,果實成熟期對迎雪和對照品種寧海白進(jìn)行裂果率和日灼發(fā)生率進(jìn)行調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)迎雪在余杭示范基地裂果率為1.5%,而寧海白裂果率達(dá)22.4%;迎雪的日灼發(fā)生率為13.3%,而寧海白日灼發(fā)生率達(dá)49.6%(表2)。因此迎雪抗性更強(qiáng),商品果率更高。

3 繁殖方法及栽培技術(shù)要點

3.1 繁殖方法

迎雪枇杷繁殖主要通過小苗嫁接繁殖以及大樹高位嫁接繁殖。其中小苗嫁接繁殖以春季枝接為主,高位嫁接繁殖則以春季切接、切腹接等枝接為主。嫁接苗移栽后及時遮陽,防止干旱。

3.2 建園定植

建園選擇年平均氣溫高于15 ℃、最低氣溫不低于-9 ℃、小氣候條件優(yōu)的山地或平地,以pH值5.5~7.5、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量≥ 15 g·kg-1、土層深厚、土質(zhì)疏松、保水保肥力強(qiáng)、排水良好的砂質(zhì)壤土為佳。栽植密度4 m×4 m,2—3月份移栽為宜,種前挖1 m×1 m、深80 cm的定植穴,施足腐熟有機(jī)肥并與土拌勻。

3.3 肥水管理

幼年果園施肥應(yīng)薄肥勤施,在各次梢抽發(fā)前后施好促梢肥和壯梢肥,速效化肥和腐熟農(nóng)家肥配合施用。2—10月每隔2個月施1次,7—8月夏季不施肥,株施含0.2%~0.3%尿素、0.1%~0.2%復(fù)合肥(N、P2O5、K2O質(zhì)量比為15∶15∶15)的水肥3~5 kg;10月—翌年2月施冬肥1次,株施有機(jī)肥10~20 kg。結(jié)果樹春季肥2月下旬至3月上旬施入,以速效肥為主。掛果少、春梢抽發(fā)多而旺的樹可以不施;4月初可追施鉀肥,促進(jìn)果實膨大;5—6月在采果后、夏梢抽發(fā)前施入采果肥,以施速效肥為主,適當(dāng)搭配有機(jī)肥。9月中下旬施花前肥,以有機(jī)肥為主,適當(dāng)搭配速效肥,施肥量占全年總施肥量的50%左右?;ㄆ诳梢苑侄啻渭邮└叩獜?fù)合肥,延長開花時間[10]。花果生長期缺水和采果后7—8月高溫干旱季節(jié)應(yīng)及時灌水或噴水,并在樹盤下覆草防旱。多雨季節(jié)或果園積水時應(yīng)及時排水。

3.4 整形修剪及花果管理

樹形一般采用疏散分層形,樹高控制在3.0 m以內(nèi),主干高度40~60 cm,3~4層主枝群,各層留3~4個結(jié)果枝,層間間隔50~60 cm。該品種側(cè)枝數(shù)量平均2.5根,生產(chǎn)上無需過多人工整枝與疏花疏果,省工省力。修剪主要疏除細(xì)弱枝、重疊枝、交叉枝、病蟲枯枝。

3.5 疏花疏果與套袋

10—11月間,可將多余花穗摘除,樹冠頂上部多疏,樹冠內(nèi)膛、中下部少疏,留穗總梢數(shù)占全樹總梢數(shù)的60%~70%。疏果一般在3月中旬—4月中旬進(jìn)行,一個果穗留2~4個果,疏果后采用內(nèi)黑外黃果袋進(jìn)行套袋防止鳥害與日灼,套袋前宜噴1次殺菌與殺蟲劑,在噴藥后5 d內(nèi)完成套袋。

3.6 病蟲害防治

開春前注意清園與地面、樹體殺菌;春季疏果后噴1次殺蟲與殺菌劑;采后防天牛與擬木蠹蛾等枝干害蟲以及黃毛蟲和舟形毛蟲等葉片害蟲[11];11月—翌年2月間,在花蕾期、謝花后和幼果期,分別噴施代森猛鋅、嘧霉胺和異菌脲等防控花腐病,減輕花穗腐爛病發(fā)生,增強(qiáng)抗凍能力,提高坐果率[12]。

參考文獻(xiàn) References:

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ZHENG Shaoquan,JIANG Jimou,DENG Chaojun,JIANG Fan,CHEN Xiuping,HU Wenshun,XU Jiahui,XU Qizhi,SU Wenbing. A new extremely early ripening loquat cultivar ‘Baixuezao with high quality and large size[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2020,47(S2):2958-2959.

[2] 鄭少泉,蔣際謀,姜帆,鄧朝軍,陳秀萍,胡文舜,許家輝,許奇志,蘇文炳. 特早熟優(yōu)質(zhì)大果白肉枇杷新品種‘三月白[J]. 園藝學(xué)報,2020,47(S2):2956-2957.

ZHENG Shaoquan,JIANG Jimou,JIANG Fan,DENG Chaojun,CHEN Xiuping,HU Wenshun,XU Jiahui,XU Qizhi,SU Wenbing. A new extremely early ripening loquat cultivar ‘Sanyuebaiwith high quality,large size and white flesh[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2020,47(S2):2956-2957.

[3] 張展偉,阮賢聰,林順權(quán),陳健,馮瑞祥,楊向暉,徐社金. 早熟白肉枇杷新品種‘早佳8號[J]. 園藝學(xué)報,2022,49(S1):45-46.

ZHANG Zhanwei,RUAN Xiancong,LIN Shunquan,CHEN Jian,F(xiàn)ENG Ruixiang,YANG Xianghui,XU Shejin. A new early maturing white-flesh loquat cultivar ‘Zaojia 8[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2022,49(S1):45-46.

[4] 宋海巖,孫淑霞,李靖,陳棟,涂美艷,王玲利,徐子鴻,銀登貴,江國良.中熟白肉枇杷新品種‘西蜀3號[J]. 園藝學(xué)報,2022,49(S1):47-48.

SONG Haiyan,SUN Shuxia,LI Jing,CHEN Dong,TU Meiyan,WANG Lingli,XU Zihong,YIN Denggui,JIANG Guoliang. A new mid-maturing loquat cultivar ‘Xishu 3[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2022,49(S1):47-48.

[5] 鄭少泉,蔣際謀,鄧朝軍,姜帆,陳秀萍,胡文舜,許家輝,許奇志,蘇文炳. 特晚熟優(yōu)質(zhì)大果白肉枇杷新品種‘香妃[J]. 園藝學(xué)報,2020,47(S2):2954-2955.

ZHENG Shaoquan,JIANG Jimou,DENG Chaojun,JIANG Fan,CHEN Xiuping,HU Wenshun,XU Jiahui,XU Qizhi,SU Wenbing. A new extremely late ripening loquat cultivar ‘Xiangfeiwith high quality and large size[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2020,47(S2):2954-2955.

[6] 楊勇勝,江旭升,李慶宏,魏椿,文曉鵬,陳樹紅,曾慶華,唐洪毅,王道靜. 早熟枇杷新品種黔早1號的選育[J]. 果樹學(xué)報,2022,39(9):1729-1732.

YANG Yongsheng,JIANG Xusheng,LI Qinghong,WEI Chun,WEN Xiaopeng,CHEN Shuhong,ZENG Qinghua,TANG Hongyi,WANG Daojing. A report on a new loquat variety Qianzao 1[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2022,39(9):1729-1732.

[7] 楊勇勝,李慶宏,江旭升,魏椿,鄧勇,陳樹紅,曾慶華. 枇杷新品種黔光2號的選育[J]. 果樹學(xué)報,2021,38(10):1817-1820.

YANG Yongsheng,LI Qinghong,JIANG Xusheng,WEI Chun,DENG Yong,CHEN Shuhong,ZENG Qinghua. Breeding report of a new loquat cultivar Qianguang 2[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2021,38(10):1817-1820.

[8] 徐紅霞,周慧芬,李曉穎,姜路花,陳俊偉. 低溫脅迫下枇杷不同發(fā)育階段的花果轉(zhuǎn)錄組比較分析[J]. 園藝學(xué)報,2021,48(9):1680-1694.

XU Hongxia,ZHOU Huifen,LI Xiaoying,JIANG Luhua,CHEN Junwei. Comparative transcriptome analysis of different developmental stages of flowers and fruits in loquat under low temperature stress[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2021,48(9):1680-1694.

[9] 陳俊偉,孫鈞,李曉穎,徐紅霞,周曉音,姜路花. 白肉枇杷晚花避凍栽培技術(shù)探討[J]. 浙江農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2017,58(3):417-419.

CHEN Junwei,SUN Jun,LI Xiaoying,XU Hongxia,ZHOU Xiaoyin,JIANG Luhua. Study on later flowering cultivation techniques to avoid freezing in white loquat [J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2017,58(3):417-419.

[10] 徐紅霞,姜路花,李曉穎,葛航,劉靈敏,陸勝民,唐為良,潘蘭貴,陳俊偉. 不同秋季施肥處理對枇杷開花、坐果和果實品質(zhì)的影響[J]. 浙江農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2023,64(3):620-623.

XU Hongxia,JIANG Luhua,LI Xiaoying,GE Hang,LIU Lingmin,LU Shengmin,TANG Weiliang,PAN Langui,CHEN Junwei. Effects of different fertilization treatments on flowering,fruit setting and fruit quality of loquat in autumn[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2023,64(3):620-623.

[11] 王華忠,楊佩貞,何璟. 淳安縣枇杷凍害、風(fēng)害、日灼預(yù)防及病蟲害防治技術(shù)[J]. 中國南方果樹,2013,42(1):104-105.

WANG Huazhong,YANG Peizhen,HE Jing. Prevention of loquat frost damage,wind damage,sunburn and pest control techniques in Chunan County [J]. South China Fruits,2013,42(1):104-105.

[12] 陳俊偉,徐紅霞,王朝麗,楚岱蔚,李曉穎,何娟. 陰雨寡照天氣枇杷花穗腐爛病的發(fā)生特點與防治技術(shù)探討[J]. 中國南方果樹,2022,51(6):117-119.

CHEN Junwei,XU Hongxia,WANG Zhaoli,CHU Daiwei,LI Xiaoying,HE Juan. Discussion on the occurrence characteristics and control techniques of loquat ear rot disease under continuous rainy and poorly lit weathe[J]. South China Fruits,2022,51(6):117-119.

收稿日期:2023-04-25 接受日期:2023-05-24

基金項目:浙江省“十四五”果品新品種選育專項(2021C02066-3);浙江省三農(nóng)九方項目(2022SNJF028);湖州市現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)研發(fā)項目(2022SY009)

作者簡介:徐紅霞,女,副研究員,博士,主要從事枇杷育種與栽培研究。Tel:0571-86417302,E-mail:xuhongxia@zaas.ac.cn

通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:0571-86417302, E-mail:chenjunwei@zaas.ac.cn

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