弓雪 盧生喬 陳坤 劉亞利 韋正乙 覃宏宇 鐘昌松 楊耀迥 周錦國 張述寬
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2023.06.018
摘要:【目的】探究灌漿期淹水脅迫下2個(gè)廣西骨干玉米自交系在生理生化水平上的應(yīng)答差異,為玉米耐澇性評價(jià)及耐澇栽培提供理論依據(jù)。【方法】以廣西骨干玉米自交系88M-1-8和先21A為供試材料,設(shè)灌漿期授粉后正常水分處理14 d(CK-14)、18 d(CK-18)和淹水處理14 d(W-14)、18 d(W-18)共4個(gè)處理,分別測定不同處理玉米自交系的葉片含水量、葉綠素含量(SPAD值)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、脫落酸(ABA)含量及抗氧化酶活性,利用主成分分析和隸屬函數(shù)法綜合評價(jià)淹水脅迫對灌漿期玉米葉片生理生化特性的影響。【結(jié)果】88M-1-8在W-14時(shí)葉片含水量、SPAD值、SOD和POD活性均高于先21A,在W-18時(shí)葉片含水量、SPAD值、CAT活性和ABA含量均顯著高于先21A(P<0.05,下同)。隨著淹水天數(shù)的增加,88M-1-8葉片中CAT活性顯著上升,Pro含量、SOD和POD活性顯著下降;先21A葉片中MDA含量、SOD和POD活性上升,葉片含水量、CAT活性、SPAD值和ABA含量顯著下降。與正常水分處理相比,淹水導(dǎo)致88M-1-8和先21A葉片POD活性、MDA和Pro含量上升,SPAD值和ABA含量下降,其中先21A變化幅度更大,差異均達(dá)顯著水平。相關(guān)分析結(jié)果表明,葉片含水量與SPAD值呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),葉片含水量、SPAD值與MDA含量呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),CAT活性與SOD活性呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。利用主成分分析及隸屬函數(shù)法對玉米葉片的8個(gè)生理生化指標(biāo)進(jìn)行綜合評價(jià),其結(jié)果為88M-1-8在W-14處理的耐澇性最強(qiáng),在W-18處理的耐澇性次之;先21A在W-14處理的耐澇性第3,在W-18處理的耐澇性最差。【結(jié)論】灌漿期淹水脅迫可導(dǎo)致玉米葉片POD活性、MDA和Pro含量上升,SPAD值和ABA含量下降。自交系88M-1-8的變化幅度低于先21A,隨著脅迫時(shí)間增加,88M-1-8的耐澇性明顯優(yōu)于先21A。CAT活性和ABA含量可作為玉米灌漿期葉片耐澇性的初步評價(jià)指標(biāo)。
關(guān)鍵詞:玉米;淹水脅迫;灌漿期;生理生化響應(yīng);綜合評價(jià)
中圖分類號:S513? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:2095-1191(2023)06-1771-09
Effects of waterlogging stress during filling stage on physiological and biochemical characteristics of backbone maize inbred
lines in Guangxi
GONG Xue1, LU Sheng-qiao1, CHEN Kun1, LIU Ya-li1,WEI Zheng-yi1, QIN Hong-yu1, ZHONG Chang-song2, YANG Yao-jiong1, ZHOU Jin-guo1*, ZHANG Shu-kuan2*
(1Corn Research Institute,Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanning,Guangxi? 530007,China;
2Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanning,Guangxi? 530007,China)
Abstract:【Objective】The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences in physiological and biochemical responses of two backbone maize inbred lines in Guangxi under waterlogging stress during the filling stage, so as to provide a theoretical basis for waterlogging-tolerance evaluation and cultivation of maize. 【Method】Four treatments were set up: the normal water treatments of 14 d (CK-14) and 18 d (CK-18) and the flooding treatments of 14 d (W-14) and 18 d (W-18) at the filling stage after pollination. The leaf water content, chlorophyll content(SPAD value), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, abscisic acid (ABA) contents and autioxidant enzyme activities of maize inbred lines were separately measured after different treatments, respectively. Effects of flooding stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of maize leaves at filling stage were comprehensively evaluated using principal component analysis and membership function method. 【Result】At W-14, leaf water content, SPAD value, SOD and POD activities of 88M-1-8 were? higher than those of Xian 21A, and at W-18, leaf water content, SPAD value, CAT activity and ABA content were signi-ficantly higher than those of Xian 21A (P<0.05, the same below). As the number of days of flooding increased, CAT activity significantly increased and Pro content, SOD and POD activities significantly decreased in 88M-1-8 leaves; MDA content, SOD and POD activities increased, and leaf water content, CAT activity, chlorophyll and ABA content significantly decreased in Xian 21A leaves. Compared with the normal water treatment, flooding resulted in a significant increase in POD activity, MDA and Pro contents, and a significant decrease in SPAD value and ABA content in the leaves of 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A, among which the change of Xian 21A was larger and the difference was significant. The results of correlation analysis showed that leaf water content was extremely significantly and positively correlated with SPAD value (P<0.01, the same below), both were extremely significantly and negatively correlated with MDA content, and CAT activity was significantly and negatively correlated with SOD activity. The eight physiological and biochemical indicators in maize leaves were comprehensively evaluated and analyzed by principal component analysis and membership function method, and the results were as follows: the waterlogging tolerance of 88M-1-8 under W-14 treatment was the strongest, the waterlogging tolerance under W-18 treatment was the second, and the waterlogging tolerance of Xian 21A under W-14 treatment was the third, and the waterlogging tolerance under W-18 was the worst.【Conclusion】Flooding stress at filling stage can lead to increase of POD activity, MDA and Pro contents, and decrease of SPAD value and ABA content in maize leaves. The variation range of the inbred line 88M-1-8 is? lower than that of Xian 21A. With the increase of stress time, the waterlogging tolerance of 88M-1-8 is higher than Xian 21A. CAT activity and ABA content can be used as preliminary evaluation indicators for waterlogging tolerance of maize leaves during the filling stage.
Key words: maize; waterlogging stress; filling stage; physiological and biochemical responses; comprehensive evaluation
Foundation items:Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2020GXNSFAA297136);Science and Technology Deve-lopment Project of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Guinongke 2021ZX11, Guinongke 2022JM18);Basic Scien-tific Research Project of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Guinongke 2021YT016)
0 引言
【研究意義】隨著全球氣候變暖,世界多數(shù)地區(qū)降水量普遍增加,過度降水極易引起水澇災(zāi)害(Huang et al.,2022a)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),全球約有12%的農(nóng)作物受澇漬脅迫威脅,致使全球糧食作物減產(chǎn)20%左右(Ren et al.,2016a;Huang et al.,2022a)。廣西雨量充沛,但時(shí)空分布不均,全年降雨大部分集中在5—8月,排水不暢、低洼地區(qū)極易出現(xiàn)洪澇災(zāi)害(時(shí)成俏,2019)。每年5—6月是廣西春玉米籽粒灌漿期,該時(shí)段遭受澇漬脅迫,會(huì)造成玉米大幅減產(chǎn)。因此,開展灌漿期淹水脅迫對玉米生理生化響應(yīng)的研究,對廣西耐澇玉米資源開發(fā)、耐澇品種選育及栽培技術(shù)探究等具有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】淹水脅迫對植物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響較復(fù)雜,與植物的生育期、品種特性及降水的持續(xù)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度密切相關(guān)(Li et al.,2011;Ren et al.,2014)。前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),玉米對淹水脅迫較敏感的時(shí)期為苗期、拔節(jié)期、抽雄期、開花期和灌漿期,且隨著脅迫時(shí)間持續(xù),產(chǎn)量逐漸降低(Ren et al.,2016b;Huang et al.,2022a)。Tian等(2019a)研究表明,玉米品種苗期、拔節(jié)期和抽雄期進(jìn)行短期漬水和淹水處理,葉片會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量丙二醛(MDA),葉綠素含量降低,葉片光合作用下降;此外,淹水還會(huì)使玉米葉片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、過氧化物酶(POD)和過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性增加,滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸(Pro)含量提高。Huang等(2022a,2022b)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),灌漿期長期澇漬脅迫導(dǎo)致玉米品種上部葉片的光合功能迅速衰退,抗氧化保護(hù)酶(POD、SOD和CAT等)受損,膜脂過氧化程度加劇,造成MDA大量積累??梢?,短期澇漬脅迫下玉米葉片可通過抗氧化保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié),進(jìn)而有效減輕脅迫對葉片的危害;但長期澇漬脅迫會(huì)損害保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng),引發(fā)葉片加速衰老(Tian et al.,2019b;Huang et al.,2022b)。此外,不同品種間耐澇性存在明顯差異(Tian et al.,2019b;Bhusal et al.,2020;朱煒等,2022)。耐澇性強(qiáng)的玉米品種,葉片持綠性較好,膜脂過氧化損傷較輕;而耐澇性弱的品種葉綠素合成能力下降,膜脂過氧化損傷嚴(yán)重,葉片衰老、變黃(田禮欣,2019;Tian et al.,2019b)。朱煒等(2022)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),淹水處理下砧木桃樹的幼苗葉片中,耐澇品種的Pro含量顯著增加,而不耐澇品種Pro含量僅略有增加?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】已有研究表明灌漿期淹水脅迫嚴(yán)重影響玉米品種的正常生長發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量,但目前針對玉米自交系灌漿期淹水處理下生理生化響應(yīng)的研究較少,尚需深入探討。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】以2個(gè)廣西骨干玉米自交系為供試材料,以正常水分處理為對照,設(shè)不同持續(xù)時(shí)間淹水處理,探討灌漿期淹水脅迫下2個(gè)玉米自交系在生理生化水平上的應(yīng)答差異,以期為玉米耐澇性評價(jià)及耐澇栽培提供理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料
供試玉米材料為88M-1-8(桂青貯242父本)和先21A(桂單162父本),均為廣西骨干玉米自交系。
1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法
試驗(yàn)在廣西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院玉米研究所明陽基地開展。采用盆栽試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)盆高30 cm,上口徑33 cm,下口徑26 cm;將耕層土壤過篩裝盆,每盆裝入15 kg潮土。土壤速效氮含量116.0 mg/kg、速效磷含量210.1 mg/kg、速效鉀含量224.0 mg/kg、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量39.4 g/kg。
試驗(yàn)設(shè)正常水分處理(CK)和淹水處理(W),每處理設(shè)2個(gè)持續(xù)時(shí)間,即正常水分處理14 d(CK-14)和18 d(CK-18),淹水處理14 d(W-14)和18 d(W-18)。每處理3次重復(fù),隨機(jī)排列。每盆種植4株玉米,出苗后選取健康玉米定苗2株,拔節(jié)期定苗1株,前期常規(guī)管理,將長勢一致的玉米自交授粉后進(jìn)行淹水脅迫處理。采用雙套盆法,每天補(bǔ)水使土壤含水量過飽和,始終保持水面高出盆中土壤表面2~3 cm,使玉米處于淹水狀態(tài)。對照土壤含水量為田間持水量的75%~80%。分別在處理的第14和18 d進(jìn)行取樣和指標(biāo)測定,每次取樣15株。
1. 3 測定指標(biāo)及方法
采用烘干法測定葉片含水量,葉片含水量(%)=(初始鮮重-干重)/初始鮮重×100。
葉綠素含量(SPAD值)采用葉綠素儀(SPAD-502 Plus,日本Konica Minolta公司)測定;MDA含量采用硫代巴比妥酸法測定;SOD活性采用氮藍(lán)四唑(NBT)光還原法測定;POD活性采用愈創(chuàng)木酚顯色法測定;CAT活性采用紫外吸收法測定;Pro含量采用比色法測定(高俊鳳,2006);脫落酸(ABA)含量采用高效液相色譜法測定(王萌等,2015)。
利用主成分分析和隸屬函數(shù)法綜合評價(jià)不同處理下各自交系的耐澇性(任保蘭等,2021;李港等,2022)。
耐澇系數(shù)=淹水條件下的測定值/正常水分條件下的測定值
變異系數(shù)(%)=(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差/平均值)×100
隸屬函數(shù)值U(Xj)=(Xj-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)
耐澇綜合評價(jià)值D=[j=1n[U(Xj×Wj)]]
式中,U(Xj)表示各指標(biāo)隸屬函數(shù)值,Xj表示第j個(gè)綜合指標(biāo),Xmax和Xmin分別表示第j個(gè)綜合指標(biāo)的最大值和最小值,j=1,2,3,…,n。D值為淹水脅迫下各試材的耐澇性綜合評價(jià)值,Wj為各指標(biāo)權(quán)重。
1. 4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2010和SPSS 25.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,采用Excel 2010和Photoshop CC 2020制圖。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 灌漿期淹水脅迫對玉米葉片含水量的影響
由圖1可知,CK-14處理下,88M-1-8的葉片含水量顯著低于先21A(P<0.05,下同);W-18處理下,88M-1-8的葉片含水量顯著高于先21A;W-14和CK-18處理下,2個(gè)玉米自交系的葉片含水量無顯著差異(P>0.05,下同)。隨著處理天數(shù)的增加,先21A的葉片含水量顯著下降,88M-1-8的葉片含水量也略有下降,但變化不顯著。與CK-14處理相比,W-14處理下88M-1-8和先21A的葉片含水量分別下降1.50%和7.73%;與CK-18處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8和先21A的葉片含水量分別下降1.59%和11.15%。由此可知,淹水脅迫對88M-1-8的葉片含水量影響較小,對先21A則影響較大,且隨著處理時(shí)間的延長影響逐漸增強(qiáng)。
2. 2 灌漿期淹水脅迫對玉米葉片SPAD值的影響
由圖2可看出,不同處理下88M-1-8的SPAD值均顯著高于先21A。隨著淹水處理天數(shù)的增加,2個(gè)玉米自交系的葉片SPAD值均呈下降趨勢。與CK-14處理相比,W-14處理下88M-1-8和先21A的SPAD值分別顯著下降7.97%和29.27%;與CK-18處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8和先21A的SPAD值分別顯著下降9.77%和40.24%??梢?,淹水脅迫對88M-1-8葉片葉綠素含量的影響小于先21A。
2. 3 灌漿期淹水脅迫對玉米葉片MDA含量的影響
由圖3可看出,88M-1-8在W-14和W-18處理下的MDA含量均顯著低于先21A。隨著淹水處理天數(shù)的增加,先21A的葉片MDA含量顯著上升5.43%。與CK-14處理相比,W-14處理下88M-1-8和先21A的MDA含量分別顯著上升11.16%和22.19%;與CK-18處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8和先21A的MDA含量分別顯著上升14.30%和32.11%,先21A在W-18處理上升幅度最大,88M-1-8在W-14處理上升幅度最小。表明淹水脅迫對88M-1-8和先21A的葉片MDA含量均有影響,其中W-18對先21A的影響最大。
2. 4 灌漿期淹水脅迫對玉米葉片抗氧化酶活性的影響
由圖4可看出,淹水脅迫對2個(gè)玉米自交系抗氧化酶活性的影響存在差異。圖4-A顯示,88M-1-8的SOD活性在CK-14、CK-18和W-14處理下均顯著高于先21A,在W-18處理下顯著低于先21A。隨著正常水分和脅迫處理天數(shù)的增加,88M-1-8葉片的SOD活性均降低,先21A的SOD活性均升高。與CK-14處理相比,88M-1-8和先21A的SOD活性在W-14處理下分別上升6.24%和15.78%;與CK-18處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8的SOD活性顯著下降18.78%,先21A的SOD活性顯著上升24.45%。
圖4-B顯示,88M-1-8在W-14處理下POD活性顯著高于先21A,在CK-18和W-18處理下POD活性顯著低于先21A。隨著淹水天數(shù)的增加,88M-1-8中POD活性顯著降低15.08%,先21A葉片中POD活性顯著上升20.03%。與CK-14處理相比,W-14處理下88M-1-8和先21A的POD活性分別顯著上升21.33%和9.56%;與CK-18處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8和先21A的POD活性分別上升2.16%和12.46%,88M-1-8在W-14處理上升幅度最大,在W-18處理上升幅度最小。
圖4-C顯示,88M-1-8在CK-14、CK-18和W-14處理下的CAT活性均顯著低于先21A,在W-18處理下的CAT活性顯著高于先21A。隨著淹水天數(shù)的增加,88M-1-8中CAT活性顯著上升26.00%,先21A葉片中CAT活性顯著下降57.21%。與CK-14處理相比,W-14處理下88M-1-8和先21A的CAT活性無顯著變化;與CK-18處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8的CAT活性顯著上升107.81%,先21A的CAT活性顯著下降61.10%。
2. 5 灌漿期淹水脅迫對玉米葉片Pro含量的影響
由圖5可看出,88M-1-8在W-14和W-18處理下的Pro含量顯著低于先21A。隨著處理天數(shù)的增加,正常水分條件下88M-1-8和先21A的Pro含量分別顯著上升16.30%和15.94%;淹水條件下88M-1-8中Pro含量顯著下降23.32%,先21A中Pro含量上升1.7%。與CK-14處理相比,W-14處理下88M-1-8和先21A的Pro含量分別顯著上升74.93%和128.90%;與CK-18處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8和先21A的Pro含量分別顯著上升15.34%和100.77%。淹水脅迫對88M-1-8葉片Pro含量的影響較小,對先21A的影響較大。
2. 6 灌漿期淹水脅迫對玉米葉片ABA含量的影響
由圖6可看出,88M-1-8在CK-14、CK-18和W-14處理下的ABA含量顯著低于先21A,在W-18處理下的ABA含量顯著高于先21A。隨著處理天數(shù)的增加,正常水分條件下先21A葉片ABA含量顯著上升12.08%,淹水處理?xiàng)l件下先21A葉片ABA含量顯著下降79.11%。與CK-14處理相比,W-14處理下88M-1-8和先21A的ABA含量分別下降11.79%和16.53%;與CK-18處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8和先21A的ABA含量分別顯著下降22.87%和84.44%,先21A在W-18處理時(shí)下降幅度最大,88M-1-8在W-14處理時(shí)下降幅度最小??梢?,淹水脅迫對88M-1-8葉片ABA含量影響較小,對先21A影響較大,尤其是W-18引起先21A的ABA含量急劇下降。
2. 7 各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的耐澇系數(shù)及相關(guān)分析
由表1可知,CAT活性和ABA含量的變異系數(shù)較大,分別為62.92%和51.43%,其次是Pro含量,為26.89%,說明灌漿期淹水脅迫對這3個(gè)指標(biāo)的影響較大。玉米淹水后,MDA含量、POD活性和Pro含量的耐澇系數(shù)大于1,葉片含水量、SPAD值和ABA含量的耐澇系數(shù)小于1,其余單項(xiàng)指標(biāo)變化幅度不一致。由表2相關(guān)系數(shù)矩陣可知,葉片含水量與SPAD值呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),SPAD值和葉片含水量與MDA含量均呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),CAT活性與SOD活性呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),其他指標(biāo)間無顯著相關(guān)性。玉米各指標(biāo)的耐澇系數(shù)變化幅度和各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)間的相關(guān)性不同,難以用單項(xiàng)指標(biāo)判定自交系的耐澇性,需在此基礎(chǔ)上開展多元統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
2. 8 各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的耐澇性分析
2. 8. 1 主成分分析 根據(jù)主成分分析結(jié)果(表3),主成分PC1和PC2的貢獻(xiàn)率分別為70.21%和22.41%,累積貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)92.62%。決定PC1大小的指標(biāo)主要有葉片含水量、SPAD值、MDA含量、SOD活性、CAT活性、Pro含量和ABA含量,決定PC2大小的指標(biāo)主要有POD活性、Pro含量和ABA含量。在PC1中葉片含水量、SPAD值、CAT活性和ABA含量有較高的正向載荷,MDA含量、SOD活性和Pro含量有較高的負(fù)向載荷。而在PC2中POD活性有較高的正向載荷。
2. 8. 2 隸屬函數(shù)分析 表4為2個(gè)玉米自交系不同處理的綜合耐澇評價(jià)D值,D值越大,則該材料的耐澇性越強(qiáng)。結(jié)果表明,88M-1-8在W-14處理下的耐澇性最強(qiáng),在W-18處理下的耐澇性次之;先21A在W-14處理下的耐澇性第3,在W-18處理下的耐澇性最差。
3 討論
3. 1 玉米自交系對灌漿期淹水脅迫的響應(yīng)
前人研究表明,玉米籽粒灌漿期澇漬脅迫可導(dǎo)致葉片氣孔關(guān)閉、蒸騰效率降低,葉綠素含量和光合速率下降,葉片含水量降低,最終使葉片衰老、變黃、脫落。源葉光合同化物積累量的降低限制籽粒灌漿能力,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量下降(Huang et al.,2022a,2022b)。淹水處理下蘋果樹葉片中葉綠素含量顯著下降,且不同品種其葉綠素降低程度存在差異(Bhusal et al.,2020)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),灌漿期淹水脅迫下,玉米自交系88M-1-8和先21A的葉片含水量和SPAD值均有所下降,說明2種自交系均受淹水脅迫的影響。88M-1-8降幅較小,說明88M-1-8葉片持綠性較好,受澇害影響較??;先21A降幅較大,葉片持綠性較差,易失水變黃,受澇害影響較大(Bhusal et al.,2020)。
淹水脅迫下,植物葉片產(chǎn)生大量活性氧,造成膜脂過氧化,產(chǎn)生MDA,隨著脅迫持續(xù)增加,積累的MDA又促進(jìn)膜脂過氧化,造成葉片早衰(Yu et al.,2017;Yin et al.,2019;Huang et al.,2022b)。一般來說,耐澇性弱的品種其膜脂過氧化程度高于耐澇性強(qiáng)的品種(Loreti et al.,2016;Tian et al.,2019a)。本研究中,灌漿期淹水脅迫造成先21A和88M-1-8葉片MDA含量均顯著增加,與玉米苗期澇漬脅迫下葉片中MDA含量變化的研究結(jié)果相似(田禮欣,2019),表明灌漿期淹水脅迫后不同玉米自交系葉片均受到一定程度的膜脂過氧化損傷,其中88M-1-8葉片的MDA含量上升幅度較小,說明88M-1-8膜脂過氧化損傷較輕;先21A葉片MDA含量上升幅度較大,表明先21A膜脂過氧化損傷嚴(yán)重。
逆境下植物通過增加抗氧化保護(hù)酶活性清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)的活性氧,維持細(xì)胞膜的穩(wěn)定性,提高植物的抗逆性(Tang et al.,2010;Jia et al.,2019;Wang et al.,2019)。不同耐澇能力植物的抗氧化酶活性對脅迫響應(yīng)存在差異(Li et al.,2018;Zhou et al.,2019)。本研究中,與W-14處理相比,W-18處理下88M-1-8葉片中SOD和POD活性下降,CAT活性上升;先21A葉片3種酶的變化趨勢相反,說明不同玉米自交系遭受淹水脅迫時(shí),通過調(diào)節(jié)各自抗氧化酶活性變化,不同程度清除過量活性氧,表現(xiàn)出不同耐澇性(Li et al.,2018)。
除抗氧化保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)外,植物還可通過調(diào)節(jié)可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游離脯氨酸等滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)含量,改變細(xì)胞滲透勢,減輕逆境脅迫對植物的傷害(Tian et al.,2019a;;Huang et al.,2022b;王召元等,2022)。Huang等(2022b)研究表明,當(dāng)玉米品種灌漿期遭受淹水脅迫時(shí),葉片中Pro含量均高于對照。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2個(gè)自交系灌漿期淹水脅迫后葉片Pro含量均顯著增加,與Huang等(2022b)研究中玉米品種的變化規(guī)律一致。其機(jī)理可能是淹水脅迫促使Pro合成或減緩其降解,通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞的滲透勢,參與植物逆境響應(yīng)(Xu et al.,2015;Tian et al.,2019b)。
在澇漬條件下,植物遭受低氧脅迫,ABA和乙烯作為“逆境”激素,其濃度在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速提高,乙烯通過抑制ABA的生物合成和促進(jìn)ABA的分解代謝,使ABA達(dá)最大值后又急劇下降(Benschop et al.,2006;王松,2010;Jurczyk et al.,2021)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),灌漿期長期淹水脅迫促使88M-1-8葉片中ABA含量緩慢下降,而先21A中ABA含量則急劇下降,說明長期淹水脅迫引起逆境激素ABA含量顯著變化,其中對先21A葉片中ABA含量影響更大,可能是先21A中積累大量乙烯,促使ABA含量迅速下降(Benschop et al.,2006;Voesenek et al.,2006)。
3. 2 玉米自交系耐澇性綜合評價(jià)
植物耐澇性是一個(gè)受遺傳背景和外部環(huán)境影響的綜合性狀,單一抗性指標(biāo)無法全面、準(zhǔn)確地作出評價(jià)(劉曉納等,2016;朱向濤等,2017)。耐澇系數(shù)可消除不同材料間的固有差異,采用隸屬函數(shù)法對耐澇系數(shù)開展綜合分析,可更準(zhǔn)確評價(jià)材料間的耐澇性(李港等,2022)。本研究將淹水脅迫下測定的不同玉米自交系葉片含水量、SPAD值、MDA含量、Pro含量及抗氧化酶活性等8項(xiàng)生理生化指標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換為耐澇系數(shù),作為評價(jià)單項(xiàng)耐澇能力的指標(biāo),并進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)間存在不同程度相關(guān)性,葉片含水量與SPAD值呈極顯著正相關(guān),SPAD值和葉片含水量與MDA含量均呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),CAT活性與SOD活性呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。相關(guān)分析中指標(biāo)間的相互作用使耐澇信息發(fā)生重疊,且各指標(biāo)的權(quán)重不同,若直接采用隸屬函數(shù)法進(jìn)行評價(jià),可能造成分析結(jié)果出現(xiàn)偏差。為減少信息重疊,需進(jìn)一步開展主成分分析(朱煒等,2022)。主成分分析將若干個(gè)單項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行降維、建模和線性分類,是一種科學(xué)、有效的評價(jià)方法。本研究采用主成分分析對耐澇和不耐澇自交系的8個(gè)單項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行降維處理,主成分PC1和PC2的累積貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)92.62%。再結(jié)合隸屬函數(shù)分析,對不同自交系及處理天數(shù)的耐澇性進(jìn)行綜合評價(jià)。其中,8個(gè)指標(biāo)均為決定PC1和PC2大小的主要指標(biāo),CAT活性和ABA含量是變異系數(shù)最大的2個(gè)重要指標(biāo),表明玉米灌漿期葉片中CAT活性和ABA含量的變化情況,能較大程度反映玉米耐澇性綜合評價(jià)結(jié)果。因此,在玉米耐澇性評價(jià)過程中,如遇待評價(jià)樣品過多,或時(shí)間、人員和經(jīng)費(fèi)不充足等情況,可考慮測定CAT活性和ABA含量對玉米灌漿期葉片的耐澇性進(jìn)行初步評價(jià)。
4 結(jié)論
灌漿期淹水脅迫可導(dǎo)致玉米葉片POD活性、MDA和Pro含量上升,SPAD值和ABA含量下降。自交系88M-1-8的各指標(biāo)變化幅度低于先21A,且隨著脅迫時(shí)間延長,88M-1-8的耐澇性明顯優(yōu)于先21A。CAT活性和ABA含量可作為玉米灌漿期葉片耐澇性的初步評價(jià)指標(biāo)。
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(責(zé)任編輯 王 暉)
收稿日期:2023-02-03
基金項(xiàng)目:廣西自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2020GXNSFAA297136);廣西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技發(fā)展基金項(xiàng)目(桂農(nóng)科2021ZX11,桂農(nóng)科2022 JM18);廣西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院基本科研業(yè)務(wù)專項(xiàng)(桂農(nóng)科2021YT016)
通訊作者:周錦國(1975-),https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8372-1649,副研究員,主要從事玉米遺傳育種研究工作,E-mail:463153484 @qq.com;張述寬(1963-),https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1661-9666,研究員,主要從事玉米遺傳育種研究工作,E-mail:790039187@qq.com
第一作者:弓雪(1983-),https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5189-8709,博士,副研究員,主要從事玉米分子育種及新品種選育研究工作,E-mail:280404497@qq.com