劉有春 王興東 王宏光 王升 魏鑫 袁興福 魏永祥 劉成 陶承光
摘? ? 要:遼藍(lán)513是以北高叢藍(lán)莓品種斯巴坦(Spartan)為母本、南高叢藍(lán)莓資源N6為父本雜交選育的F1代。果穗較松散,大果類型,近圓形,平均單果質(zhì)量3.4 g,大果質(zhì)量5.1 g,果面黑色,果粉中多,果蒂痕中、干、淺,萼洼深、小,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.6%,總糖含量11.1%,可滴定酸含量0.69%,維生素C含量10.8 mg·100 g-1,花青苷含量93.90 mg·100 g-1,有香氣(面積歸一化相對含量42.8%),味甜,品質(zhì)上。露地栽培模式下,遼寧熊岳地區(qū)4月下旬開花,6月中至下旬開始成熟,果實(shí)發(fā)育期55 d左右,成熟期稍早或同于早熟品種北陸,屬早熟品種。該品種萌蘗多且長勢強(qiáng),結(jié)果枝培養(yǎng)快;果實(shí)成熟不易落果,果汁多,過熟不起沙,耐貯藏,適宜作為鮮食品種。
關(guān)鍵詞:藍(lán)莓;遼藍(lán)513;早熟;大果;多汁
中圖分類號:S663.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)11-2490-04
Liaolan 513, a new early-ripening blueberry cultivar
LIU Youchun1, WANG Xingdong1, WANG Hongguang1, WANG Sheng1, WEI Xin1, YUAN Xingfu2, WEI Yongxiang3, LIU Cheng1*, TAO Chengguang2*
(1Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, Liaoning, China; 2Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China, 3Dalian Branch Courts, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhuanghe 116400, Liaoning, China)
Abstract: Blueberry belonging to the genus Vaccinium of the family Ericaceae is extensively cultivated worldwide. China holds the top position in terms of blueberry cultivation area globally, and the selection of excellent is very important for the development of the industry. Liaolan 513 is a new exceptionally early-ripening blueberry cultivar selected by the Liaoning Institute of Pomology from F1 progenies of Spartan (northern highbush) × N6 (southern highbush). The crossing was made in 2008, and 141 seedlings were raised in 2009. These seedlings were planted in the Blueberry Hybrid Breeding Nursery of the Liaoning Institute of Pomology in 2010 and started fruit in in 2012. Six excellent strains were selected in 2015, among them the individual coded 08-42-97 exhibited outstanding comprehensive traits. Tissue culture propagation were conducted in the same year. After four years of observation and DUS testing, Liaolan 513 demonstrated stable botanical traits and excellent characteristics, such as extremely early-ripening. The new variety certificate was issued by the State Forestry and Grassland Administration on December 29, 2022 with the cultivar certificate number 20220530. This cultivar belongs to the Northern-Southern Highbush Blueberry. The flower buds and corollas turned slightly red, and it had short clusters with altar-shaped corollas featuring a corolla ridge. The leaf buds bursted early, and the length of new bearing branches ranged from 20 cm to 25 cm, with 3 to 6 fruits per bud. Liaolan513 is known for its large, sweet, and flavorful blueberries with a medium, dry picking scar. The average fruit weight was 3.4 g (the largest fruit was 5.1 g), and the soluble solids content and total acid content were13.6% and 0.69%, respectively. Additionally, the plants thrived well in the field, exhibiting good survival rate. Under open field cultivation, the blooming time was late april and the fruit maturing time was from mid to late in Xiongyue area of Liaoning province. The fruit development period lasted approximately 55 days. Liaolan 513 had strong sprouting ability of the bottom buds on the branches, rapid formation of the fruiting branches, and robust tree vigor. The ripe fruits were not easy to drop. The fruits exhibited good storage ability.
Key words: Blueberry; Liaolan 513; Early-ripening; Large fruit; Juicy
收稿日期:2023-07-17 接受日期:2023-07-31
基金項(xiàng)目:國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系專項(xiàng)(CARS-29-yc-10);遼寧省“揭榜掛帥”科技攻關(guān)專項(xiàng)(2021JH1/10400036)
作者簡介:劉有春,副研究員,博士,博士后,從事藍(lán)莓遺傳與育種研究。E-mail:liuyouchun911@126.com
*通信作者Author for correspondence. E-mail:stevecliu@hotmail.com;E-mail:laast@vip.sina.com
栽培藍(lán)莓是越橘屬多年生叢生灌木,自20世紀(jì)初開始馴化工作,藍(lán)莓(越橘屬)迅速成為世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛栽培的高產(chǎn)值小漿果樹種[1]。根據(jù)國際藍(lán)莓組織(International Blueberry Organization)發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù),2021年全球藍(lán)莓種植面積達(dá)到23.54 萬hm2,總產(chǎn)量179萬t,中國以6.90萬hm2的種植面積成為全球最大的藍(lán)莓生產(chǎn)國[2]。近年來我國藍(lán)莓種植結(jié)構(gòu)正在發(fā)生變化,北方溫室及加強(qiáng)冷棚栽培因成熟早、鮮果商品率高、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益好而大面積發(fā)展,截至2020年,我國日光溫室和冷棚栽培面積分別是2021 hm2和705 hm2,品種選擇方面以休眠期短、成熟早、品質(zhì)優(yōu)的品種更占優(yōu)勢。隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和品種更新,市場及消費(fèi)者對藍(lán)莓新品種的口感品質(zhì)、外觀特性(果實(shí)大小、果粉)及貯藏性,種植者對豐產(chǎn)性、適應(yīng)性等提出了更高要求。然而,目前我國藍(lán)莓生產(chǎn)以國外引進(jìn)品種為主導(dǎo),自育品種數(shù)量少、應(yīng)用面積小,隨著國際社會(huì)對知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)力度的加大,未來我國引進(jìn)新品種的成本和門檻會(huì)日益增高,非法引進(jìn)未來可能會(huì)面臨知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法律糾紛風(fēng)險(xiǎn),所以培育具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的系列藍(lán)莓新品種意義重大。我國育種工作者們自“十一五”開始開展育種工作,已育成森茂系列[3-4]、寨選系列[5-6]及徽王2號[7]、逐夢[8]、寶珠[9]、藍(lán)月[10]及藍(lán)冠[11](兔眼越橘)等優(yōu)良新品種?;谄贩N多樣化的需求,遼寧省果樹科學(xué)研究所歷經(jīng)14 a(年)培育出早熟、果汁豐富的藍(lán)莓新品種遼藍(lán)513(圖1)。
1 選育過程
2008年5月,遼寧省果樹科學(xué)研究所小漿果團(tuán)隊(duì)以北高叢藍(lán)莓品種斯巴坦(Spartan)為母本,南高叢藍(lán)莓資源N6為父本在種質(zhì)資源圃進(jìn)行人工去雄雜交授粉,同年7月底收獲種子,干燥后4 ℃恒溫保存,2009年2月播種獲得雜交后代141株,2010年定植于遼寧省果樹科學(xué)研究所藍(lán)莓雜交選育圃,2012年開始進(jìn)入結(jié)果期,連續(xù)多年對雜交后代的果實(shí)性狀、結(jié)果習(xí)性、植株長勢、物候期等進(jìn)行觀察,2015年篩選出優(yōu)良單株6株,其中代號為08-42-97的單株綜合性狀表現(xiàn)突出,同年組培擴(kuò)繁,培養(yǎng)的無性繁殖苗于2016年定植于遼寧省果樹科學(xué)研究所和遼寧豪遠(yuǎn)科技有限公司試驗(yàn)區(qū),包括日光溫室、冷棚及露地,經(jīng)過4 a觀察和DUS測試,植株長勢強(qiáng)、開花坐果良好、土壤適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、植物學(xué)性狀穩(wěn)定,同時(shí)具有早熟、果汁豐富、果個(gè)大、果實(shí)硬、果蒂痕干、耐貯藏、口感佳等優(yōu)良特點(diǎn)。于2022年12月29日獲得國家林草局新品種授權(quán)證書,命名為遼藍(lán)513,品種權(quán)證書編號為20220530。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
落葉灌木,樹姿開張,樹勢強(qiáng),底芽枝萌發(fā)力強(qiáng);單葉互生,葉深綠,長橢圓形,全緣;1年生枝條綠色,較細(xì),平均長22.5 cm,著生花芽4~8個(gè),總狀花序,每花序3~6朵花,花芽花青苷顯色強(qiáng),花冠白色,略泛紅色,長柱狀,花冠上有棱脊,花萼灰綠(圖1)。
2.2 果實(shí)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
果穗較松散,大果類型,近圓形,平均單果質(zhì)量3.40 g,大果質(zhì)量5.10 g,果面黑色,果粉中,果蒂痕中大、干、淺,萼洼深、小,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.6%,總糖含量11.1%,可滴定酸含量0.69%,維生素C含量10.8 mg·100 g-1,花青苷含量93.90 mg·100 g-1,有香氣(面積歸一化相對含量42.8%),味甜,多汁,品質(zhì)上,成熟不易落果,過熟不起沙,耐貯藏,土壤適應(yīng)性明顯強(qiáng)于母本斯巴坦(表1),圖2為遼藍(lán)513與早熟品種北陸、近似品種斯巴坦的果實(shí)、葉片對比。
2.3 物候期
該品種在遼寧熊岳地區(qū)露地3月初開始萌芽,4月下旬盛花期,花期5~10 d;果實(shí)發(fā)育期55 d左右,自然狀態(tài)下6月中至下旬開始成熟,成熟期早于或同于露地早熟品種北陸,可劃定為早熟品種。
2.4 生長結(jié)果習(xí)性和適應(yīng)性
該品種為南北雜交種,低溫需冷量在南高叢和北高叢品種之間,北方可露地、冷棚及日光溫室栽培,露地和冷棚栽培早熟性突出,露地需埋土防寒。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 土壤改良
定植前對園地土壤進(jìn)行改良,每666.7 m2施草炭30 m3,腐熟有機(jī)肥15~20 m3,即要求土壤疏松,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量0.3%以上,土壤pH>5.5需要用硫磺調(diào)酸,調(diào)至5.0~5.5為宜。
3.2 苗木選擇
選擇生長健壯、根系完整、無病蟲害的2~3年生苗木,苗高40~50 cm,分枝數(shù)3~4個(gè),基莖直徑0.8 cm以上。定植株距1.2 m,行距2.0 m,每666.7 m2栽278株。
3.3 施肥管理
早秋或結(jié)合越冬防寒施基肥,在樹冠外圍挖30 cm深的溝,每666.7 m2施2000~3000 kg腐熟農(nóng)家肥,混施10~15 kg酸性肥料,拌勻摟平;滴灌園可在花后果實(shí)膨大期供EC值2.0~3.5 mS·cm-1的全元素營養(yǎng)液2~3次,同時(shí)可配合噴施0.1%~0.2%有機(jī)液體葉面肥促進(jìn)果實(shí)膨大。秋季施腐熟有機(jī)肥加硫酸銨及微量元素肥料;花芽分化期可葉面噴施0.1%磷酸二氫鉀2~3次。
3.4 水分管理
采用滴灌、微噴等方式在萌芽期、新梢迅速生長期、漿果膨大期保持田間持水量60%~80%,封凍前灌一次封凍水。
3.5 整形修剪
該品種樹姿較開張,相對較矮化。定植后的1~2 a,以促進(jìn)樹冠形成為目的,培養(yǎng)3~5個(gè)粗壯萌蘗枝成為結(jié)果主叢枝,定干高度30~50 cm,梯度分布。在6—8月加強(qiáng)夏剪,疏除細(xì)弱枝,短截粗壯枝,擴(kuò)大樹冠。定植后第3年,進(jìn)入結(jié)果期,采后修剪疏除衰弱枝、內(nèi)膛枝,回縮、更新結(jié)果枝組,培養(yǎng)來年結(jié)果枝,4年生樹保留5~6個(gè)骨干枝。由于該品種花芽相對較少,必須重視9月中旬的秋剪,適當(dāng)短截新梢,剪除未成熟的嫩梢,促使剪口下枝條形成花芽。
3.6 越冬防寒
露地栽培于11月中旬在株叢基部堆培枕土,枝條順一個(gè)方向壓倒,從外圍取土,埋土壓平。
3.7 病蟲害防治
目前在生產(chǎn)上未發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重病蟲害,但一般在花期、果實(shí)膨大期、新梢生長期噴施800~1500倍多抗霉素、嘧霉胺或異菌脲等殺菌劑防治灰霉病。
3.8 采收
該品種果實(shí)成熟期較一致,可分2次集中采收。
參考文獻(xiàn) References:
[1] BALLINGTON J R. Collection,utilization,and preservation of genetic resources in Vaccinium[J]. HortScience,2001,36(2):213-220.
[2] BRAZELTON C,F(xiàn)AIN C,OGG M. Global state of the blueberry industry report 2021[R]. International Blueberry Organization:Santiago,Chile,2022:1-84.
[3] 雷蕾,王賀新,徐國輝,彭恒辰,劉國玲,張明軍,魏炳康. 藍(lán)莓新品種‘森茂二號[J]. 園藝學(xué)報(bào),2019,46(S2):2756-2757.
LEI Lei,WANG Hexin,XU Guohui,PENG Hengchen,LIU Guoling,ZHANG Mingjun,WEI Bingkang. A new blueberry cultivar ‘Senmao 2[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2019,46(S2):2756-2757.
[4] 彭恒辰,王賀新,徐國輝,雷蕾,劉國玲,閆東玲,趙麗娜. 藍(lán)莓新品種‘森茂三號[J]. 園藝學(xué)報(bào),2019,46(S2):2758-2759.
PENG Hengchen,WANG Hexin,XU Guohui,LEI Lei,LIU Guoling,YAN Dongling,ZHAO Lina. A new blueberry cultivar ‘Senmao 3[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2019,46(S2):2758-2759.
[5] 楊海燕,吳文龍,閭連飛,張春紅,黃正金,王小敏,趙慧芳,李維林. 藍(lán)莓新品種‘寨選7號[J]. 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2020,44(3):227-228.
YANG Haiyan,WU Wenlong,Lü Lianfei,ZHANG Chunhong,HUANG Zhengjin,WANG Xiaomin,ZHAO Huifang,LI Weilin. A new cultivar of blueberry ‘Zhaixuan 7[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2020,44(3):227-228.
[6] 王小敏,吳文龍,閭連飛,張春紅,楊海燕,黃正金,趙慧芳,李維林. 藍(lán)莓新品種‘寨選4號[J]. 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2020,44(3):225-226.
WANG Xiaomin,WU Wenlong,Lü Lianfei,ZHANG Chunhong,YANG Haiyan,HUANG Zhengjin,ZHAO Huifang,LI Weilin. A new cultivar of blueberry ‘Zhaixuan 4[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2020,44(3):225-226.
[7] 葉振風(fēng),樊基勝,賈兵,樊勝華,朱立武. 越橘早熟新品種‘徽王2號[J]. 園藝學(xué)報(bào),2018,45(S2):2729-2730.
YE Zhenfeng,F(xiàn)AN Jisheng,JIA Bing,F(xiàn)AN Shenghua,ZHU Liwu. A new early maturing cowberry cultivar ‘Huiwang 2[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2018,45(S2):2729-2730.
[8] 徐國輝,安琪,劉國玲,趙麗娜,王賀新. 藍(lán)莓新品種‘逐夢[J]. 園藝學(xué)報(bào),2021,48(S2):2797-2798.
XU Guohui,AN Qi,LIU Guoling,ZHAO Lina,WANG Hexin. A new blueberry cultivar ‘Chasing Dream [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2021,48(S2):2797-2798.
[9] 韓世明,盧雅妮,方玉梅,尹澤宇,王麗,王賀新,趙麗娜,徐國輝,熊榮川. 藍(lán)莓新品種寶珠的選育[J]. 果樹學(xué)報(bào),2023,40(6):1269-1272.
HAN Shiming,LU Yani,F(xiàn)ANG Yumei,YIN Zeyu,WANG Li,WANG Hexin,ZHAO Lina,XU Guohui,XIONG Rongchuan. Breeding report of a new blueberry cultivar Baozhu[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2023,40(6):1269-1272.
[10] 洪坡,朱東姿,陳明學(xué),陳德,劉慶忠,王甲威. 藍(lán)莓新品種藍(lán)月的選育及栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)[J]. 落葉果樹,2020,52(5):51-52.
HONG Po,ZHU Dongzi,CHEN Mingxue,CHEN De,LIU Qingzhong,WANG Jiawei. Breeding and cultivation techniques of a new blueberry variety Lanyue[J]. Deciduous Fruits,2020,52(5):51-52.
[11] 洪坡,朱東姿,王甲威,張力思,孫山,劉慶忠. 兔眼藍(lán)莓新品種‘藍(lán)冠[J]. 園藝學(xué)報(bào),2022,49(S2):43-44.
HONG Po,ZHU Dongzi,WANG Jiawei,ZHANG Lisi,SONG Shan,LIU Qingzhong. A new rabbit eye blueberry cultivar ‘Languan[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 2022,49(S2):43-44.