文/李可意
在寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中存在這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)象:當(dāng)教師給學(xué)生設(shè)定一個(gè)較陌生的寫(xiě)作話題,讓他們展開(kāi)具體的寫(xiě)作時(shí),很多學(xué)生會(huì)遇到困難,難以寫(xiě)出令人滿意的作品。而當(dāng)教師基于教學(xué)單元的主題設(shè)置寫(xiě)作話題時(shí),學(xué)生更容易寫(xiě)出具體的內(nèi)容,更能夠發(fā)揮自身的潛力。為了開(kāi)展更有效的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練,讓學(xué)生獲得具體的寫(xiě)作體驗(yàn),教師可以將寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練、板塊教學(xué)、大單元主題等融合起來(lái),提升學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的效率,促進(jìn)學(xué)生綜合能力發(fā)展。
在大單元背景下,教師在設(shè)置寫(xiě)作任務(wù)時(shí)要給學(xué)生更多發(fā)揮的空間,要設(shè)置多元化的寫(xiě)作任務(wù)。傳統(tǒng)的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容比較單一,寫(xiě)作的方式也比較單一,這很難激發(fā)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作的興趣。教師可結(jié)合學(xué)生特點(diǎn)與單元主題優(yōu)化英語(yǔ)教學(xué),給學(xué)生更多創(chuàng)作上的自由。初中生在思考問(wèn)題時(shí)通常以形象的思維為主,教師如果能夠給學(xué)生提供更多圖像,為他們提供直觀的體驗(yàn),將能更好地激發(fā)他們的表達(dá)欲望并提升他們的寫(xiě)作自信?;诖?,教師可以設(shè)置以下寫(xiě)作任務(wù):觀看不同的圖像,然后選擇其中一部分圖像作為寫(xiě)作的內(nèi)容,在邊寫(xiě)邊畫(huà)的過(guò)程中提升寫(xiě)作能力[1]。
以人教新目標(biāo)初中英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)(下冊(cè))Unit 6 An old man tried to move the mountains.為例,在本單元中,教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生走進(jìn)童話故事,讓學(xué)生能在講述故事、創(chuàng)編故事的同時(shí),促進(jìn)自身發(fā)展。在Section A 1a-2d部分,教師先呈現(xiàn)《西游記》(JourneytotheWest)中唐僧師徒四人行走在去西天取經(jīng)路上的畫(huà)面,并提問(wèn):“Who are they? Where are they going?”學(xué)生對(duì)這段故事很了解,因而能熟練地用英語(yǔ)回答:“They are Tang Monk, Sun Wukong, Zhu Bajie, Sha Monk, and Little Dragon Horse.They are walking on the way to the West to obtain scriptures.”接著,教師呈現(xiàn)有關(guān)“Hou Yi Shoots the Suns”的畫(huà)面,提出類似問(wèn)題:“Who's he?What is he doing?”學(xué)生也能脫口而出:“He is Hou Yi.Hou Yi is shooting the suns.”當(dāng)教師呈現(xiàn)有關(guān)“Nu Wa Repairs the Sky”的圖像,學(xué)生自然地說(shuō)出:“Nu Wa is repairing the sky.”當(dāng)教師呈現(xiàn)有關(guān)“Yu Gong Moves a Mountain”的畫(huà)面時(shí),他們這樣表達(dá):“Yu Gong, an old man, is moving a mo-untain.”再接著教師提出這樣的問(wèn)題:“What other Chinese traditional stories do you know? Can you tell the story with a sentence?”有學(xué)生想到花木蘭的故事:“The Legend of Mulan, a story about a young woman who disguises herself as a man and takes her father's place in the army to fight against invaders.”有學(xué)生想到“白蛇”的傳說(shuō):“The Legend of the White Snake, a story about a white snake who falls in love with a young man and transforms into a human woman to be with him.”有學(xué)生想到牛郎和織女的傳說(shuō):“The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, a love story between a cowherd and a weaver girl who are separated by the Milky Way and only allowed to meet once a year on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.”
教師配合學(xué)生的表達(dá)將所涉及的故事畫(huà)面呈現(xiàn)在白板上,其他學(xué)生也可以選擇自己感興趣的畫(huà)面并嘗試用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)。喜歡畫(huà)畫(huà)的學(xué)生還可以一邊畫(huà),一邊寫(xiě)。一名學(xué)生用簡(jiǎn)筆畫(huà)將“孫悟空三打白骨精”的場(chǎng)景畫(huà)了出來(lái),同時(shí)配上這樣的文本:“The first time, the White Bone Demon disguised herself as a beautiful woman and tried to seduce Sun Wukong, but he saw through her trick and defeated her with his magic powers.The second time, she tried to harm him by poisoning his master, but the Monkey King used his agility and cleverness to trick her into revealing her true form and defeat her again.Finally,in their third battle, the White Bone Demon summoned an army of monsters to try and defeat Sun Wukong, but he was able to use his mastery of martial arts to defeat them all and emerge victorious once more.”
可以看出,教師借助圖像能讓學(xué)生更清晰地理解單元的主題,讓學(xué)生迸發(fā)出更多的思維火花,產(chǎn)生寫(xiě)作的欲望。由此,表達(dá)成為他們的需要,而不是教師強(qiáng)加給他們的任務(wù)。
教師在開(kāi)展閱讀教學(xué)時(shí)可將寫(xiě)作融入進(jìn)來(lái),基于閱讀的寫(xiě)作比一般的寫(xiě)作更靈活,更能促進(jìn)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作能力的提升。教師可基于閱讀文本開(kāi)展多樣化的寫(xiě)作,可引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)原文進(jìn)行縮寫(xiě),以提升學(xué)生的概括能力與運(yùn)用目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言的能力。教師也可以讓學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě),以提升學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力、創(chuàng)造能力與想象能力等。教師還可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行多樣化的改寫(xiě),以提升學(xué)生的編創(chuàng)能力。顯然,多元化的寫(xiě)作不但能讓學(xué)生從多元化的角度理解文本的主題,而且能讓學(xué)生獲得豐富的寫(xiě)作體驗(yàn)。
仍以這一單元Section A 1a-2d 部分的教學(xué)為例,教師先問(wèn)學(xué)生這樣的問(wèn)題:How much do you know aboutYuGongMovesaMountain?這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以將學(xué)生的思維聚焦到這個(gè)家喻戶曉的經(jīng)典的神話故事上。接下來(lái),教師可提供問(wèn)題支架,讓學(xué)生更好地思考,如“How does the story begin? What happens next? What's the end of the story?”大多數(shù)學(xué)生在閱讀之后依據(jù)文本的信息給出這樣的回答:“Yu Gong told his family that they should all help him to move the mountains.So they all started digging the next day.They put the earth and stones into the sea.”教師順勢(shì)提問(wèn):“能不能就剛才的回答,將這樣的情境編寫(xiě)成對(duì)話的形式?”這其實(shí)就是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行改寫(xiě),讓學(xué)生更好地與文本人物進(jìn)行對(duì)話,同時(shí)進(jìn)行多方面的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練。有一名學(xué)生編寫(xiě)了這樣的對(duì)話:
Yu Gong: Tomorrow, we're going to start moving the mountains.
Family member 1: But how are we going to move such huge mountains?
Yu Gong: We'll dig and shovel away the earth and stones until the mountains are flat.
Family member 2: But where are we going to put all the dirt?
Yu Gong: We'll put it all into the sea.Bit by bit, we'll do it, day after day, until we succeed!
Family member 3: It sounds like a lot of hard work.
Yu Gong: Yes, it will be.But we must work together and never give up on our goal.Let's start first thing tomorrow morning.
教材文本中包含很多寫(xiě)作素材,只要教師巧妙引導(dǎo),學(xué)生就能進(jìn)行多樣化的寫(xiě)作。這種基于閱讀的改寫(xiě)活動(dòng)能豐富課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容,加強(qiáng)學(xué)生與文本的互動(dòng),提升他們的寫(xiě)作能力。因此在備課中,教師要研究教材,以找尋更適合學(xué)生改寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容。
語(yǔ)法教學(xué)是單元教學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容。初中英語(yǔ)教材中每一個(gè)單元都有專門的板塊用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)或者多個(gè)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。教師在教學(xué)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)時(shí)要與單元的主題結(jié)合起來(lái),讓學(xué)生在具體的語(yǔ)境中提升運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的能力。具體而言,教師可將語(yǔ)法教學(xué)、單元主題、寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練等融為一體,讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用目標(biāo)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行與單元話題相關(guān)的書(shū)面表達(dá)。通過(guò)這樣的方式,學(xué)生既能獲得充分的語(yǔ)法訓(xùn)練,內(nèi)化書(shū)本知識(shí),又能促進(jìn)寫(xiě)作能力的提升。這樣的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練需要教師更關(guān)注學(xué)生對(duì)單元知識(shí)的理解情況,而不僅僅是寫(xiě)作上的能力與技巧[2]。
這個(gè)單元的語(yǔ)法所涉及的知識(shí)為as soon as、if、unless、so...that、such...that、so that 等引導(dǎo)的從句。教師在教學(xué)中可圍繞單元主題逐步引導(dǎo)學(xué)生感知與運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法。教師可先以中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的神話故事為話題設(shè)置一些問(wèn)題,讓學(xué)生在回答問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中逐步熟悉本課語(yǔ)法運(yùn)用。教師問(wèn):“What happened next after the man finished talking?”學(xué)生回答:“As soon as the man finished talking, Yu Gong said that his family could continue to move the mountains after he died.” 教師追問(wèn):“Why was Yu Gong trying to move the mountains?”學(xué)生回答:“Because they were so big that it took a long time to walk to the other side.”教師又問(wèn):“What can't the Monkey King do?”學(xué)生回答:“He can't turn himself into a person unless he can hide his tail.”基于學(xué)生的回答,教師進(jìn)一步問(wèn)學(xué)生能不能運(yùn)用上面的if、unless等詞,用自己的語(yǔ)言介紹一個(gè)中國(guó)神話故事。教師通過(guò)這樣的方式,能夠引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在探究單元主題的同時(shí)進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)的寫(xiě)作。有學(xué)生寫(xiě)的是有關(guān)嫦娥與后羿的故事,內(nèi)容如下:“If you've ever heard of the tale of Hou Yi and Chang'e, you'll know it's a story of love, jealousy,and the Moon.Once upon a time, ten suns appeared in the sky, causing the Earth to scorch and crops to wither.Hou Yi, a skilled archer, shot down nine of the suns, saving humanity.As a reward, he was given the Elixir of Life by the Queen Mother of the West.As soon as Hou Yi returned home, he found out that his student and friend, Peng Meng,had broken into his house to steal the elixir.”顯然,學(xué)生對(duì)這樣的話題很感興趣,寫(xiě)起來(lái)也更得心應(yīng)手,他們的語(yǔ)法運(yùn)用能力也在寫(xiě)作中獲得了提升。
教師在開(kāi)展英語(yǔ)教學(xué)時(shí)要對(duì)接學(xué)生的生活,讓學(xué)生基于生活的視角進(jìn)行相關(guān)話題的思考,這樣能提升學(xué)生解決問(wèn)題的能力,也能促進(jìn)學(xué)生全方位發(fā)展。教材文本的內(nèi)容大多與學(xué)生的生活相關(guān),但具體教學(xué)時(shí)教師還需要進(jìn)行重構(gòu),以更適應(yīng)本班學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際。因此,教師可基于單元的主題設(shè)置社會(huì)實(shí)踐類寫(xiě)作,這能更好地對(duì)接學(xué)生的真實(shí)生活。
在這個(gè)單元的教學(xué)中,教師可設(shè)置這樣的寫(xiě)作任務(wù):回家記錄一則家人講給自己聽(tīng)的民間神話故事,然后以英語(yǔ)的形式表達(dá)出來(lái)。如果家人講的神話故事不夠精彩,也可對(duì)左鄰右舍的老人進(jìn)行采訪,以挖掘更多的民間神話故事。一方面,學(xué)生能從生活中汲取知識(shí);另一方面,學(xué)生能在生活中發(fā)展閱讀能力與寫(xiě)作能力。有學(xué)生向家人了解到有關(guān)哪吒的故事,而且對(duì)這個(gè)故事很感興趣,還嘗試用英語(yǔ)把故事呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。故事的部分內(nèi)容如下:“Nezha was a young boy born from the body of a lotus flower and was quickly recognized as a powerful warrior with incredible supernatural abilities.He was so powerful that even his parents, Li Jing and Lady Yin, were afraid of him.”由此可以看出,實(shí)踐類寫(xiě)作能讓學(xué)生獲得更多的思考和體驗(yàn),自然也會(huì)激發(fā)學(xué)生更多的創(chuàng)作靈感。
因此,在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程中,教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生參與各種社會(huì)實(shí)踐,以讓學(xué)生不斷思考,基于實(shí)際情況展開(kāi)相應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作。社會(huì)實(shí)踐類寫(xiě)作能夠讓學(xué)生更深入地了解社會(huì),拓展知識(shí)視野,發(fā)展英語(yǔ)能力[3]。
寫(xiě)作是初中生輸出英語(yǔ)的一種重要形式,能體現(xiàn)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力?;诖髥卧尘跋碌膶?xiě)作有助于學(xué)生從整體把握單元內(nèi)容,幫助學(xué)生增加寫(xiě)作的深度與廣度。在初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,教師要以學(xué)生為主,給他們提供更多的輸出語(yǔ)言的表現(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)。在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,教師要圍繞單元主題語(yǔ)境,內(nèi)化每個(gè)板塊的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、文化意識(shí)等,并將所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與技能應(yīng)用到寫(xiě)作中,從而提升學(xué)生各方面的能力。