朱佩佩,秦浩翔,張劍俠
無核葡萄胚珠發(fā)育過程中內(nèi)源激素及多胺含量的變化
朱佩佩,秦浩翔,張劍俠
西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)園藝學(xué)院/旱區(qū)作物逆境生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實驗室/農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部西北地區(qū)園藝作物生物與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)制重點(diǎn)實驗室,陜西楊凌 712100
【目的】探究無核葡萄胚珠發(fā)育過程中內(nèi)源激素和多胺含量變化對胚發(fā)育的影響,為花前噴灑外源激素及胚珠離體培養(yǎng)條件下培養(yǎng)基中添加外源激素以促進(jìn)胚的發(fā)育提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳詺W亞種葡萄(L.)有核品種‘京秀’及其F1代種子敗育型無核品種‘秦秀’為材料,采用高效液相色譜質(zhì)譜(high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry,HPLCMS)和超高效液相色譜(ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)分析方法,比較二者在果實不同發(fā)育時期胚珠中內(nèi)源激素和多胺含量的變化規(guī)律。【結(jié)果】對于生長素(IAA)、玉米素(ZT)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和N6-異戊烯腺嘌呤(iPAS)含量,‘京秀’在花后39 d達(dá)到最高值,‘秦秀’在花后42 d達(dá)到最高值,但前者最高值均高于后者(1.5倍以上);對于茉莉酸(JA)和水楊酸(SA)含量,‘京秀’在花后36 d(2 000 ng?g-1和6 500 ng?g-1)開始急劇上升,至花后39 d 時均達(dá)到最高值(6 500 ng?g-1和10 000 ng?g-1),之后下降并在花后42—45 d維持在較高水平,而‘秦秀’自花后36 d(3 500 ng?g-1和3 000 ng?g-1)開始一直下降并處于較低的水平;對于氨基環(huán)丙烷羧酸(ACC)含量,‘京秀’在花后39 d時幾乎為0,然后迅速上升,在花后45 d時達(dá)到最高值(1 200 ng?g-1),而‘秦秀’在花后39 d時達(dá)到最高值(900 ng?g-1),之后下降至花后42 d時幾乎為0,并一直維持在極低的水平;對于脫落酸(ABA)含量,‘京秀’在花后36—45 d一直處于幾乎為0的水平,而‘秦秀’自花后39 d從0開始急速上升到42 d的最高值(900 ng?g-1);對于腐胺(Put)、精胺(Spm)和亞精胺(Spd)含量,2個品種變化趨勢相似,但‘京秀’一直高于‘秦秀’,除精胺最高值均出現(xiàn)在花后42 d外,腐胺和亞精胺最高值在‘京秀’中為花后42 d,‘秦秀’為39 d?!窘Y(jié)論】與有核品種‘京秀’相比,無核品種‘秦秀’胚珠中生長促進(jìn)物質(zhì)(IAA、CTK、GA3、ACC、JA、SA、Put、Spd和Spm)含量較低,而生長抑制物質(zhì)(ABA)含量較高,(IAA+GA3)/ABA、(IAA+ZT+GA3)/ABA、Spm/多胺(PAs)、(Spd+Spm)/PAs和(Spd+Spm)/Put的比值較低,可能是導(dǎo)致其胚敗育的主要原因之一。因此,在無核葡萄胚挽救過程中,可通過花前噴灑或者培養(yǎng)基中添加一定濃度的生長促進(jìn)物質(zhì)來抑制胚的敗育。
種子敗育型無核葡萄;胚珠;胚;內(nèi)源激素;多胺
【研究意義】在果實的生長發(fā)育過程中,歐亞種葡萄(L.)有核品種和無核品種的種子(胚珠)發(fā)育程度存在很大差異[1]。無核葡萄胚敗育主要由基因型決定[2],還與胚珠中內(nèi)源激素[3-6]以及樹體營養(yǎng)狀況[7]有關(guān)。通過研究無核葡萄內(nèi)源激素及多胺含量的變化,可為花前噴灑外源激素及胚珠離體培養(yǎng)下培養(yǎng)基中添加外源激素以促進(jìn)胚的發(fā)育提供理論依據(jù)。【前人研究進(jìn)展】葡萄胚的發(fā)育和敗育過程由多種植物激素共同調(diào)控,其中能夠誘導(dǎo)單性結(jié)實的激素主要有生長素(indolyl-3-acetic acid,IAA)和赤霉素(gibberellic acid,GA3)[1,8]。內(nèi)源IAA和GA3在無核葡萄中的含量高于有核葡萄,推測內(nèi)源激素含量變化可能是導(dǎo)致胚敗育的原因之一[3]。有研究表明,由于某種內(nèi)源激素的含量或者不同內(nèi)源激素之間的比值如(赤霉素+生長素)/脫落酸和玉米素核苷/脫落酸發(fā)生了變化導(dǎo)致無核葡萄胚敗育[5]。不同發(fā)育階段的種子對外源激素種類及水平要求也不同,外源激素的種類或濃度使用不當(dāng),會影響果實及種子中的激素含量,致使激素失衡,影響胚正常發(fā)育,最終導(dǎo)致敗育,胚珠鮮重減少[4,9]。在已知的植物內(nèi)源激素中,生長素主要在幼嫩的芽、葉和發(fā)育的種子中合成,除對植物的早期發(fā)育和形態(tài)建成具有重要作用外,還影響胚珠和胚的發(fā)育[10-13]。細(xì)胞分裂素(cytokinin,CTK)主要在根尖部位合成,在調(diào)控植物生長發(fā)育的過程中起關(guān)鍵作用,其中包括促進(jìn)胚的發(fā)育[10,14]。植物體內(nèi)的細(xì)胞分裂素主要有玉米素(trans-zeatin,ZT)、二氫玉米素(dihydrozeatin,DHZ)、N6-異戊烯腺嘌呤(iPAS)和玉米素核苷(trans-zeatin- riboside,ZR)等[15]。有研究表明,在花前噴灑外源細(xì)胞分裂素CPPU[16]、6-BA[17]、TDZ[18]均可促進(jìn)無核葡萄胚發(fā)育。赤霉素在未成熟的種子、根尖和頂芽等部位合成,可有效打破種子休眠,促進(jìn)胚發(fā)育和種子萌發(fā)以及細(xì)胞伸長[19]。研究表明,外源GA3一方面可使植物中蘋果酸脫氫酶活性下降,導(dǎo)致植物呼吸作用減弱,能量供應(yīng)不足,影響胚囊發(fā)育;另一方面促進(jìn)珠心和子房壁的生長發(fā)育,使胚囊發(fā)育尚未成熟時就開花,從而影響授粉受精,形成無核果實[20-22]。葡萄果實經(jīng)外源GA3處理后,差異表達(dá)基因主要集中在激素平衡調(diào)節(jié)、細(xì)胞凋亡、種皮發(fā)育、胚乳發(fā)育及胚珠發(fā)育等方面[20]。乙烯(ethylene,ETH)可在植物的各個部位合成,可促進(jìn)胚和果實成熟及葉片衰老,打破植物種子和芽的休眠等[23-24]。氨基環(huán)丙烷羧酸(1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid,ACC)是ETH合成的直接前體,通常誘導(dǎo)ETH響應(yīng),但在擬南芥()的生殖過程中,胚珠中的ACC作為非依賴ETH的信號,參與了花粉管的轉(zhuǎn)動并有效地傳遞花粉,在ACC的存在下,種子數(shù)量幾乎翻了一番[25]。茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)與茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,Me-JA)在調(diào)節(jié)植物生長發(fā)育、抗逆反應(yīng)等方面起著重要的作用,可抑制非休眠種子的萌發(fā)但刺激休眠種子的萌發(fā)[26]。水楊酸(salicylicacid,SA)作為植物體內(nèi)一種高效的抗氧化激素,參與調(diào)節(jié)氣孔開放,促進(jìn)開花結(jié)果并激活植物超敏反應(yīng)[27]。SA生物合成相關(guān)基因和在歐亞種無核葡萄‘無核白’中的表達(dá)水平顯著高于有核葡萄‘黑比諾’[28],暗示著無核葡萄胚敗育可能與SA含量高有關(guān)。脫落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)主要在根冠和萎蔫的葉片中合成,可促使胚正常發(fā)育成熟并抑制過早萌發(fā),但外源ABA施用濃度過高不利于胚的進(jìn)一步發(fā)育[10,29]。多胺(PAs)是一類廣泛存在于植物體內(nèi)的脂肪族含氮堿,參與植物細(xì)胞增殖與分化,與胚胎發(fā)育、程序性死亡、休眠以及衰老等生命活動密切相關(guān)[30-33]。前人研究表明果皮及胚珠中內(nèi)源多胺含量急劇下降可能是導(dǎo)致葡萄胚敗育的原因之一[6,34]。近年來,對杏[35]和玉米[36]種子發(fā)育過程中內(nèi)源多胺的動態(tài)變化研究也獲得了相同的結(jié)果。無核葡萄是葡萄育種的重要目標(biāo)之一。常規(guī)的無核葡萄雜交育種周期長,效率低。胚挽救技術(shù)以無核葡萄作母本,能極大提高無核葡萄的育種效率,因而被廣泛用于無核葡萄育種[37-39]。由于目前對無核葡萄胚敗育的機(jī)理尚不十分清楚,致使無核葡萄胚挽救的效率仍然較低。無核葡萄胚敗育除了受基因控制外,還受營養(yǎng)狀況及內(nèi)源激素的影響[38]。前人研究表明,內(nèi)源激素和多胺含量是影響克里曼丁橘[40]、杧果[33]、棗[41]、山茱萸[42]和甜櫻桃[43]胚敗育的重要因素之一?;ㄇ皣娛┗蚺囵B(yǎng)基中添加一定濃度的IBA、CPPU、6-BA、TDZ、腐胺或PP333均能促進(jìn)種子敗育型無核葡萄胚珠和胚的發(fā)育[16-18,30,39,44],從而提高胚挽救效率。但是,目前對種子敗育型無核葡萄胚珠發(fā)育過程中內(nèi)源激素的變化規(guī)律尚不完全清楚,探究這一變化規(guī)律對于花前噴施或培養(yǎng)基中添加何種外源激素、不同激素濃度及其比例以提高胚挽救效率十分重要?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】前人對無核葡萄漿果或胚珠中的IAA、GA3、ABA和ZR含量變化已有報道[1,3,5],但所測定的內(nèi)源激素種類有限,且不同基因型的無核葡萄內(nèi)源激素變化進(jìn)程存在差異。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】本研究以種子敗育型無核葡萄新品種‘秦秀’(‘京秀’ב鄭果大無核’)為研究對象,以其有核母本‘京秀’為對照,測定二者在胚發(fā)育過程中胚珠內(nèi)源激素及多胺含量的變化,探討內(nèi)源激素和多胺對種子敗育型無核葡萄胚發(fā)育的影響。
試驗于2022年在西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)進(jìn)行。
供試材料為有核葡萄品種‘京秀’[‘潘諾尼亞’×60-33(‘玫瑰香’ב紅無籽露’)]及其F1代無核品種‘秦秀’(‘京秀’ב鄭果大無核’),兩個品種均為歐亞種二倍體早熟鮮食品種,開花期和果實成熟期基本一致,種植保存于西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)葡萄種質(zhì)資源圃,均為10年生以上大樹,株行距1.0 m×2.5 m,采用單臂籬架和“T”字形整形,栽培管理同生產(chǎn)園。2022年6—8月采集2個品種不同時間點(diǎn)的幼果,在旱區(qū)作物逆境生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實驗室測定胚珠中內(nèi)源激素及多胺的含量。
1.2.1 分期取樣 根據(jù)前期的研究結(jié)果,‘秦秀’的胚挽救最佳取樣時期為花后(days after flowering,DAF)42 d[45],即胚發(fā)育程度最高但將要敗育的拐點(diǎn),以此為參考依據(jù),對‘秦秀’及其母本‘京秀’分別在花后36、39、42、45和48 d共5個時間點(diǎn)分別采集幼果,均在清晨7:30—8:00進(jìn)行。不同取樣時期采集的果實貯于冰壺中,迅速帶回實驗室檢測各項指標(biāo)。
1.2.2 果粒大小及重量測定 取樣后,隨機(jī)選取同一品種同一時期150個果粒稱取重量,之后進(jìn)行果粒大小的測定。按照前人[46]的方法,將果粒的縱徑和橫徑用數(shù)顯游標(biāo)卡尺測出,記錄果粒大?。v徑×橫徑)并進(jìn)行計算,包括3次生物學(xué)重復(fù)。
1.2.3 胚珠大小及重量的測定 隨機(jī)選取同一品種同一時期50個果粒,對果粒小心橫切,觀察胚珠在子房中的分布及數(shù)量,之后迅速剝離胚珠進(jìn)行稱重,計算單個胚珠重量(鮮重),再使用數(shù)顯游標(biāo)卡尺測量胚珠的縱橫徑,計算胚珠大?。v徑×橫徑)并記錄,進(jìn)行3次生物學(xué)重復(fù)。之后隨機(jī)選取10個胚珠進(jìn)行稱重并記錄,裝入預(yù)冷的2 mL棕色無酶離心管中,加入等質(zhì)量的無菌鋼珠,立即放入液氮中速凍,置于-80 ℃超低溫冰箱中保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2.4 胚珠內(nèi)源激素含量的測定 植物激素的測定采用安捷倫三重四級桿高效液相色質(zhì)聯(lián)用儀(Agilent 1290 InfinityⅡ-6470,美國),IAA和CTK的提取方法參照XUE等[47],GA3的提取方法參照范建新等[48],ACC的提取方法參照MENCARELLI等[49],JA的提取方法參照WANG等[50],SA的提取方法參照YALPANI等[51],其中取胚珠材料重量0.7—1.0 g用于測定。
1.2.5 胚珠內(nèi)源多胺含量的測定 植物多胺的測定使用安捷倫超高效液相色譜儀(Agilent 1290 Infinity-HDR-DAD,美國),參照FLORES和GALSTON[52]的方法,稍作修改,胚珠重量為0.7—1.0 g,4 ℃冰箱浸提1 h后取上清1 mL,添加1 mL 2 mol?L-1NaOH溶液與10 μL苯甲酰氯,加入2 mL飽和NaCl和2 mL乙醚,于室溫下6 000 r/min離心5 min;取1 mL上清液于10 mL離心管中,放入氮吹儀進(jìn)行濃縮,然后加入1 mL乙醚并重復(fù)一次;隨后溶于500 μL 60%甲醇,進(jìn)行0.22 μm有機(jī)濾膜過濾,于棕色容量瓶中定容,以進(jìn)一步測試。
組織樣品中各激素及多胺的定量分析采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線法,定性分析采用外標(biāo)法。植物激素和多胺的標(biāo)樣購于上海源葉生物科技有限公司。
1.2.6 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計與分析 利用IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0軟件中的單因素方差A(yù)NOVA(one-way ANOVA)和檢驗進(jìn)行試驗數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計與分析,數(shù)據(jù)表示為平均值(Mean)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(SE)。激素及多胺含量測定數(shù)據(jù)的顯著性分析采用Duncan’s法(<0.05)?!┬恪c‘秦秀’成熟果實單粒重、單粒果實所含胚珠數(shù)及單粒胚珠重的差異性分析均采用檢驗(***<0.001)。
‘京秀’平均單粒重為3.57 g,胚珠眾數(shù)為3個,‘秦秀’平均單粒重2.79 g,平均胚珠眾數(shù)為2個,‘京秀’的平均單粒重和胚珠眾數(shù)均顯著高于‘秦秀’?!┬恪骄咧橹貫?0.31 mg,多為褐色且存在木質(zhì)化,‘秦秀’平均胚珠重為24.80 mg,按照MAHANIL等[53]對無核葡萄的分類方法,‘京秀’屬于有核品種,‘秦秀’屬于無核品種(圖1)。
兩個品種的果粒大小和重量在生長發(fā)育過程中持續(xù)增加,花后48 d達(dá)到最大值,且‘京秀’的果粒大小與單粒重顯著高于‘秦秀’(圖2-A、B)?!┬恪咧榇笮『椭亓吭诨ê?6—48 d持續(xù)增加,‘秦秀’胚珠大小和重量在花后42—45 d極緩慢增加,45 d時達(dá)到高峰,45 d后快速下降(圖2-C、D),表明‘秦秀’胚此時開始敗育。
***: P<0.001
‘京秀’在花后36—39 d 的IAA含量急劇升高,于39 d達(dá)到頂點(diǎn),42 d時下降到最低點(diǎn),然后緩慢增加;‘秦秀’在花后39 d降到最低點(diǎn),然后在花后42 d時迅速升高至最高點(diǎn),之后急速下降后趨于平穩(wěn)(圖3-A)。
‘京秀’中ZT、ZR和iPAS含量在花后36—39 d急劇升高至頂點(diǎn),39—42 d均顯著降低。其中,ZT和ZR含量在花后42 d后趨于平穩(wěn),而iPAS含量在花后48 d時顯著高于花后42 d(圖3-B—D);‘秦秀’中ZR和iPAS含量則是在花后36 d之后下降,花后42 d時顯著升高,之后顯著下降后趨于平穩(wěn)(圖3-C、D)。說明花后39 d時較高含量的iPAS有利于胚珠進(jìn)一步發(fā)育。而對于ZT含量變化,‘秦秀’在花后36 d下降至花后39 d,但差異不顯著,花后42 d時顯著升高,之后顯著下降后趨于平穩(wěn)(圖3-B)。表明有核品種‘京秀’在花后39 d時細(xì)胞分裂素含量最高,無核品種‘秦秀’在花后42 d時細(xì)胞分裂素含量最高。
不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(P<0.05)。下同Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05 level). The same as below
與IAA相似,GA3在生長旺盛的組織中含量較高?!┬恪诨ê?6—39 d的含量顯著升高,之后顯著下降后略有升高;‘秦秀’在花后36 d時GA3含量最高,之后顯著降低,花后39—45 d表現(xiàn)為先升高再降低,之后趨于平穩(wěn)(圖3-E)。
ACC為乙烯生物合成的前體,‘京秀’在花后36—39 d時ACC含量無顯著變化,花后39—45 d時顯著升高到最高點(diǎn),之后顯著降低;‘秦秀’在花后36—39 d時,ACC含量顯著升高到最高點(diǎn),花后39—42 d時顯著降低,之后趨于平穩(wěn)。表明花后39 d之后較高的ACC含量對胚珠的生長發(fā)育有利(圖3-F)。
‘京秀’在花后36—39 d時JA含量顯著升高,花后39—45 d先降低再升高,之后顯著降低;‘秦秀’在花后36—45 d一直降低,45—48 d時顯著升高。說明花后39—45 d期間較高含量的JA有利于胚珠的進(jìn)一步發(fā)育(圖3-G)。
‘京秀’在花后36—39 d時SA含量顯著升高,再顯著降低至花后42 d,之后顯著升高并趨于平穩(wěn);‘秦秀’在花后36—39 d降低,45—48 d時升高,且差異顯著。此外,在相同的取樣時期,‘京秀’的SA含量均顯著高于‘秦秀’,說明較高含量的SA對胚珠的進(jìn)一步發(fā)育具有促進(jìn)作用(圖3-H)。
‘京秀’在花后36—45 d的ABA含量保持相對穩(wěn)定,而‘秦秀’在花后36–39 d顯著降低,39—42 d時迅速上升并于42 d達(dá)到最高點(diǎn),顯著高于‘京秀’,花后42—45 d又迅速下降。在花后45 d之后,兩個品種ABA含量均有所升高(圖3-I)。
‘京秀’在花后36—39 d時(IAA+GA3)/ABA顯著升高,之后逐漸降低,且差異顯著;‘秦秀’在整個發(fā)育過程中無顯著變化。說明在花后36—42 d時較高的(IAA+GA3)/ABA比例有利于胚珠的進(jìn)一步發(fā)育(圖4-A)?!┬恪诨ê?6—39 d時(IAA+ZT+GA3)/ABA顯著升高,之后逐漸降低,且差異顯著;‘秦秀’在整個發(fā)育過程中無顯著變化。說明在花后36—42 d時較高的(IAA+ZT+GA3)/ABA比例有利于胚珠發(fā)育(圖4-B)。
圖3‘京秀’與‘秦秀’不同發(fā)育時期胚珠激素含量變化
圖4 ‘京秀’與‘秦秀’不同發(fā)育時期胚珠激素比值變化
2.4.1 內(nèi)源多胺含量 對于腐胺(Put),‘京秀’與‘秦秀’均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的變化趨勢,但二者之間差異顯著。兩個品種分別在花后42 d和39 d 到達(dá)頂峰,隨后大幅度降低(圖5-A)。兩個品種精胺(Spm)均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的變化趨勢,且差異顯著,均在花后 42 d時到達(dá)頂峰(圖5-B)。亞精胺(Spd)在‘京秀’與‘秦秀’均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的變化趨勢,且差異顯著,分別在花后 42 d和 39 d時達(dá)到頂峰(圖5-C)。‘京秀’與‘秦秀’的多胺(PAs)含量均呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的變化趨勢,分別在花后 42 d和 39 d達(dá)到頂峰,且差異顯著(圖5-D)。說明較高水平的胚珠內(nèi)源腐胺、精胺、亞精胺及多胺含量有利于胚珠的進(jìn)一步生長發(fā)育。
圖5 ‘京秀’與‘秦秀’不同發(fā)育時期胚珠多胺含量變化
2.4.2 內(nèi)源多胺比例 對于Spm/PAs,‘京秀’處于一直上升的趨勢,而‘秦秀’在花后36—39 d先迅速下降,再在花后42 d時達(dá)到峰值且顯著高于‘京秀’,之后又開始下降(圖6-A)。對于(Spd+Spm)/PAs和(Spd+Spm)/Put,‘京秀’均處于一直上升的趨勢,而‘秦秀’在花后36—39 d先迅速下降,然后上升至花后42 d時達(dá)到峰值,之后又開始下降,且在花后45 d以后,‘京秀’的多胺比例均顯著高于‘秦秀’(圖6-B、C)?;ê?5 d以后較高的Spm/PAs、(Spd+Spm)/PAs和(Spd+Spm)/Put比例有利于胚的進(jìn)一步生長發(fā)育,而比例的迅速降低會導(dǎo)致胚的敗育。
種子敗育型無核葡萄的胚珠由珠被、珠心、珠孔、珠柄組成,珠心主要包括胚乳和胚[2,54]。葡萄開花后完成授粉受精形成受精卵,種子敗育型無核葡萄胚的早期發(fā)育與有核葡萄胚的發(fā)育基本相似,在受精后15—20 d 開始分裂[54]。對于完成授粉受精的果實,一部分無核葡萄品種在花后15 d 左右,胚珠中胚乳核不分裂而逐漸退化,引起胚乳退化最終導(dǎo)致胚敗育;一部分是在花后30 d左右,珠心組織不發(fā)達(dá),珠被細(xì)胞逐漸解體退化最終導(dǎo)致胚敗育[54]。不同的無核葡萄品種,其胚珠和胚敗育的時間、速度和敗育程度不同,且同一葡萄品種中胚珠和胚的發(fā)育與敗育并非同步[17]。本研究中,有核葡萄‘京秀’胚珠大小及重量不斷升高后趨于穩(wěn)定,而無核葡萄‘秦秀’在花后45 d開始下降,即胚珠開始敗育。
圖6 ‘京秀’與‘秦秀’不同發(fā)育時期胚珠多胺比值變化
胚珠內(nèi)源激素含量的變化與胚珠及胚的生長發(fā)育密切相關(guān),且不同發(fā)育時期胚珠內(nèi)源激素含量及各激素間的比例不同[5,10-13]。CHEN等[10]認(rèn)為,在正常胚珠中,IAA、GA和ABA濃度在荔枝品種‘蘭珠’開花后第7天達(dá)到峰值,隨后下降,而IAA和GA濃度在球形胚到魚雷形胚期間再次升高,CTK在球形期之前達(dá)到峰值。在敗育胚珠中,ABA始終保持較高濃度,IAA和GA下降至最低水平,CTK在敗育胚珠中低于正常胚珠。本研究中,有核葡萄品種‘京秀’和無核葡萄品種‘秦秀’胚珠大部分激素在36—42 d時變化劇烈,特別是36—39 d,有核品種‘京秀’中IAA、ZT、ZR和iPAS急劇升高,GA3緩慢升高,且除了GA3外,其他激素在花后36—39 d時一直高于‘秦秀’;而無核品種‘秦秀’胚珠中IAA、ZT、ZR、iPAS和GA3在花后36—39 d下降,ABA含量在39—42 d急劇升高,之后又急劇下降,而ACC具有相似變化趨勢,說明36—39 d是胚發(fā)育對生長素和細(xì)胞分裂素需求的關(guān)鍵時期,二者高含量促進(jìn)胚發(fā)育,ABA和ACC維持在較低水平有利于胚發(fā)育。此外,花后39—42 d,‘秦秀’胚珠中ABA和GA3含量急速升高而JA和ACC含量降低,可能也是促進(jìn)胚敗育的重要因素。ROYO等[55]認(rèn)為SA對促進(jìn)‘克瑞森無核’F1代種子敗育具有潛在作用,但本研究中,‘京秀’的SA含量始終高于‘秦秀’,而‘秦秀’的SA含量無顯著變化,這與ROYO等[55]的結(jié)果不一致。
此外,前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物激素間的比例和平衡關(guān)系對胚敗育的發(fā)生比單一激素更為重要[5]。LI等[5]對‘無核白’葡萄內(nèi)源激素含量的兩個比值(IAA+GA3)/ABA和ZR/ABA進(jìn)行測定,發(fā)現(xiàn)在36 DAF后顯著降低。經(jīng)過石蠟切片進(jìn)行細(xì)胞學(xué)觀察后發(fā)現(xiàn),37—42 DAF胚珠中很少或沒有胚胎,推測這兩種激素比例的降低對胚敗育具有一定影響。本研究結(jié)果表明,無核葡萄‘秦秀’的(IAA+GA3)/ABA和(IAA+ZT+GA3)/ABA比值在相同取樣時期均低于有核葡萄‘京秀’,說明生長類激素含量相對于抑制類激素的比率下降,破壞了激素平衡,從而導(dǎo)致胚敗育,這與前人研究結(jié)果一致[5,56-57]。此外,筆者課題組前期分別在‘秦秀’花后36、38、40、42、44和46 d取樣進(jìn)行胚挽救,調(diào)查胚的發(fā)育率、萌發(fā)率和成苗率,發(fā)現(xiàn)‘秦秀’的最佳胚挽救取樣時間為42 DAF[45]。本研究中,‘秦秀’的(IAA+GA3)/ABA和(IAA+ZT+GA3)/ABA比值在42 DAF均顯著降低,預(yù)示著胚敗育的開始,這與前期對‘秦秀’胚挽救確定的最佳取樣時間相吻合。
多胺含量隨子房發(fā)育而變化,不同品種的變化趨勢不同[35]。潘學(xué)軍等[6]研究認(rèn)為,歐亞種葡萄品種的胚珠重量與內(nèi)源PAs、Spd和Spm極顯著正相關(guān),歐美雜種的胚珠重量與Spm顯著正相關(guān)?!t寶石無核’的(Spd+Spm)/PAs和Spm/PAs比值表現(xiàn)為下降趨勢,‘火星無核’表現(xiàn)為先升后降,而有核對照均呈上升趨勢。胚珠內(nèi)較低的多胺含量及其胚胎發(fā)育過程中多胺含量的大幅度下降是導(dǎo)致種子敗育型葡萄胚敗育的主要因素[6]。本研究中,有核品種‘京秀’胚珠中的Spm/PAs、(Spd+Spm)/PAs和(Spd+Spm)/Put比值均顯著升高,而無核品種‘秦秀’胚珠中的兩種比值在花后42 d時顯著降低,預(yù)示著胚敗育的開始。
在無核葡萄胚挽救過程中,PONCE等[30]認(rèn)為花前噴施腐胺可提高‘Emperatriz’和‘Fantasy’的胚挽救成苗率。TANG等[58]發(fā)現(xiàn)花前14 d噴施20 mg·L-1腐胺可促進(jìn)無核葡萄胚發(fā)育。EBADI等[59]采用花前施用0.34 mmol?L-1腐胺,在NN培養(yǎng)基中添加1.0 mmol?L-1精胺、0.5 mmol?L-1亞精胺或1.0 mmol?L-1腐胺均能提高無核葡萄胚發(fā)育率和萌發(fā)率。JIAO等[60]認(rèn)為,添加3 mmol?L-1腐胺、0.5 mmol?L-1亞精胺或0.3 mmol?L-1精胺可顯著提高‘紅寶石無核’ב紫香無核’和‘紅寶石無核?’ב火焰無核’的胚胎發(fā)育率和萌發(fā)率。這些研究結(jié)果均說明外源多胺在胚的發(fā)育過程中起重要作用。
無核葡萄‘秦秀’胚珠中低含量的生長促進(jìn)物質(zhì)(IAA、GA3、CTK、ACC、SA、JA、Put、Spd和Spm)、高含量的生長抑制物質(zhì)(ABA)及較低的(IAA+GA3)/ABA、(IAA+ZT+GA3)/ABA、Spm/PAs、(Spd+Spm)/PAs和(Spd+Spm)/Put比值是導(dǎo)致其胚敗育的主要原因之一。因此,在無核葡萄胚挽救過程中,可通過花前噴灑或者在培養(yǎng)基中添加一定濃度的生長促進(jìn)物質(zhì)來抑制胚的敗育。
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Changes of Endogenous Hormones and Polyamines During Ovule Development of Stenospermocarpic Seedless Grape
ZHU PeiPei, QIN HaoXiang, ZHANG JianXia
College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resource Utilization in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
【Objective】By exploring the effects of endogenous hormones and polyamines on embryo development during the ovule development of seedless grape, this study provided a theoretical basis for promoting embryo development by spraying exogenous hormones before anthesis and adding exogenous hormones into the medium in vitro culture of ovule.【Method】In this study, the European grape (L.) variety Jingxiu and its F1generation stenospermocarpic seedless variety Qinxiu were used as test materials. The content of endogenous hormones and polyamines in ovule of fruit at different developmental stages were compared by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLCMS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC).【Result】The content of IAA, ZT, ZR, and iPAS reached their highest values at 39 DAF (days after flowering) for Jingxiu and 42 DAF for Qinxiu, and the highest values of the former were higher than those of the latter (more than 1.5 times). For the content of JA and SA, Jingxiu started to rise sharply at 36 DAF (2 000 ng?g-1and 6 500 ng?g-1, respectively), and reached the highest values at 39 DAF (6 500 ng?g-1and 10 000 ng?g-1, respectively), and then, which were declining and remaining at a high level at 42-45 DAF, while Qinxiu was declining and remaining at a low level from 36 DAF (3 500 ng?g-1and 3 000 ng?g-1, respectively). The ACC content of Jingxiu was almost 0 ng?g-1at 39 DAF, then increased rapidly and reached its highest value (1 200 ng?g-1) at 45 DAF, while Qinxiu reached its highest value (900 ng?g-1) at 39 DAF, then declined to 0 ng?g-1at 42 DAF, and remained at a very low level. The ABA content of Jingxiu was almost 0 ng?g-1from 36 to 45 DAF, while that of Qinxiu rose sharply from 0 ng?g-1at 39 DAF to the highest value (900 ng?g-1) at 42 DAF. The trends of Put (putrescine), Spm (spermine), and Spd (spermidine) were similar for the two varieties, but Jingxiu was consistently higher than Qinxiu. The highest values of Put and Spd were 42 DAF for Jingxiu and 39 DAF for Qinxiu, except for the highest values of Spm, which were all found at 42 DAF. 【Conclusion】 The lower content of growth promoting substances (IAA, CTK, GA3, ACC, JA, SA, Put, Spd, and Spm) and the higher content of growth inhibiting substances (ABA), and lower ratios of (IAA+GA3)/ABA, (IAA+ZT+GA3)/ABA, Spm/PAs, (Spd+Spm)/Pas, and (Spd+Spm)/Put in the ovules of the seedless variety Qinxiu compared with the seeded variety Jingxiu might be one of the main reasons for seedless grape embryo abortion. Therefore, in the process of seedless grape embryo rescue, the embryo abortion could be inhibited by spraying before flowering or adding to media a certain concentration of growth promoting substances.
stenospermocarpic seedless grapes; ovules; embryo; endogenous hormones; polyamines
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.23.018
2023-04-18;
2023-08-15
陜西省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃-鄉(xiāng)村振興科技專項(2022FP-31)
朱佩佩,E-mail:825965951@qq.com。通信作者張劍俠,E-mail:zhangjx666@126.com
(責(zé)任編輯 趙伶俐)