馬錁 王燕 胡珊 張瑞萍 賴永超 李加強 李建國
摘? ? 要:莞福紅荔枝是從東莞荔枝自然實生群體中選育出的優(yōu)質(zhì)荔枝新品種。其果實心形,果皮鮮紅色,肉厚多汁,果肉蠟白色,濃甜微香,風(fēng)味濃郁,品質(zhì)優(yōu);單果質(zhì)量29.3 g,可食率78.8%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為19.6%,可滴定酸含量為1.09%,維生素C含量為264.0 mg·kg-1,比糯米糍遲熟7~10 d。果實品質(zhì)優(yōu),不易裂果,豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好,適合在廣東省晚熟荔枝品種栽培區(qū)種植。
關(guān)鍵詞:荔枝;新品種;莞福紅;晚熟
中圖分類號:S667.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)12-2689-04
收稿日期:2023-05-30 接受日期:2023-08-23
基金項目:東莞市2021年度省鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略專項資金(“大專項+任務(wù)清單”)項目(20211800400032);廣東省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系創(chuàng)新團隊建設(shè)專項資金(2023KJ107);東莞市社會科技發(fā)展(重點)項目(2019507101210)
作者簡介:馬錁,男,研究員,研究方向為果樹栽培與育種。Tel:0769-23668616,E-mail:makegd@126.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:020-85288265,E-mail:jianli@scau.edu.cn
Selection of a new late-maturing litchi cultivar Guanfuhong
MA Ke1, WANG Yan1, HU Shan1, ZHANG Ruiping2, LAI Yongchao1, LI Jiaqiang1, LI Jianguo3*
(1Dongguan Agricultural Scientific Research Center, Dongguan 523086, Guangdong, China; 2Houjie Town Agricultural Technology Service Center, Dongguan 523900, Guangdong, China; 3College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China)
Abstract: Guanfuhong, a new litchi cultivar with excellent characteristics, was selected through the seedling selection. In 1993, maternal tree of Guanfuhong was initially selected for its large fruit size, a high and steady yield, a bright red pericarp, excellent quality, late-marurity and high quality in Dongguan city, Guangdong province. After many-year regional trials, it was found that the genetic characteristic was stable. The new plant variety right was obtained in January 2023. The cultivar is a tall tree, with spreading growth habit and semi-circular canopy shape. Leaves are lanceolate, 16.7 cm long and 3.9 cm wide. Inflorescence is conical; the main axis of inflorescence is 26.1 cm long and 13.9 cm wide. Flower is white with medium size. Guanfuhong can sprout new shoots all round the year, with young shoots growing about 5-6 times, while with fruiting trees they grow about 3-4 times. Fruit is mainly heart-shaped and the peel is red. The flesh is white with sweet flavor and aroma. The average fruit weight is 29.3 g; the horizontal diameter of fruit is 40.70 mm, the longitudinal diameter of fruit is 39.35 mm, and the number of seed is 1. The eatable rate of fruit is 78.8%. The soluble solids content is 19.6% and soluble acid is 1.09%. The content of vitamin C is 264.0 mg·kg-1. The fruit quality of Guanfuhong is excellent. The fruit development period is about 80 d. And its maturity period is from late June to early July in Dongguan city, Guangdong province. It is resistant to both drought and water logging. The grafting compatibility between Guanfuhong and Huaizhi, Guiwei or Nuomici is high. In the third year after high-grafting, this cultivar can bear fruits, and the yield potential is high. The orchard should be established on acid red loam soil, which has good ability of moisture and fertilizer retention. Spacing in the rows and between rows is 6 m×8 m. The trunk is 0.3-0.4 m high with 3-4 main scaffold limbs, which are uniformly distributed with good growth vigor. Pruning should be carried out immediately after fruit picking with adult fruiting trees. The main method is thinning and heading back, to remove or retract the large and dense branches that are too high or too dense to form an open-center shape for desirable ventilation and light transmission. After the occurrence of 'white spots', the main method is thinning, and the dense, shady, weak as well as diseased and insect branches should be cut off. Winter shoot should be controlled by girdling or spraying paclobutrazol or uniconazole, which aims to promote flower differentiation. Flowers and fruits need to be thinned adequately when the rate of flowers and fruit set is excessive. It is advisable to apply enough base fertilizer to guarantee proper growth and development. In addition, it is very important to prevent and control pests and diseases such anthracnose, stem borers, litchi stink bugs and downy mildew. Due to the lengthy fruiting period, it is recommended to apply organic fertilizer before flowering and spray foliar fertilizer during the young fruit stage to ensure the normal growth of flowers and fruits. Guanfuhong has a strong adaptability and the suitable cultivation area includes the majority of the mid-late maturing litchi production areas in Guangdong province.
Key words: Litchi; New cultivar; Guanfuhong; Late-maturing
荔枝原產(chǎn)于中國,是典型的亞熱帶常綠果樹,我國有2000多年的荔枝栽培歷史,是世界荔枝種質(zhì)資源最豐富、品種最多的國家之一[1],廣東荔枝則以優(yōu)良品種眾多,果實色、香、味兼具而聞名國內(nèi)外。廣東現(xiàn)有荔枝種植面積26萬hm2,年均產(chǎn)量120萬~150萬t,種植面積和產(chǎn)量分別占全國的46%和60%以上[2]。但粵中晚熟荔枝產(chǎn)區(qū)主栽品種以糯米糍、桂味為主,產(chǎn)期集中,市場銷售壓力過大,因此選育晚熟、優(yōu)質(zhì)的荔枝品種是荔枝產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的重要任務(wù)。
1 選育過程
莞福紅荔枝是采用實生選種的方法選育出的晚熟荔枝新品種(圖1),其母樹位于東莞市厚街鎮(zhèn)大逕社區(qū)。該果場建于1985年,從外地引入桂味、糯米糍、妃子笑等荔枝嫁接苗進行種植,1993年園主發(fā)現(xiàn)一株果實較大、果皮鮮紅色,外觀像糯米糍的荔枝,但果實風(fēng)味不同于糯米糍荔枝,且成熟期比糯米糍晚。從2013年起,筆者開始對該優(yōu)株進行調(diào)查,并在東莞市厚街鎮(zhèn)、東莞市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究中心荔枝試驗基地開展多點比較試驗。結(jié)果表明,該優(yōu)株各世代遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定;高接換種后第3年就可開花結(jié)果,第4年即可投產(chǎn),早結(jié)豐產(chǎn)。2022年11月獲得植物新品種權(quán),品種權(quán)號:CNA20191006492。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
莞福紅品種樹勢中等,樹冠半球形,樹干灰褐色。小葉2~3對,葉片披針形,葉色濃綠,先端漸尖,葉緣平直,少數(shù)呈微波浪形,葉片長16.7 cm、寬3.9 cm。花序形狀為圓錐形,花序主軸平均長26.1 cm、寬13.9 cm?;ǘ浯笮≈械?,花柱開裂程度中等。
2.2 生物學(xué)特性
2.2.1 枝梢生長特性 幼年樹每年可抽梢5~6次,通常春梢1次,2月中旬至3月上旬萌發(fā);夏梢2次,5月上旬至7月下旬萌發(fā);秋梢2次,7月底至10月抽出,壯、旺樹能萌發(fā)3次;冬梢1次或無,11月至翌年1月抽出。成年結(jié)果樹采果后可萌發(fā)2~3次梢。
2.2.2 開花結(jié)果習(xí)性 莞福紅一般1月下旬至2月上旬出現(xiàn)“白點”,2月中旬抽出花穗,3月底至4月初為始花期,4月上中旬謝花,4月中下旬第一次生理落果,5月上旬第二次生理落果,5月下旬至6月上旬第三次生理落果,6月初果實著色,果實成熟期在6月下旬至7月上旬。
2.3 果實性狀
果實心形,果皮鮮紅色,龜裂片隆起,裂片峰鈍圓;果實平均單果質(zhì)量29.3 g,可食率78.8%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)19.6%,總糖含量17.6%,可滴定酸含量1.09%,維生素C含量264.0 mg·kg-1(表1),比糯米糍遲熟7~10 d。
3 分子標(biāo)記鑒定
筆者團隊委托廣東省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹研究所開展分子標(biāo)記鑒定[3-4],選用篩選出來的19對擴增效率高、分型效果明顯的SNP引物,利用這些引物對莞福紅荔枝與現(xiàn)有的390份荔枝種質(zhì)進行親緣關(guān)系分析。結(jié)果表明,19對SNP引物均表現(xiàn)為二等位性,莞福紅與現(xiàn)有390份荔枝種質(zhì)的遺傳距離介于0.053~0.816之間,可見莞福紅為新的荔枝種質(zhì)(圖2)。
4 栽培技術(shù)要點
4.1 建園
選擇背風(fēng)向陽、土壤肥力充足、保水保肥力強、排水防澇良好的地塊建園。種植穴深度0.8~1.0 m,直徑0.6~0.8 m,在定植前1~2個月施足基肥,并于春季栽植;種植密度為6 m×8 m;間種綠肥或良性雜草。
4.2 整形修剪
幼年樹定干高度30~40 cm,培養(yǎng)分布均勻的3~4個主枝。成年結(jié)果樹主要在采果后和出現(xiàn)“白點”后進行修剪。采果后以疏剪和回縮為主,主要疏除或重回縮樹冠中外部過高或過旺的大枝和過密枝,形成開心形通風(fēng)透光的樹形。出現(xiàn)“白點”后以疏剪為主,剪除過密枝、蔭蔽枝、弱枝、病蟲枝等。
4.3 水肥管理
幼齡期及新梢生長時期,偏施氮肥。結(jié)果樹全年要施肥3次:開花肥、壯果肥和秋梢肥,有機肥與無機肥結(jié)合施用效果最佳。果實發(fā)育期和秋梢生長期可結(jié)合樹勢情況補充施肥?;ㄑ糠只谝蟾稍锏沫h(huán)境,末次秋梢中后期不要淋水施肥,保持土壤干燥,大約在花芽萌動時開始灌水,以提高成花率。
4.4 控梢促花
一般培養(yǎng)2次健壯秋梢,以11月中下旬充分老熟的末次秋梢作為翌年的結(jié)果母枝為宜。末次秋梢老熟后,于11月底或12月初在主枝上進行閉口環(huán)割一圈,深達(dá)木質(zhì)部,抑制冬梢萌發(fā);如有冬梢萌出,在冬梢展葉前噴施0.03%~0.04%的乙烯利。
4.5 病蟲害防治
莞福紅的主要病蟲害有荔枝蝽、蒂蛀蟲、尺蠖、霜疫霉病、炭疽病等。梢期注意防治食葉類害蟲,掛果期注意防治荔枝蝽、蒂蛀蟲。防治時應(yīng)根據(jù)病蟲害的發(fā)生時期,做到預(yù)防為主,綜合防治。另外,果實成熟期間要注意防止鳥類啄食。
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