陳 靖
(常德職業(yè)技術學院 藥學系,湖南 常德 415000)
附子為毛茛科植物烏頭Aconitum carmichaeliDebx.子根的加工品,始載于《神農本草經(jīng)》。附子辛、甘,大熱,有毒。歸心、腎、脾經(jīng)。有回陽救逆、補火助陽、散寒止痛的功效[1]。附子從古至今在臨床上都有廣泛使用,如醫(yī)圣張仲景、中醫(yī)火神派創(chuàng)始人鄭欽安都以善用附子而聞名。但附子有毒,如果應用不當,容易出現(xiàn)嚴重的毒副作用,為確保臨床用藥安全,我國制定了包括毒性藥在內的特殊藥品管理辦法?,F(xiàn)代研究表明,附子的毒性成分大多來源于二萜類生物堿,但二萜類生物堿不僅只表現(xiàn)為毒性,也是附子其功效的關鍵成分,表現(xiàn)出了良好的抗炎、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗心律失常和抗腫瘤等作用[2]。20 世紀60 年代以來,研究人員對附子的研究從未中斷,附子的成分復雜,因此對其進行化學成分研究仍然具有重要的意義。通過前期研究,分離了6 個二萜類化合物[3],本文在此基礎上繼續(xù)對附子進行化學成分研究,為進一步探討附子的藥效物質基礎及質量評價提供科學依據(jù)。
附子由四川江油道地產(chǎn)區(qū)提供,經(jīng)常德職業(yè)技術學院藥學系劉宏偉教授鑒定為烏頭屬植物烏頭Aconitum carmichaeliDebx.的子根,標本存放于常德職業(yè)技術學院藥學系;薄層層析和柱層析用硅膠(200 ~ 300 目,硅膠H,青島海洋化工廠);薄層層析和柱層析用聚酰胺(100 ~ 200 目,浙江省臺州市路橋四甲生化塑料廠);Sephadex LH-20(瑞典Pharmacia 公司); XT-4 型顯微熔點測定儀(上海荊和分析儀器有限公司); Bruker ACF-500 型核磁共振儀(TMS 為內標)(德國 Bruker 公司); TOF/MS(美國安捷倫科技公司, ESI Mode);實驗所用試劑均為分析純。
取46.0 kg 干燥附子藥材,分別用四倍量95%乙醇回流提取3 次,每次2 h,過濾,合并濾液,減壓回收溶劑得到浸膏3.4 kg,2%鹽酸水溶液溶解,氯仿萃取。其中,氯仿部位浸膏330 g 經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(200 ~ 300目),氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 : 1 ~ 1 : 1),經(jīng)TLC檢測合并相似流分,得到A1 ~ A4。A1 經(jīng)過反復硅膠柱層析(200 ~ 300 目),氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 :1 ~ 1 : 1),經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)反復純化,得到化合物2(9 mg)和化合物3(10 mg);A2 經(jīng)反復硅膠柱層析(200 ~ 300 目),氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 :1 ~ 1 : 1),經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)反復純化,得到化合物4(8 mg);A3 經(jīng)反復硅膠柱層析(200 ~300 目),氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 : 1 ~ 1 : 1),經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)反復純化,得到化合物9(4 mg);A4 經(jīng)反復硅膠柱層析(200 ~ 300 目),氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 : 1 ~ 1 : 1),經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)反復純化,得到化合物1(13 mg)。
將酸水液用氨水調pH 至9 ~ 10 后,用氯仿萃取得氯仿部位浸膏70 g,經(jīng)硅膠柱層析(200 ~ 300 目)氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 : 1 ~ 1 : 1),經(jīng)TLC 檢測合并相似流分,得到B1-B3。B1 經(jīng)反復硅膠柱層析(200 ~ 300 目),氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 : 1 ~1 : 1)后析出化合物5( 7 mg);B2 經(jīng)反復硅膠柱層析(200 ~ 300 目),氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 : 1 ~ 1 :1),經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)反復純化,得到化合物7(5 mg)和化合物8(4 mg);B3 經(jīng)反復硅膠柱層析(200 ~ 300 目),氯仿-甲醇梯度洗脫(100 :1 ~ 1 : 1),經(jīng)Sephadex LH-20(甲醇)反復純化,得到化合物6(6 mg)。
化合物1:白色粒狀結晶 (CH3COCH3),m.p.208 ~210 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOF-MSm/z604.312 8 [M+H]+,分子式為C32H45NO10;1H-NMR(CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 8.04 (2H, brd,J=7.2 Hz, H-2',6'),7.55 (1H, brt,J=7.2 Hz, H-4'),7.45 (2H, brt,J=7.2 Hz, H-3', 5'),4.98 (1H, d,J=5.0 Hz, H-14),4.76 (1H, d,J=5.0 Hz, H-15),4.27 (1H, d,J=4.4 Hz, HO-15),4.24(1H, brd,J=6.3 Hz, H-6),3.79 (1H, d,J=8.5 Hz, H-3),3.73 (3H, s, 16-OCH3),3.55 (1H, m, H-18a),3.37 (3H, s,6-OCH3),3.32 (3H, s, 1-OCH3),3.28 (3H, s, 18-OCH3),3.15 (1H, d,J=5.0, H-16),3.11 (1H, m, H-18b),3.00 (1H, d,J=5.0 Hz, H-1),2.89 (1H, s, H-17),1.41 (3H, t,J=5.2 Hz,Et-N);13C-NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz) δ: 81.2 (C-1),30.8(C-2),70.1 (C-3),43.3 (C-4),48.2 (C-5),81.1 (C-6),43.7 (C-7),78.1 (C-8),43.8 (C-9),40.5 (C-10),49.9(C-11),35.4 (C-12 ),74.3 (C-13),78.5 (C-14),79.9(C-15),90.5 (C-16),64.5 (C-17),77.5 (C-18),50.4(C-19),55.1 (1'-OCH3),58.0 (6'-OCH3),60.6 (16'-OCH3),59.2 (18'-OCH3),10.8 (N-CH2CH3),49.9 (N-CH2CH3),166.4, 129.8,129.9×2,128.5×2,133.1 (C-14'-OBz)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[4]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物benzoylaconine。
化合物2:白色粒狀結晶 (CH3COCH3),m.p.205 ~206 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOFMSm/z590.297 4 [M+H]+, 分 子 式 為C31H43NO10;1H-NMR( CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 8.05 (2H, brd,J=7.5 Hz,H-2', 6'),7.54 (1H, brt,J=7.5 Hz, H-4'),7.44 (2H, brt,J=7.5 Hz, H-3', 5'),4.98 (1H, d,J=5.0 Hz, H-14),4.82(1H, d,J=5.0 Hz, H-15),4.26 (1H, d,J=5.0 Hz, HO-15),4.11 (1H, brs, HO-13),3.96 (1H, brd,J=8.3 Hz, H-6),3.71(3H, s, 16-OCH3),3.58 (1H, t,J=7.0 Hz, H-3),3.51 (1H,d,J=5.5 Hz, H-18b),3.46 (3H, s, 6-OCH3),3.39 (3H, s,1-OCH3),3.34 (1H, d,J=7.5 Hz, H-9),3.30 (3H, s,18-OCH3),3.22 (1H, d,J=8.5 Hz, H-16),3.14 (1H,d,J=5.5 Hz, H-18a),3.06 (1H, s, H-17),2.57 (1H, d,J=6.5 Hz, H-19a),2.13 (1H, d,J=6.5 Hz, H-19b)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[4]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為benzoylmeaconine。
化合物3:白色粒狀結晶 (CH3COCH3),m.p.126 ~ 128 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOF-MSm/z574.302 8 [M+H]+,分子式為C31H43NO9;1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 8.05 (2H, brd,J=7.5 Hz,H-2', 6'),7.54 (1H, brt,J=7.5 Hz, H-4'),7.44 (2H, brt,J=7.5 Hz, H-3', 5'),4.96 (1H, d,J=5.0 Hz, H-14),4.80(1H, d,J=5.0 Hz, H-15),4.24 (1H, m, HO-15),4.05 (1H,brs, HO-13),3.85 (1H, brd,J=8.5 Hz, H-6),3.73 (3H, s,1-OCH3),3.48 (3H, s, 6-OCH3),3.44 (3H, s, 1-OCH3),3.28 (3H, s, 18-OCH3),3.134 (1H, s, H-17),2.56 (1H,d,J=6.0 Hz, H-19a),2.18 (1H, d,J=6.0 Hz, H-19b)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[5]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為benzoylhyaconine。
化合物4:白色粉末,m.p.161 ~ 164 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOF-MSm/z618.328 3[M+H]+,分 子式為C33H47NO10;1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 8.03 (2H, brd,J=8.0 Hz, H-2', 6'),7.55 (1H,brt,J=8.0 Hz, H-4'),7.44 (2H, brt,J=8.0 Hz, H-3', 5'),4.81 (1H, d,J=5.5 Hz, H-14),4.54 (1H, dd,J=5.5 Hz,1.4, H-15),4.07 (1H, brd,J=5.5 Hz, H-6),3.76 (1H,m, H-3),3.73 (3H, s, 16-OCH3),3.61 (2H, q,J=6.5 Hz,H-8'),3.56 (1H, d,J=8.0 Hz, H-18b),3.51 (1H, m, H-16),3.31 (3H, s, 6-OCH3),3.28 (3H, s, 1-OCH3),3.27 (3H, s,18-OCH3),3.25 (1H, d,J=8.0 Hz, H-18a),3.12 (1H, dd,J=8.5 Hz, 6.0, H-1),2.93 (1H, s, H-17),2.80 (1H, s, H-7),2.77 (1H, dd,J=7.5 Hz, 5.0, H-9),2.32 (3H, s, N-CH3),1.91 (1H, d,J=5.5 Hz, H-5),0.58 (3H, t, q,J=6.5 Hz,H-8'');13C-NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz) δ: 85.1(C-1),35.9(C-2),70.0 (C-3),42.7 (C-4),46.3 (C-5),83.7 (C-6),44.9 (C-7),84.1 (C-8),44.0 (C-9),42.5 (C-10),51.6(C-11),38.4 (C-12),74.3 (C-13),81.3 (C-14),78.5(C-15),95.7 (C-16),63.5 (C-17),76.4 (C-18),50.4(C-19),56.3 (C-1'),59.0 (C-6'),62.3 (C-16'),59.2 (C-18'),46.9 (N-Me),57.8,15.7 (C-8'),168.1,129.8,130.9×2,129.4×2,134.1 (C-14'-OBz)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[6]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為8-OEt-14-benzoylmesaconine。
化合物5:白色簇狀結晶 (CH3COCH3),m.p.145 ~ 146 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOF-MSm/z422.290 2 [M+H]+,分子式為C24H39NO5;1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 4.79 (1H, brs, H-14),4.25 (1H, brs, H-6),4.13 (1H, brs, H-16),3.92 (1H,brs, HO-8),3.36 (3H, s, 16-OCH3),3.36 (3H, s, 18-OCH3),3.29 (3H, s, 1-OCH3),3.06 (1H, brs, H-17),1.06(3H, t,J=6.5 Hz, Et-N);13C-NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz) δ:81.8 (C-1),25.2 (C-2),38.1 (C-3),39.4 (C-4),46.0(C-5),24.5 (C-6),44.7 (C-7),73.4 (C-8),45.7 (C-9),38.6 (C-10),49.1 (C-11),27.8 (C-12),44.9 (C-13),75.0 (C-14),39.7 (C-15),81.4 (C-16),62.0 (C-17),80.3 (C-18),53.5 (C-19),56.0 (C-1'),56.5 (C-16'),59.4 (C-18'),13.7 (N-CH2CH3),49.9 (N-CH2CH3)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[7]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為talatizamine。
化合物6:白色粉末 (CH3COCH3),m.p.155 ~156 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOFMSm/z394.259 4 [M+H]+, 分 子 式 為C22H35NO5;1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 5.16 (1H, d,J=4.5 Hz,H-15),4.81 (1H, s, HO-15),4.71 (1H, d,J=7.5 Hz,H-16),4.34 (1H, t,J=9.0 Hz, H-6),4.31 (1H, m, HO-1),4.26 (1H, m, HO-6),4.06 (1H, m, H-1),3.97 (1H,s,H-20),3.74,3.62 (2H, d,J=12 Hz, H-17),3.69 (1H, d,J=3.0 Hz, HO-17),1.27 (3H, t,J=7.0 Hz, CH3CH2-N),0.76 (3H, s, H-18);13C-NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz) δ:69.1 (C-1), 27.1 (C-2),22.6 (C-3),34.2 (C-4),51.7(C-5),67.3 (C-6),44.2 (C-7),49.9 (C-8),36.4 (C-9),53.4 (C-10),20.2 (C-11),29.7 (C-12),42.3 (C-13),42.1 (C-14),83.9 (C-15),78.5 (C-16),67.4 (C-17),49.9 (C-18),55.0 (C-19),66.5 (C-20),51.8 (C-21),10.0 (C-22)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[8]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為chuanfumine。
化合物7:透明沙狀結晶 (CH3COCH3),m.p.257 ~ 259 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOF-MSm/z330.206 9 [M+H]+,分子式為C20H27NO3;1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 4.89 (1H, s, H-17a),4.73 (1H, s, H-17b),4.28 (1H, d,J=8.5 Hz, H-20),4.17 (1H, t,J=2.5 Hz, H-11),4.13 (1H, m, H-13),4.07(1H, s, H-2),3.99 (1H, d,J=6.0 Hz, H-6),3.16 (1H, d,J=15.5 Hz, H-19a),2.94 (1H, d,J=11.5 Hz, H-19b),2.40(1H, brd,J=2.5 Hz, H-12),2.37 (1H, t,J=2.5 Hz, H-5),2.30(1H, m, H-3a),2.17 (1H, q,J=8.5 Hz, H-14),2.10 (1H, s,H-9),2.04 (1H, m, H-15a),1.95 (1H, d,J=2.0 Hz, H-1),1.91(1H, m, H-3b),1.84,1.78 (2H, dd,J=14.5 Hz, H-7),1.56(1H, dd,J=15 Hz, H-1),1.16 (3H, s, H-18);13C-NMR(CDCl3, 125 MHz) δ: 32.8 (C-1),64.8 (C-2),38.7 (C-3),35.4 (C-4),57.3 (C-5),64.5 (C-6),33.6 (C-7),42.7(C-8),54.1 (C-9),49.6 (C-10),73.6 (C-11),50.3 (C-12),70.2 (C-13),50.9 (C-14),32.8 (C-15),146.9 (C-16),106.9 (C-17),32.6 (C-18),59.1 (C-19),67.6 (C-20)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[9]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為hetisine。
化合物8:透明沙狀結晶 (CH3COCH3),m.p.292 ~ 293 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOF-MSm/z346.201 8 [M+H]+,分子式為C20H27NO4;1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 5.02 (1H, d,J=8.5 Hz,H-17a),4.92 (H, d, J=8.5 Hz, H-17b),4.87 (1H, d,J=3.5 Hz, H-15),4.79 (1H, s, H-9),4.61 (1H, m, H-2),4.51 (1H, m, H-3),4.13 (1H, q,J=13.0 Hz, 7.5, H-6),4.06 (1H, s, H-20),3.97 (1H, m, H-19a),3.76 (1H,m, H-19b),0.97 (3H, s, H-18);13C-NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz) δ: 29.8 (C-1),67.6 (C-2),73.6 (C-3),41.7(C-4),54.2 (C-5),61.4 (C-6),28.3 (C-7),43.2 (C-8),78.8 (C-9),49.4 (C-10),38.8 (C-11),33.4 (C-12),32.9 (C-13),41.9 (C-14),70.1 (C-15),153.9 (C-16),106.9 (C-17),22.2 (C-18),56.9 (C-19),70.0 (C-20)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[10]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為3-epiignavinol。
化合物9:白色針狀結晶 (CH3COCH3),m.p.297 ~ 298 ℃,TLC 噴碘化鉍鉀試液加熱顯橘紅色。TOF-MSm/z344.258 9 [M+H]+,分子式為C20H27NO3;1H-NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) δ: 8.78 (1H, s, H-20),4.73(1H, s, H-17b),5.48 (1H, t,J=5.0 Hz, H-17),5.01 (1H,d,J=5.0 Hz, H-17),4.99 (1H, s, H-15),4.96 (1H, s,HO-15),4.18 (2H, t,J=5.0 Hz, HO-CH2-CH2-N),3.90,3.87 (2H, m, H-6),3.74 (1H, m, H-19a),3.53 (1H, d,J=5.5 Hz, H-19b),2.31 (1H, brs, H-12),2.08 (1H, t,J=6.0 Hz, H-5),1.88 (1H, m, H-3),1.02 (3H, s, H-18);13C-NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz) δ: 40.2 (C-1), 19.8 (C-2),35.2 (C-3),32.9 (C-4),44.1 (C-5),18.7 (C-6),30.2 (C-7),37.0 (C-8),38.9 (C-9),45.4 (C-10),27.1 (C-11),34.2(C-12),24.9 (C-13),24.9 (C-14),73.8 (C-15),155.5(C-16),109.1 (C-17),24.4 (C-18),63.3 (C-19),181.7(C-20),57.0 (C-21),58.2 (C-22)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻[11-12]報道基本一致,故鑒定該化合物為guan fu base H。
附子中所含生物堿為C19 和C20 -二萜生物堿,其中以C19 -二萜生物堿為主[13]。C19 -二萜生物堿以烏頭堿(Aconitine)、次烏頭堿(Hypaeonitine)、中烏頭堿(Mesaeonitine)等為主。烏頭堿是雙酯型二萜生物堿,在C8 和C14 位均聯(lián)有酯鍵,具有強烈毒性,其性質不穩(wěn)定易水解。通過高熱處理可使其先水解為毒性較小的單酷型苯甲酰烏頭堿(Bneozylacnoine),僅C14 位聯(lián)有酯鍵,苯甲酰烏頭堿的毒性僅為烏頭堿的1/200。苯甲酰烏頭堿可進一步分解為無酯鍵、毒性極低的烏頭胺(Acnoine),其C8 和C14 位均無酯鍵相聯(lián)。烏頭胺的毒性僅為烏頭堿的1/2 000[14]。因此,實驗采用95%乙醇熱回流方法提取附子中二萜生物堿。結果原藥材中含量較高的劇毒雙酯型生物堿烏頭堿沒有分離得到、分離鑒定出的是其相應的水解產(chǎn)物低毒的單酯型苯甲酰烏頭堿、苯甲酰中烏頭堿和苯甲酰次烏頭堿。該提取條件為附子中劇毒雙酯型生物堿烏頭堿的穩(wěn)定條件及水解調節(jié)提供依據(jù)。
此外,在對附子進行提取分離的過程中,根據(jù)其生物堿pH值的不同,采用不同酸堿條件提取的方法,將生物堿分為脂溶性弱堿性和強堿性生物堿。結果表明,在兩個不同部位中,C19-二萜生物堿多從脂溶性弱堿性生物堿部位分離得到,而C20-二萜生物堿多從強堿性部位分離得到。研究結果為附子的藥效物質基礎研究及其綜合質量評價提供科學依據(jù)。
本研究從附子中共分離鑒定了9 個生物堿類成分, 5 個為C19-二萜生物堿和4 個為C20-二萜生物堿,其中,化合物6、8 和9 為首次從附子中分得,本研究為具開發(fā)前景的兩類活性成分找到了很好的天然資源,也為附子后續(xù)研究奠定了基礎。