李明東 張詩艾 楊遠江 徐浩峰 陶雪晴 何稼
摘要: 酶誘導(dǎo)碳酸鹽沉淀(EICP)改良土體是巖土工程領(lǐng)域的新興熱點技術(shù),全面總結(jié)梳理EICP改良土體的研究現(xiàn)狀,優(yōu)選關(guān)鍵技術(shù)參數(shù),并對EICP的未來發(fā)展提出了展望。建議制定植物脲酶促沉碳酸鈣改良土體方法標(biāo)準,對植物脲酶的保存方法、EICP改良土體在特殊環(huán)境條件下的長期性能開展研究。研究結(jié)果表明:EICP能夠顯著提高土體的性能,無側(cè)限抗壓強度最高可達3 MPa,抗風(fēng)蝕能力可達29.1 m·s-1,表面貫入強度可達1.065 MPa,滲透系數(shù)降低率可達98.2%,重金屬離子質(zhì)量分數(shù)降低率可達99.96%。
關(guān)鍵詞:植物脲酶; 酶誘導(dǎo)碳酸鹽沉淀(EICP); 土體改良; 固化; 重金屬
中圖分類號: TU 44文獻標(biāo)志碼: A?? 文章編號: 1000-5013(2024)01-0001-09
Research Progress of Soil Improvement by Plant Urease Induced Carbonate Precipitation
LI Mingdong, ZHANG Shiai, YANG Yuanjiang,XU Haofeng, TAO Xueqing, HE Jia
(School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China)
Abstract: Soil improvement by enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging hot technologie in the field of geotechnical engineering. The research status of soil improvement by EICP are summarized comprehensively, the key technical parameters are optimized, and the prospects of future development of EICP are pointed out. The standard method of soil improvement by plant urease promoting sinking of calcium carbonate is suggested. The preservation methods of plant urease and the longterm performance of soil improvement by EICP under special environmental conditions are conducted. The research results show that EICP can significantly improve the performance of soil, the maximal unconfined compressive strength reaches 3 MPa, the ability of wind erosion resistance reaches 29.1 m·s-1, the surface penetration strength reaches 1.065 MPa, the rate of permeability coefficient reduction reaches 98.2%, the rate of heavy metal ion mass content reduction reaches 99.96%.
Keywords: plant urease; enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP); soil improvement; solidification; heavy metal
許多植物的種子或根部富含脲酶,脲酶能夠?qū)⑼馏w中的尿素催化水解為氨氣和二氧化碳,它們與土體中的水反應(yīng),轉(zhuǎn)化為碳酸根和銨根離子。當(dāng)土體中存在難溶碳酸鹽的陽離子(鈣離子、鉛離子等)時,碳酸鹽達到過飽和狀態(tài),形成沉淀,其自然反應(yīng)為
利用該自然反應(yīng),人為地從植物中提取脲酶,將足量脲酶和尿素引入土體中,它們能在短時間內(nèi)誘導(dǎo)生成大量碳酸鹽沉淀,稱為植物脲酶誘導(dǎo)碳酸鹽(EICP),相應(yīng)的處理過程稱為EICP改良土體[1-6]過程。EICP在巖土工程領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景[7-9],主要有3個方面。1) 土體加固和防滲處理。將脲酶、尿素和可溶性鈣鹽同時引入土體,生成強膠結(jié)力的碳酸鈣[10],碳酸鈣粘結(jié)松散的土顆粒,填充土內(nèi)孔隙,起到提高土體強度、降低土體滲透性的作用,具體可用于路基加固、防風(fēng)固沙、濕陷性土治理和膨脹土治理等[11-14]。2) 巖石、混凝土裂隙堵漏。將脲酶、尿素和可溶性鈣鹽配制成堵漏液,當(dāng)堵漏液流經(jīng)過滲漏裂隙時,碳酸鈣在裂縫側(cè)壁上逐漸沉積,直至裂隙閉合[15]。3) 重金屬污染土修復(fù)。將脲酶和尿素引入重金屬污染土,重金屬離子與碳酸根結(jié)合成穩(wěn)定的碳酸鹽結(jié)合態(tài)。
植物脲酶誘導(dǎo)碳酸鹽技術(shù)具有3個優(yōu)勢。1) EICP與微生物誘導(dǎo)碳酸鈣(MICP)相比,整個反應(yīng)過程不需要空氣(氧氣),因此,也適用于細粒土[16-17]。2) 堵漏液中的游離脲酶只有12 nm,能夠修復(fù)極細小的裂隙。3) 全過程環(huán)保來源為植物,處理過程不需要水泥,處理后的剩余脲酶可以自然降解[18]。
為了總結(jié)EICP改良土體的現(xiàn)狀,優(yōu)選技術(shù)參數(shù),研討前進方向,本文從EICP的影響因素、改良土體的效果和改良土體的機理3個方面進行了全面梳理,希望能為這一新興領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展提供借鑒。
1 EICP的影響因素
EICP的反應(yīng)效率(實際碳酸鈣沉淀量與理論最大值的比率)用碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率進行表達,其影響因素包括脲酶的來源、質(zhì)量濃度、鈣離子質(zhì)量濃度、pH值和溫度等。碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率隨豆粉質(zhì)量濃度的變化[19-27],如圖1所示。圖1中:ρ為質(zhì)量濃度;w為質(zhì)量分數(shù);c為濃度。由圖1可知:碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率隨洋刀豆脲酶質(zhì)量濃度的增加先增加后減小,當(dāng)洋刀豆脲酶質(zhì)量濃度為3 g·L-1時,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率最大,可達90%以上[19-23];當(dāng)黃豆脲酶質(zhì)量濃度低于15 g·L-1時,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率隨黃豆脲酶質(zhì)量濃度增加而快速增加,當(dāng)黃豆脲酶質(zhì)量濃度超過15 g·L-1時,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率增長緩慢[24],當(dāng)黃豆脲酶質(zhì)量濃度為15 g·L-1時,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率為55%[25],當(dāng)黃豆脲酶質(zhì)量濃度為40~50 g·L-1時,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率為80%~90%[26],當(dāng)黃豆脲酶質(zhì)量濃度為50 g·L-1時,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率達到99.4%[27]。Javadi等[28]使用西瓜籽脲酶,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率可達64%。
碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率隨鈣離子質(zhì)量濃度的變化[29-31],如圖2所示。
文獻[29-36]發(fā)現(xiàn)使用低Ca2+ 質(zhì)量濃度的鈣源時,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率較高,隨著Ca2+ 質(zhì)量濃度的增加,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率逐漸下降。氯化鈣、醋酸鈣、硝酸鈣、乳酸鈣的加固效果依次降低[32]。隨著反應(yīng)環(huán)境pH值的升高,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率先增高后降低,當(dāng)反應(yīng)環(huán)境pH值在8~9時,碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率達到峰值[9,33-36],主要原因是偏酸性反應(yīng)環(huán)境會抑制脲酶活性,強堿性反應(yīng)環(huán)境不利于尿素水解[31]。Arab等[23]在10,25,40 ℃條件下,使用EICP改良土體,25,40 ℃土體中的碳酸鈣質(zhì)量分數(shù)接近,分別為4.3%和4.4%,而10 ℃土體中的碳酸鈣質(zhì)量分數(shù)只有3.4%。Krajewska等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)溫度從0 ℃上升至50 ℃時,碳酸鈣沉淀速率從0.038 g·h·L-1提升至0.340 g·h·L-1,這是由于脲酶活性會隨溫度的升高而逐步增加[23,34,37],但不同種類的脲酶差異性較大,對溫度的耐受程度不一致,存在不同的最適溫度范圍。黃豆脲酶在0~75 ℃范圍內(nèi)活性隨溫度上升快速升高,65 ℃以上酶活性的增長率變緩[34];西瓜籽脲酶在50 ℃左右達到最佳酶活性[2];黑眼豌豆的最佳酶活性在30~35 ℃之間[38]。
Ahenkorah等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)植物脲酶誘導(dǎo)碳酸鈣的晶型主要為方解石,少部分為球霰石、文石,晶型主要取決于植物脲酶來源、鈣源和外加劑。不同酶源的方解石形態(tài)掃描電子顯微鏡(scanning electron microscope,SEM)圖像[28,40-41],如圖3所示。由圖3可知:西瓜籽脲酶誘導(dǎo)碳酸鈣晶型為斜方6面體方解石[28];洋刀豆脲酶誘導(dǎo)碳酸鈣晶型大多為方塊狀方解石[40];黃豆脲酶誘導(dǎo)碳酸鈣晶型多為類球型方解石[41],這是由于不同植物脲酶的氨基酸序列不同,其中,酸性氨基酸的數(shù)量和分布結(jié)構(gòu)是決定碳酸鈣晶型的重要因素之一[36]。氯化鈣、硝酸鈣等無機鈣鹽生成的碳酸鈣晶型為更穩(wěn)定的方解石[42-44],使用有機鈣鹽生成的晶型多為球霰石,少數(shù)為文石。Phua等[45]用乳酸鈣制成了放射性增長的球形方解石。外加劑的引入有利于生成更穩(wěn)定的方解石,并促進球霰石向方解石的轉(zhuǎn)換[22,46-53]。
2 EICP改良土體的效果
2.1 加固效果
Cui等[46]用單相(低pH值)注入法處理砂土,砂土的無側(cè)限抗壓強度達到3.0 MPa(目前最好記錄),大多數(shù)為0.2~2.0 MPa[2,17,20,23,29,34,47]。EICP的處理能將抗風(fēng)蝕能力從加固前的8 m·s-1提高到加固后的25 m·s-1[48],最高可達29.1 m·s-1,將海藻酸鈉加入EICP溶液抗風(fēng)蝕能力還能再提升一倍[22],多次處理的效果更佳,循環(huán)4次后,砂粒的平均表面貫入強度由11 kPa增加到了1.065 MPa[49],這是因為風(fēng)沙表面形成了堅硬致密的凝膠結(jié)皮層[22]。
EICP加固土體的效果除了受到EICP反應(yīng)影響外,還受到土體的影響和外加劑的影響。吳林玉等[34]用EICP處理砂土后,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著砂土粒徑的增大,砂土試樣的無側(cè)限抗壓強度先增大后減小,粒徑為0.25~0.50 mm的砂土的無側(cè)限抗壓強度最高(1.21 MPa);粒徑為0.50~1.00 mm的砂土和粒徑小于0.25 mm的砂土的無側(cè)限抗壓強度分別為0.62,0.40 MPa。
外加劑的影響也十分顯著,不同成核劑作用效果[19,21-22,50-54],如圖4所示。圖4中:p為無側(cè)限抗壓強度.由圖4可知:木素的無側(cè)限抗壓強度由298 kPa提高到419 kPa[50],脫脂奶粉由0.12~0.16 MPa提高到1.65 MPa~1.82 MPa[22],山梨醇提高2.2倍[51],黃原膠提高約8倍,Mg2+提高16.6%[52-53],海藻酸鈉最多提高3倍[54]。提高的主要原因是外加劑為碳酸鈣提供了成核位點[20,50,53,55-60]。綜上,當(dāng)前研究主要基于無側(cè)限抗壓強度判定加固效果,遴選最佳技術(shù)參數(shù)。
在不同環(huán)境條件(降雨引發(fā)干濕循環(huán)、凍融循環(huán)、酸雨)下,需要進一步研究加固土體的耐久性及動力特性。
2.2 防滲效果
EICP具有較好的防滲效果,Yasuhara等 [29]用EICP處理一次后,土體滲透系數(shù)降低60%~70%,4次處理后土體滲透系數(shù)從初始的0.040 0 cm·s-1降低至0.001 5 cm·s-1,總體降低了96%。 Handley-Sidhu等[57]用達西方程式進行了計算,多孔介質(zhì)的滲透率從9.990 m3·s-1降至0.175 m3·s-1,滲透系數(shù)降低了98.2%。Hoang等[17]使用EICP對砂土進行8,12和16次處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)增加處理次數(shù)會降低土體滲透率,16次處理后,滲透系數(shù)最大降低90%。綜上,EICP技術(shù)在降低土體滲透性方面效果明顯,主要原因是碳酸鈣沉淀充填于土顆粒之間,占據(jù)土體孔隙,土體孔隙體積減?。?8]。截止目前,尚未見利用EICP進行混凝土裂隙或巖石裂隙堵漏的相關(guān)研究,有必要開展專題研究。
2.3 修復(fù)重金屬污染土的效果
重金屬污染對環(huán)境和生物的危害極大,且易通過食物鏈富集危害人類的健康。Nam等[40]應(yīng)用EICP修復(fù)礦山廢渣中的重金屬,發(fā)現(xiàn)處理后的可溶性As,Mn,Zn,Pb,Cr和Cu的質(zhì)量濃度分別降低了31.7%,65.8%,50.6%,51.6%,45.1%和49.7%。Moghal等[59]探究了EICP對不同重金屬組合污染土的修復(fù)效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)重金屬吸附從大到小順序為Cd,Ni,Pb。在EICP反應(yīng)液中添加脫脂奶粉,養(yǎng)護40 d后,可溶性鉛離子下降率最高可達99.96%[59]。邊漢亮等[60]用黃豆粗提取脲酶對鋅離子污染土進行修復(fù),經(jīng)過3次修復(fù)后,土體中可溶性鋅離子減少83.75%,碳酸鹽結(jié)合態(tài)增加68.51%。重金屬污染土的修復(fù)是千年工程,但目前尚未見到EICP修復(fù)重金屬污染土在不同環(huán)境(酸堿度、溫度及濕度)條件下的長期穩(wěn)定性相關(guān)研究,有必要開展專題研究。
3 EICP改良土體的機理
3.1 加固機理
EICP加固土體的機理,如圖5所示。
過飽和的碳酸鈣沉積在土體內(nèi),起到橋接、黏結(jié)和覆膜作用。橋接作用是碳酸鈣晶體在兩個相鄰但不接觸的土顆粒之間沉淀、生長,通過“搭橋”連接兩個土顆粒;黏結(jié)作用是碳酸鈣晶體在土顆粒接觸點附近沉積聚集,黏結(jié)土顆粒,提高土體強度;覆膜作用是碳酸鈣晶體覆蓋在土顆粒表面。
因此,橋接作用和黏結(jié)作用在土體顆粒之間產(chǎn)生膠結(jié)作用,能顯著增強土體團塊的強度,是EICP加固土體的主要機制,而覆膜作用未能給土顆粒之間建立聯(lián)系,沒有明顯的加固作用[61-73]。
碳酸鈣質(zhì)量分數(shù)隨無側(cè)限抗壓強度的變化[17,20,23,29,34,73],如圖6所示。由于各試驗使用的EICP溶液配比、加固土體類型、處理周期等不同,數(shù)據(jù)出現(xiàn)一定的離散性,整體呈現(xiàn)出碳酸鈣質(zhì)量分數(shù)越高,無側(cè)限抗壓強度越大的趨勢[17,20,23,29,34,65]。
3.2 修復(fù)重金屬污染土的機理
EICP主要是將污染土體中的可交換態(tài)重金屬離子轉(zhuǎn)化為固態(tài)碳酸鹽,EICP修復(fù)重金屬機理示意圖,如圖7所示。由圖7可知:一些離子半徑接近Ca2+的重金屬離子(Pb2+,Cu2+和Zn2+等)直接替代Ca2+離子,并與CO2-3結(jié)合生成碳酸鹽沉淀[66];在土壤中形成的CaCO3對環(huán)繞其表面的金屬離子具有很強的化學(xué)吸附能力,將重金屬離子包裹,有效減少重金屬污染物淋濾浸出[67-68];部分重金屬(As,Cr等)在溶液中形成絡(luò)合陰離子(亞砷酸根等),絡(luò)合陰離子替代CO2-3與Ca2+反應(yīng)生成沉淀[69-71]。
4 結(jié)論
總結(jié)梳理EICP改良土體現(xiàn)有研究,得到了以下3點主要結(jié)論。
1) 目前,已經(jīng)開發(fā)出的植物脲酶包括洋刀豆、黃豆、黑豆、西瓜籽和南瓜子脲酶等,其中,洋刀豆脲酶效果最好,最佳質(zhì)量濃度為3 g·L-1;黃豆脲酶經(jīng)濟性最好,質(zhì)量濃度越大,效果越好;氯化鈣、醋酸鈣、硝酸鈣、乳酸鈣的加固效果依次降低。
2) EICP能夠顯著提高土體強度,土體強度隨碳酸鈣質(zhì)量分數(shù)的增加而增加,最高可達3 MPa;EICP能夠顯著提高砂土的抗風(fēng)蝕能力,由8 m·s-1提高到25 m·s-1;EICP能夠顯著降低土體的滲透系數(shù),降低率可達98.2%;EICP能夠顯著降低重金屬離子的質(zhì)量分數(shù),最高可達99.96%。EICP改良土體缺乏成核點位的問題可通過添加方解石種子、木質(zhì)素、脫脂奶粉、蔗糖、山梨醇和海藻酸鈉等成核劑進行解決。
3) EICP加固土體的內(nèi)在機理是碳酸鹽晶體的橋接作用和黏結(jié)作用,防滲的內(nèi)在機理是碳酸鈣晶體的孔隙填充作用和孔道堵塞作用,修復(fù)重金屬污染土內(nèi)在機理是成鹽沉淀和絡(luò)合作用。
當(dāng)前,EICP改良土體研究存在以下3點不足。
1) 計算碳酸鈣產(chǎn)率的反應(yīng)時間、鈣離子濃度、反應(yīng)溫度標(biāo)準不統(tǒng)一,難以比較不同研究人員的結(jié)果,建議盡快建立統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準。
2) 植物脲酶溶液在常溫下放置72 h后會大量失活,亟需對植物脲酶的保存方法開展對比研究,在實驗室研究中可考慮0 ℃水溶液、-5 ℃軟凍、-18 ℃冰凍、-80 ℃冰凍狀態(tài)等,并給出植物脲酶溶液的合理保存方法。
3) 目前,EICP改良土體的研究主要集中于處理后即時性能評價,對于改良后土體長期性能的研究仍占少數(shù)[72],尚需進一步開展系統(tǒng)研究,包括干濕循環(huán)、凍融循環(huán)、酸雨影響和反復(fù)荷載下的性能演化規(guī)律和機制。
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