王子豪?宋進(jìn)?胡銘?張國(guó)榮?單方振?邢春葉?宋艷?喬保俊?王玉忠
【摘要】 目的 比較不同前驅(qū)感染陽(yáng)性的吉蘭-巴雷綜合征(GBS)患者腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象以及蛋白水平差異,探討前驅(qū)感染與GBS患者腦脊液蛋白升高的關(guān)系。方法 收集198例GBS患者的臨床資料以及腦脊液分析結(jié)果,使用ELISA對(duì)患者血清進(jìn)行14種感染性病原體血清學(xué)檢測(cè),分析不同前驅(qū)感染的GBS患者中腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離的比例及蛋白水平的差異。結(jié)果 55.1%(109/198)的GBS患者感染性病原體血清學(xué)陽(yáng)性,主要為空腸彎曲菌23.7%(47/198)、甲型流感病毒20.7%(41/198)、乙型流感病毒15.2%(30/198),其中18.7%(37/198)的患者2種或以上病原體血清學(xué)陽(yáng)性。73.7%(146/198)的患者存在腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象。在單一病原體血清學(xué)陽(yáng)性患者中,空腸彎曲菌感染陽(yáng)性患者的腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象為83.3%(25/30),甲型流感病毒感染陽(yáng)性患者為100%(18/18),乙型流感病毒感染陽(yáng)性患者為6/7,甲型肝炎病毒感染陽(yáng)性患者為4/5,登革熱病毒感染陽(yáng)性患者為4/5,肺炎支原體感染陽(yáng)性患者為4/4;EB病毒感染陽(yáng)性、單純皰疹病毒感染陽(yáng)性、水痘帶狀皰疹病毒感染陽(yáng)性患者各1例,均出現(xiàn)腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象;2種或以上病原體感染的患者中62.2%(23/37)出現(xiàn)腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象;無(wú)前驅(qū)感染者中66.3%(59/89)出現(xiàn)腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象。腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象在無(wú)前驅(qū)感染以及有不同類(lèi)型前驅(qū)感染患者中的總陽(yáng)性率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P = 0.007),但腦脊液蛋白水平比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P >
0.05)。結(jié)論 GBS患者中腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象與前驅(qū)感染的類(lèi)型有關(guān),其中甲型流感病毒感染患者發(fā)生腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象的比例最高。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 吉蘭-巴雷綜合征;前驅(qū)感染;腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象
Association between antecedent infection and albuminocytologic dissociation in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome Wang Zihao△, Song Jin, Hu Ming, Zhang Guorong, Shan Fangzhen, Xing Chunye, Song Yan, Qiao Baojun, Wang Yuzhong.△Qilu Medical College, Shandong University, Ji nan 250012, China
Corresponding author, Wang? Yuzhong, E-mail: wangyuzhong_ni@163.com
【Abstract】 Objective To analyze the albuminocytologic dissociation in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and differences in CSF protein levels in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)patients with various types of antecedent infections and investigate the correlation between antecedent infections and increased CSF protein levels in GBS patients. Methods Clinical data and CSF analysis results of 198 GBS patients were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect 14 types of infectious pathogens in the serum of GBS patients. The proportion of albuminocytologic dissociation and the differences in CSF protein levels were analyzed in GBS patients with different antecedent infections. Results In total, 55.1% (109/198) of GBS patients had serological positivity for infectious pathogens,? 23.7% (47/198) for Campylobacter jejuni, 20.7% (41/198) for Influenza A virus, 15.2% (30/198) for Influenza B virus. Among them, 18.7% (37/198) of GBS patients had serological positivity for two or more pathogens. In total, 73.7% (146/198) of GBS patients had albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF. Among single pathogen-positive patients, 83.3% (25/30) of Campylobacter jejuni positive patients showed albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF, 100% (18/18) of Influenza A virus patients, 6/7 of influenza B virus patients, 4/5 of Hepatitis? A virus patients, 4/5 of Dengue virus patients, 4/4 of Mycoplasma pneumoniae patients, 1/1 of Epstein-Barr virus patients, 1/1 of herpes simplex virus patients, and 1/1 of Varicella-zoster virus patients had albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF. Among patients infected with two or more pathogens, 62.2% (23/37) showed albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF, while 66.3% (59/89) of GSB patients without antecedent infection had albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF. The positive rates of albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF exhibited significant differences among patients without and with various types of antecedent infections (P = 0.007), whereas no significant difference was noted in CSF protein levels (P > 0.05). Conclusion The albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF of GBS patients is correlated with the type of antecedent infection. The highest proportion of albuminocytologic dissociation in CSF is observed in patients with Influenza A virus infections.
【Key words】 Guillain-Barré syndrome; Antecedent infection; Albuminocytologic dissociation in cerebrospinal fluid
吉蘭-巴雷綜合征(GBS)是神經(jīng)科最常見(jiàn)的自身免疫性周?chē)窠?jīng)病,臨床常表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性加重的肢體無(wú)力,嚴(yán)重者可累及呼吸肌而危及生命[1-2]。腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離(細(xì)胞數(shù)正常而蛋白水平升高)是GBS患者的典型表現(xiàn),可作為診斷GBS的關(guān)鍵依據(jù)[3-4]。以往的研究顯示,病原體侵入人體后,抗原提呈細(xì)胞識(shí)別抗原并活化致病性T淋巴細(xì)胞,后者分泌一系列炎癥因子破壞血腦屏障;一些蛋白因子,如IgG或IgM等可穿過(guò)受損的血腦屏障滲漏到腦脊液中,導(dǎo)致蛋白水平升高,這可能是GBS中腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離的原因[5-6]。
目前已經(jīng)確定的與GBS發(fā)病相關(guān)的病原體包括空腸彎曲菌、巨細(xì)胞病毒、肺炎支原體、Epstein-Barr(EB)病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、流感嗜血桿菌等[7-8]。不同感染性病原體引發(fā)的血腦屏障破壞程度及其對(duì)GBS患者腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離是否存在不同程度的影響,目前尚無(wú)相關(guān)報(bào)道。本課題組的前期研究表明,山東魯西南地區(qū)53%(80/150)GBS患者前驅(qū)感染病原體以空腸彎曲菌、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒和甲型肝炎病毒最常見(jiàn)[7]。本研究在前期研究的基礎(chǔ)上擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)一步探討了該地區(qū)的GBS患者前驅(qū)感染與腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象的關(guān)系,為進(jìn)一步闡明該病的發(fā)病機(jī)制提供依據(jù)。
對(duì)象與方法
一、研究對(duì)象
本課題組于2013年10月啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究,旨在明確山東省魯西南地區(qū)GBS患者的前驅(qū)感染譜,截至2019年12月共納入在濟(jì)寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院就診的226例符合2010版《中國(guó)吉蘭-巴雷綜合征診治指南》中的GBS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者[7]。在患者明確診斷后、治療前采集其外周靜脈血,分離血漿并分裝儲(chǔ)存于-80℃冰箱。226例患者中有28例因未行腰椎穿刺而沒(méi)被納入本研究,最終納入198例患者。本研究獲得濟(jì)寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):2013B017、2016-科-B006)。
二、研究方法
1.臨床資料的收集
收集患者的臨床資料,包括年齡、性別、入院時(shí)GBS殘疾評(píng)分(GBS-DS)、高峰期GBS-DS、1年后GBS-DS,入院時(shí)醫(yī)學(xué)研究理事會(huì)(MRC)評(píng)分、高峰期MRC評(píng)分、1年后MRC評(píng)分、從發(fā)病到高峰期的時(shí)間間隔、從發(fā)病到腰椎穿刺的時(shí)間間隔、腦脊液蛋白水平(參考值0.15~0.45 g/L)、腦脊液細(xì)胞數(shù)(<8×106/L)、電生理分型(Hadden標(biāo)準(zhǔn))、高峰期腱反射、是否進(jìn)行機(jī)械通氣、是否存在感覺(jué)障礙、顱神經(jīng)受累、疼痛等癥狀[9]。
2.血清學(xué)檢測(cè)
選取14種感染病原體進(jìn)行血清學(xué)檢測(cè),包括空腸彎曲菌、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、肺炎支原體、巨細(xì)胞病毒、甲型肝炎病毒、登革熱病毒、EB病毒、單純帶狀皰疹病毒、水痘-帶狀皰疹病毒、寨卡病毒、戊型肝炎病毒、流感嗜血桿菌、風(fēng)疹病毒。14種病原體的ELISA操作步驟參照文獻(xiàn)[10]進(jìn)行。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ 2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法,兩兩比較用Bonferroni法。α=0.05,兩兩比較α=0.05/相互比較次數(shù)。
結(jié) 果
一、臨床資料
198例GBS患者的臨床資料見(jiàn)表1。
二、GBS患者前驅(qū)感染譜
55.1%(109/198)患者前驅(qū)感染病原體血清學(xué)檢查陽(yáng)性,其中空腸彎曲菌感染率為23.7%(47/198)、甲型流感病毒感染率為20.7%(41/198)、乙型流感病毒感染率為15.2%(30/198)、肺炎支原體感染率為20.7%(41/198)、甲型肝炎病毒感染率為5.1%(10/198)、登革熱病毒感染率為4.5%(9/198)、單純皰疹病毒感染率為4%(7/198)、巨細(xì)胞病毒感染率為2%(4/198)、EB病毒感染率為2%(4/198)、水痘-帶狀皰疹病毒感染率為2%(2/198),其中18.7%(37/198)的患者在GBS發(fā)病前感染的病原體≥2種。
三、不同類(lèi)型前驅(qū)感染的GBS患者腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離陽(yáng)性率及蛋白水平的差異
在單一感染陽(yáng)性患者中,甲型流感病毒感染陽(yáng)性患者腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離陽(yáng)性率為100%(18/18),空腸彎曲菌感染陽(yáng)性患者為83.3%(25/30),感染的病原體≥2種患者為62.2%(23/37),無(wú)前驅(qū)感染的患者為66.3%(59/89)。有前驅(qū)感染和無(wú)前驅(qū)感染患者的腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離陽(yáng)性率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ 2=12.081,P =
0.007)。有前驅(qū)感染和無(wú)前驅(qū)感染患者的腦脊液蛋白水平比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),見(jiàn)表2。感染不同病原體的患者和無(wú)前驅(qū)感染的患者在不同時(shí)間段發(fā)生腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離的構(gòu)成比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ 2 = 8.956,P = 0.441),見(jiàn)表3。
討 論
本研究顯示,55.1%的GBS患者有前驅(qū)感染,空腸彎曲菌、甲型流感病毒和乙型流感病毒是本組中國(guó)魯西南地區(qū)GBS患者前驅(qū)感染的常見(jiàn)病原體。其中,空腸彎曲菌感染患者的比例與英國(guó)和荷蘭報(bào)告的相似,但低于孟加拉國(guó)和90年代中國(guó)北方地區(qū)研究中的空腸彎曲菌感染比例[11-14]。由于空腸彎曲菌前驅(qū)感染與區(qū)域內(nèi)衛(wèi)生狀況密切相關(guān),其感染比例的下降反映了我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展、公民健康水平和居住環(huán)境的改善。目前已經(jīng)證實(shí),不同類(lèi)型的病原體經(jīng)分子模擬機(jī)制誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生針對(duì)不同靶抗原的自身免疫性抗體是導(dǎo)致GBS患者臨床異質(zhì)性的原因,例如,空腸彎曲菌胞壁上攜帶的脂多糖與人類(lèi)周?chē)窠?jīng)軸索上表達(dá)的神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂(例如GM1和GD1a)存在結(jié)構(gòu)相似性,即分子模擬,該種病原體感染人體后可誘導(dǎo)抗GM1、GD1a IgG抗體的產(chǎn)生,從而導(dǎo)致急性運(yùn)動(dòng)軸索型神經(jīng)病的發(fā)生[15]。此外,巨細(xì)胞病毒感染可導(dǎo)致抗GM2抗體的產(chǎn)生而與脫髓鞘型GBS發(fā)病相關(guān),肺炎支原體感染與抗半乳糖腦苷抗體則與兒童GBS有關(guān)[7, 16]。
本研究中的198例GBS患者腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離陽(yáng)性率為73.7%,與荷蘭的研究結(jié)果類(lèi)似[14]。血腦屏障是一種物理屏障,以往的研究者認(rèn)為GBS患者腦脊液中蛋白水平的升高是由于血腦屏障受損所致,并取決于其受損的程度[17-18]。在正常情況下,人體內(nèi)的免疫球蛋白和炎癥因子等大分子物質(zhì)不允許通過(guò)血腦屏障,血腦屏障的破壞導(dǎo)致自身免疫性抗體和促炎細(xì)胞因子自血液系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入周?chē)窠?jīng)系統(tǒng),所以血腦屏障的損壞程度與急性期GBS的惡化密切相關(guān)[19]。在GBS的早期,患者腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離陽(yáng)性率相對(duì)低,隨著病程的進(jìn)展,陽(yáng)性率上升,對(duì)GBS患者的隨訪研究顯示,腦脊液中蛋白含量越高,提示血腦屏障破壞的程度越高,患者的臨床癥狀更嚴(yán)重[21-22]。一般認(rèn)為,病原體浸入機(jī)體后激活宿主的自身免疫系統(tǒng),樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞首先通過(guò)捕獲外源性病原體攜帶的抗原并激活致病性T淋巴細(xì)胞而破壞血腦屏障,同時(shí)這些樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞可以產(chǎn)生干擾素和腫瘤壞死因子,誘導(dǎo)并促進(jìn)B細(xì)胞的增殖分化,產(chǎn)生自身免疫性抗體(如抗神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂抗體),這些自身免疫性抗體可以通過(guò)受損的血腦屏障攻擊髓鞘或軸索[23-24]。此外,有研究表明,當(dāng)機(jī)體感染病毒時(shí),病毒可以通過(guò)血液進(jìn)入神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞或星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中直接進(jìn)行復(fù)制,破壞血腦屏障[25]。此外,病原體侵入人體后可以結(jié)合纖溶酶溶解細(xì)胞之間的緊密連接而加重血腦屏障破壞程度[25]。本研究中甲型流感病毒感染相關(guān)的GBS患者的腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離陽(yáng)性率最高(100%),這提示甲型流感病毒更容易引發(fā)GBS患者血腦屏障的破壞。值得注意的是,本研究未顯示不同類(lèi)型的前驅(qū)感染患者腦脊液中的蛋白水平存在差異,這有待于更大樣本量的研究再進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
綜上所述,大部分GBS患者存在腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離現(xiàn)象,不同類(lèi)型的前驅(qū)感染患者腦脊液蛋白-細(xì)胞分離陽(yáng)性率存在差異,其中甲型流感病毒感染患者的陽(yáng)性率最高。不同地域、環(huán)境、衛(wèi)生會(huì)造成GBS感染性病原體譜的差異。本研究?jī)H選取了中國(guó)北方局部魯西南地區(qū)的198例GBS患者進(jìn)行分析,后續(xù)仍應(yīng)進(jìn)行更大樣本量的多中心研究。
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(收稿日期:2023-08-05)
(本文編輯:洪悅民)