王雙明,孫強,胡鑫,耿濟世,薛圣澤,劉浪,師慶民,魏江波
摘要:“雙碳”目標下,面對“缺油、少氣、相對富煤”的資源稟賦特征,煤炭在一段時期內(nèi)仍占據(jù)中國的主體能源地位,但煤炭的低碳、清潔開發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)型勢在必行。地下原位熱解、氣化、干餾、制氫等方式有望成為未來煤炭開發(fā)的重要抓手。當前對煤炭原位開發(fā)已有較多探索,但地質(zhì)選址和開發(fā)過程的地質(zhì)安全性、可靠性和環(huán)保性仍是制約其規(guī)?;蜕虡I(yè)化的科學難題。因此,煤炭原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障的理論和技術(shù)研究亟待深入。秉持“安全、經(jīng)濟、環(huán)保、可持續(xù)”原則,從煤炭資源稟賦特征和地質(zhì)條件出發(fā),分析了煤炭原位開發(fā)研究現(xiàn)狀;基于煤炭開發(fā)全生命周期的科學理念,提出了“煤炭原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障”的科學內(nèi)涵;在查明采前地質(zhì)條件的基礎上,從物理機制角度揭示深部原位開發(fā)過程中圍巖地質(zhì)體響應特征和損害規(guī)律,闡明原位開發(fā)中巖體工程地質(zhì)力學行為,構(gòu)建原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)條件動態(tài)評價模型,形成原位開發(fā)減損保障策略和方法,提出原位開發(fā)空間的再利用途徑,并以煤炭地下氣化和地下熱解2種開發(fā)模式為例闡述了原位開發(fā)階段性,明確了原位開發(fā)區(qū)設計的地質(zhì)條件要素,強調(diào)開發(fā)過程中實時動態(tài)監(jiān)測和評價圍巖地質(zhì)體響應保證開發(fā)區(qū)密封性與安全性,實現(xiàn)地質(zhì)條件時空演化的評價及地質(zhì)風險可控性,此外注重協(xié)同開發(fā)深部熱能與共伴生資源,實現(xiàn)殘余資源利用和地下空間再利用。煤炭原位地質(zhì)保障研究體現(xiàn)了資源賦存條件、地質(zhì)環(huán)境約束、原位開發(fā)技術(shù)、地質(zhì)風險防控、資源協(xié)同開發(fā)等層面的要求,突出了原位擾動條件下的地質(zhì)條件變化,強調(diào)開發(fā)擾動與地質(zhì)體結(jié)構(gòu)的整體研究,理解原位開發(fā)時空效應范疇的多相場耦合損傷機制,從多圈層角度揭示原位開發(fā)擾動效應下地質(zhì)風險模式,破解資源開發(fā)與地質(zhì)環(huán)境制約之間矛盾,對于推動未來煤炭低碳開發(fā),實現(xiàn)煤炭工業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展具有重要的理論和實踐指導意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:深埋煤層;原位開發(fā);碳中和;地質(zhì)儲能
中圖分類號:TD 823文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:1672-9315(2024)01-0001-11
DOI:10.13800/j.cnki.xakjdxxb.2024.0101開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID):
Geological guarantee for in-situ development of coal
WANG Shuangming1,2,3,SUN Qiang1,2,3,HU Xin1,2,3,GENG Jishi1,2,3,
XUE Shengze1,2,3,LIU Lang4,SHI Qingmin1,2,3,WEI Jiangbo1,2,3(1.Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation,
Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China;
2.Geological Research Institute for Coal Green Mining,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian? 710054,China;
3.College of Geology and Environment,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China;
4.College of? Energy Science and Engineering,Xian? University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China)
Abstract:Under the “dual carbon” target,faced with the resource endowment characteristics of “shortage of oil,scarcity of gas,and relative abundance of coal”,coal still occupies a dominant position in Chinas primary energy sector for a certain period.And it is imperative to develop the low-carbon and clean? transformation of coal.Underground in-situ pyrolysis,gasification,dry distillation,hydrogen production and other methods are expected to become important approaches for future coal development.At present,there have been many explorations on in-situ coal development第1期王雙明,等:煤炭原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障,but the geological safety,reliability,and environmental protection of geological site selection and development process are still scientific challenges that constrain its scale and commercialization.Therefore,the theoretical and technical research on geological guarantee for in-situ coal development? needs to be deepened urgently.Adhering to the principles of “safety,economy,environmental protection,and sustainability”,this paper analyzes the current research status of coal in-situ development,starting from the characteristics of coal resource endowment and geological conditions.Based on the scientific concept of the entire life cycle of coal development,the scientific connotation of “geological guarantee for coal in-situ development” is proposed.By identifying pre-mining geological conditions,the response characteristics and damage laws of surrounding rock geological bodies during the deep in-situ development process are revealed from the perspective of physical mechanisms,clarify the geological and mechanical behavior of rock mass engineering in in-situ development,construct a dynamic evaluation model for geological conditions in in-situ development,form a loss reduction guarantee strategy and method for in-situ development,and propose ways to reuse in-situ development space.Taking two development models of underground coal gasification and underground pyrolysis as examples,this paper elaborates on the phased nature of in-situ development,clarifies the geological conditions elements of in-situ Development Zone? design,emphasizes real-time dynamic monitoring and evaluation of surrounding rock geological response during the development process to ensure the sealing and safety of the development zone,and achieves the evaluation of geological conditionsspatiotemporal evolution and geological risk controllability.In addition,the emphasis is placed on collaborative development of deep thermal energy and co-associated resources,achieving the utilization of residual resources and the reuse of underground space.The research on in-situ geological guarantee of coal reflects the requirements of resource occurrence conditions,geological environment constraints,in-situ development technology,geological risk prevention and control,and resource collaborative development.It attaches importance on? the changes in geological conditions under in-situ disturbance conditions,emphasizes the overall study of development disturbance and geological body structure,and recognizes the multiphase field coupling damage mechanism in the field of spatiotemporal effects of in-situ development.To reveal the geological risk mode under the disturbance effect of in-situ development from a multi layer perspective,and to identify the contradiction between resource development and geological environmental constraints has important theoretical and practical guiding significance for promoting low-carbon coal development in the future and achieving high-quality development of the coal industry.
Key words:deep-buried coal seams;in-situ development;carbon neutrality;geological energy-storage
0引言
面對“缺油、少氣、相對富煤”的資源稟賦特征,煤炭成為中國國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和能源戰(zhàn)略安全的兜底保障[1],在未來一段時期仍將占據(jù)能源消費結(jié)構(gòu)主體地位[2-5]。然而,隨著煤炭資源的開采,淺埋煤炭資源日益減少,開采地球深部煤炭資源成為中國戰(zhàn)略能源開發(fā)必將面臨的挑戰(zhàn)[6-8]。習近平總書記指出,地表至地下10 000 m范圍內(nèi)均為可利用的成礦空間,目前世界先進水平勘探開采深度可達2 500~4 000 m,國內(nèi)大多小于500 m。而據(jù)統(tǒng)計,中國53%的煤炭埋深在千米以下,深部豐富的煤炭資源還有待開發(fā)利用[9-10]。目前煤礦開采深度以每年8~12 m的速度增加,預計未來幾十年中國很多煤礦將進入到1 000~1 500 m的深度[11],但深部煤炭開發(fā)存在勘探難度大、地溫高、地應力大等問題[12-14]。同時,隨著東部煤炭資源逐漸枯竭,西部生態(tài)脆弱區(qū)已成為中國煤炭開采的主戰(zhàn)場[15]。傳統(tǒng)煤炭開采方法面臨著保護煤柱、極薄煤層等資源難以利用的問題,且對地質(zhì)環(huán)境條件擾動損害大。為實現(xiàn)習近平總書記提出的“綠水青山就是金山銀山”的生態(tài)文明發(fā)展理念,推動煤炭工業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,必須協(xié)調(diào)煤炭開發(fā)與“綠水青山”生態(tài)文明建設的矛盾,減損開采已成大勢所趨[16-18]。
自2020年中國提出“碳達峰、碳中和”目標以來,煤炭工業(yè)必然朝著“綠色低碳減排、清潔高效利用”發(fā)展路徑推進,對常規(guī)采煤工藝轉(zhuǎn)型提出了嚴峻的要求[19],探索與應用新的開采技術(shù)愈加重要[20-23]。煤炭原位開發(fā)是通過把煤炭資源原位轉(zhuǎn)化為氣態(tài)和液態(tài)物質(zhì)(如CH4、H2、CO、低碳烷烴、焦油等)進而開發(fā)利用的方法,包括原位熱解、氣化、干餾、制氫等,具有預防地面塌陷、實現(xiàn)煤炭高效利用、降低生產(chǎn)成本、空間封存CO2等優(yōu)勢[24-26],為深部煤炭資源高效、安全、清潔開發(fā)提供了好的思路,能夠有效提升資源的利用率,也響應了低碳的時代主題[27-29]。
在闡明煤炭原位開發(fā)模式的基礎上,論述了煤炭原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障的科學內(nèi)涵,理清了煤炭原位開發(fā)與地質(zhì)條件的約束關(guān)系,提出了煤炭原位開采減損地質(zhì)保障理論研究的關(guān)鍵科學問題,構(gòu)建了原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障體系,服務于煤炭資源原位開發(fā)全過程,破解國家能源需求與地質(zhì)條件損害的矛盾。
1原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障內(nèi)涵
“碳達峰、碳中和”國家戰(zhàn)略目標的落地和實施,將推動國家能源生產(chǎn)與消費體系變革。如何在低碳目標要求下增強中國能源自給能力,保障能源安全,筑牢強國和可持續(xù)發(fā)展基石,是當前能源科技領域亟待攻關(guān)的重要議題。面對“缺油、少氣、相對富煤”的能源稟賦條件,未來一段時期內(nèi),煤炭在中國的能源結(jié)構(gòu)中依然占據(jù)主體地位,但逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向清潔高效開發(fā)利用[30]。當前,西部煤炭基地已經(jīng)成為中國煤炭開發(fā)的主戰(zhàn)場,傳統(tǒng)開采面臨著生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱,地質(zhì)條件損害嚴重的難題。因此,煤炭開發(fā)利用需要根本性變革,才能在“雙碳”背景下實現(xiàn)中國能源的安全、綠色與可持續(xù)供給[31-32],同時實現(xiàn)“綠水青山”的生態(tài)文明建設要求。
煤炭原位開發(fā)(In-Situ Coal Development,ISCD)是變革性開發(fā)途徑,有望成為實現(xiàn)煤炭清潔低碳開發(fā)的重要抓手[33]。ISCD的開發(fā)理念是指在適宜的地質(zhì)條件下,構(gòu)建原位開發(fā)區(qū)(In-Situ Development Zone,ISDZ),將深部煤炭資源原位轉(zhuǎn)化為氣態(tài)和液態(tài)物質(zhì)(如CH4、H2、CO、低碳烷烴、焦油等)進而開發(fā)利用,同時實現(xiàn)深部取熱、儲能以及碳封存等(圖1)。前人在原位開發(fā)領域進行了大量開發(fā)利用試驗和探索工作,其主要開發(fā)方式如圖2所示。
地質(zhì)條件是制約ISCD推廣的重要因素之一,其中原位開發(fā)區(qū)的封閉性、安全性、環(huán)保性、經(jīng)濟性和可靠性是亟待解決的科學問題。原位開發(fā)時,巖層結(jié)構(gòu)會隨著開發(fā)時間與空間出現(xiàn)顯著的變化,造成地質(zhì)條件和功能的損害[34-36],體現(xiàn)在原位開發(fā)區(qū)的封閉性和地質(zhì)環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)性,進而影響工程的可靠和安全性(圖3),這也是制約深部煤炭資源原位安全開發(fā)的瓶頸。
原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障的科學內(nèi)涵主要體現(xiàn)在:以深部煤炭原位開發(fā)為背景,采取理論研究、室內(nèi)試驗和數(shù)值分析相結(jié)合的方法,從物理機制角度揭示深部原位開發(fā)過程中圍巖地質(zhì)體響應特征和損害規(guī)律,闡明原位開發(fā)中巖體工程地質(zhì)力學行為,提出原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)條件動態(tài)評價模型,形成原位開發(fā)減損保障策略和方法,提出空間的再利用途徑,為原位安全開采提供系統(tǒng)性的基礎理論支撐。
2原位開發(fā)模式的地質(zhì)約束
原位開發(fā)是深部煤炭資源減損利用的重要抓手,關(guān)于煤炭原位開發(fā)的途徑已有探討,如圖1、圖2所示,目前對煤炭原位氣化和原位熱解已有探索性工程試驗研究[37-38],原位生物氣化和液化開發(fā)多集中在試驗階段,這里以原位氣化(Underground Coal Gasification,UCG)和熱解(Underground Coal Pyrolysis,UCP)為例闡釋原位開發(fā)模式 。
2.1原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)條件
與傳統(tǒng)井工開采相比,原位開發(fā)受到更為嚴格的地質(zhì)條件制約。地質(zhì)構(gòu)造、巖(煤)層空間組合和展布特征、地應力、煤及圍巖力學性質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)、地質(zhì)環(huán)境等構(gòu)成了原位開發(fā)核心地質(zhì)要素,體現(xiàn)在資源稟賦特征和開發(fā)條件約束2個方面。因此,煤炭原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)條件研究包含了開發(fā)前地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)精準探查與評價(圖4),開發(fā)過程中圍巖地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)響應機制與風險調(diào)控技術(shù)、開發(fā)后殘留資源開發(fā)與環(huán)境保護3個層面的內(nèi)容,需要對開發(fā)前靜態(tài)地質(zhì)條件和開發(fā)擾動地質(zhì)條件進行探索(圖5)。
2.2煤炭原位開發(fā)模式
2.2.1煤炭原位氣化
煤炭地下氣化(UCG)通過對地下煤炭進行有控制地燃燒,在高溫熱作用及化學作用下產(chǎn)生可利用的CH4、H2、CO等氣體的煤炭開發(fā)方式(圖6)[39-41]。在煤炭地下原位氣化的開發(fā)過程中,主要包括建設前評價、氣化設施建設、煤炭氣化和產(chǎn)物分級處理4個階段。建設前評價階段主要是基于煤炭賦存地質(zhì)條件的精細勘查,對地質(zhì)條件進行系統(tǒng)評價,揭示煤炭地下原位氣化場地內(nèi)煤、巖、水賦存特征及其與周邊生態(tài)環(huán)境的時空聯(lián)系。依據(jù)注入孔與出氣孔的位置來選址建設氣化設施,煤炭氣化過程和產(chǎn)物分級處理如圖7所示。
2.2.2煤炭原位熱解
煤炭原位熱解是將熱量導入地下煤層并對其直接加熱,煤炭的固態(tài)有機質(zhì)受熱發(fā)生裂解后,將產(chǎn)生的液態(tài)和氣態(tài)有機質(zhì)提取至地面進行處理加工的過程[42-43](圖8)。與煤炭地下氣化相似,煤炭地下熱解過程中煤層在熱效應下的物理力學性質(zhì)變化也會導致煤層圍巖損害,從而引起巖層開裂失穩(wěn),熱解區(qū)封閉性失效,影響熱解進程的連續(xù)性和安全性,因此,深入研究煤及圍巖在原位地應力、地層溫度、地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等賦存環(huán)境下對熱解的響應行為和評價方法極為關(guān)鍵(圖9)。
2.3原位開發(fā)階段劃分及保障系統(tǒng)
煤炭原位開發(fā)分為采前、采中、采后3個階段(圖10)。采前階段需要結(jié)合地質(zhì)條件因素根據(jù)戰(zhàn)略需求、資源數(shù)量、資源稟賦、開發(fā)模式對原位開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略進行評價與規(guī)劃。依據(jù)地質(zhì)勘探結(jié)果設計原位開發(fā)區(qū),保證開發(fā)區(qū)的密封性與安全性。采中階段監(jiān)測原位開發(fā)過程中圍巖地質(zhì)體響應,及時預測與防控地質(zhì)風險。協(xié)同開發(fā)熱能與共伴生能源,提升資源利用率的同時保障原位開發(fā)的順暢性與產(chǎn)物潔凈性。原位開發(fā)采后階段回收利用殘余資源,依據(jù)采后地質(zhì)條件評價空間封閉性與可儲性,探索資源可持續(xù)性[45-46]。做到煤炭原位開發(fā)全生命周期與地質(zhì)條件的緊密結(jié)合,保障資源安全、經(jīng)濟、環(huán)保、可持續(xù)開發(fā)。
煤炭原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障是涉及到多學科的系統(tǒng)性研究[47-52]。煤炭原位開發(fā)需要做到地質(zhì)條件透明化、信息反饋實時化、分析監(jiān)控全程化、潛在風險可控化、開發(fā)過程信息化、科學研究系統(tǒng)化(圖11)。
2.3.1透明化
原位開發(fā)前應精細查明場地范圍內(nèi)的地質(zhì)條件與地質(zhì)環(huán)境,在開發(fā)區(qū)域內(nèi)的地表及地下反應區(qū)建立可視化監(jiān)控測試體系,健全數(shù)據(jù)共享及全面評價體系,為地質(zhì)保障技術(shù)的應用與實施提供專業(yè)支持,便于全面深入研究原位開發(fā)過程中涉及的演化機制,有利于提高原位開發(fā)技術(shù)水平,優(yōu)化開發(fā)進程。
2.3.2實時化
實時監(jiān)測原位開發(fā)全過程中的地質(zhì)條件變化信息,根據(jù)地質(zhì)環(huán)境特征隨開發(fā)進程的演化規(guī)律,構(gòu)建三維可視化地質(zhì)模型,結(jié)合數(shù)值模擬手段和監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)進行實時反演和超前預測,準確評價原位開發(fā)過程中各參數(shù)的變化特征及穩(wěn)定性。
2.3.3全程化
確保對煤炭原位開發(fā)的地質(zhì)保障在原位開發(fā)前、中、后各階段貫穿始終。在開發(fā)前開展精準深入的地質(zhì)條件及風險評價工作[53];在開發(fā)過程中建立全面有效的動態(tài)實時監(jiān)測體系,堅持“持續(xù)監(jiān)測—及時反饋—精準調(diào)控”的原則,對原位開發(fā)全過程進行科學保障。
2.3.4可控化
根據(jù)“井下無人”的指導原則,建立針對煤炭原位開發(fā)全過程的地上智能操控系統(tǒng),針對覆巖變形破壞特征、煤炭開發(fā)進程、安全性評價指標等建立監(jiān)測預警防控機制[54]。根據(jù)實時數(shù)據(jù)對原位開發(fā)進程進行精細化參數(shù)調(diào)整與過程控制,及時有效處置突發(fā)情況,確保原位開發(fā)進程安全穩(wěn)定推進。
2.3.5信息化
按照時間順序,對原位開發(fā)全過程中的各項信息進行數(shù)據(jù)化整理與存儲,建立可根據(jù)開發(fā)進程、評價指標參數(shù)和開發(fā)區(qū)域進行索引的分類分級數(shù)據(jù)庫,便于研究過程中隨時調(diào)取各項數(shù)據(jù)進行對比分析。
2.3.6系統(tǒng)化
根據(jù)煤炭原位開發(fā)過程中收集到的各指標數(shù)據(jù),對原位開發(fā)過程中的地質(zhì)演化過程及圍巖高溫熱損傷機制進行準確闡述與揭示。針對原位開發(fā)過程中的宏觀變化特征,結(jié)合數(shù)值模擬預測結(jié)果,有針對性地采用科學技術(shù)手段為煤炭原位開發(fā)保駕護航。
3原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障科學問題
煤炭開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障體系的科學研究主要表現(xiàn)為6個方面。①原位開發(fā)靜態(tài)基礎地質(zhì)條件分析與評價研究;②煤系與巖層結(jié)構(gòu)精細刻畫及力學、水文參數(shù)研究;③開發(fā)條件下圍巖地質(zhì)體動態(tài)演化規(guī)律及損傷機制;④原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)風險模式及判識方法;⑤地質(zhì)風險應對策略及關(guān)鍵減損技術(shù);⑥污染-廢棄物(固-液-氣)防控與剩余資源再利用。上述6個方面體現(xiàn)了資源賦存條件、地質(zhì)環(huán)境約束、原位開發(fā)技術(shù)、地質(zhì)風險防控、資源協(xié)同開發(fā)等層面的要求,突出原位擾動條件下的地質(zhì)條件變化,強調(diào)開發(fā)擾動與地質(zhì)體結(jié)構(gòu)整體研究;理解原位開發(fā)時空效應范疇的多相場耦合損傷機制(圖12)。從多圈層角度揭示原位開發(fā)擾動效應下地質(zhì)風險模式,提出原位開發(fā)剩余資源開發(fā)策略,破解資源開發(fā)與地質(zhì)環(huán)境制約的矛盾(圖13)。
4結(jié)論
1)隨著中國“雙碳”戰(zhàn)略實施和生態(tài)文明建設的推進以及煤炭開采深度的增加,亟待創(chuàng)新煤炭開發(fā)方式。以煤炭地下氣化、熱解、制氫、發(fā)電等代表的原位開發(fā)模式有望成為未來煤炭開發(fā)利用的重要抓手,但受煤炭賦存地質(zhì)條件的復雜性和開發(fā)過程中潛在的圍巖地質(zhì)體損傷誘發(fā)地質(zhì)風險影響,原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)選址、評價和開發(fā)全生命周期的安全性、可靠性和環(huán)保性仍是制約其規(guī)?;蜕虡I(yè)化的關(guān)鍵瓶頸。
2)基于“安全、經(jīng)濟、環(huán)保、可持續(xù)”原則,煤炭原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障的科學內(nèi)涵體現(xiàn)在:煤炭開發(fā)全生命周期的地質(zhì)條件的精細探查和評價,深部圍巖地質(zhì)體動態(tài)響應特征的實時監(jiān)測與反演,煤巖工程地質(zhì)力學行為及時空演化模式的分析,原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)條件動態(tài)評價模型的構(gòu)建,包含殘留資源及空間再利用途徑的開發(fā)減損保障策略和方法的形成。
3)原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障涵蓋了資源賦存條件、地質(zhì)環(huán)境約束、原位開發(fā)技術(shù)、地質(zhì)風險防控、資源協(xié)同開發(fā)等層面要求,強調(diào)原位開發(fā)過程中原位開發(fā)區(qū)設計的地質(zhì)條件要素構(gòu)成,明確動態(tài)監(jiān)測和評價圍巖地質(zhì)體響應是保證開發(fā)區(qū)密封性與開發(fā)安全性的核心內(nèi)容,突出原位擾動條件下的地質(zhì)條件變化,破解資源開發(fā)與地質(zhì)環(huán)境制約的矛盾。煤炭原位開發(fā)地質(zhì)保障研究對于推動未來煤炭低碳開發(fā),實現(xiàn)煤炭工業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展具有重要的理論和實踐指導意義。
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