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腎動(dòng)脈與高血壓

2024-05-09 12:20:21李建平李昱熙
心血管病學(xué)進(jìn)展 2024年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:腎動(dòng)脈高血壓

李建平 李昱熙

【摘要】針對(duì)腎動(dòng)脈與高血壓的研究已有近百年歷史。在腎血管性高血壓領(lǐng)域,既往多項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究提示介入治療并未在藥物治療基礎(chǔ)上給患者提供進(jìn)一步獲益,但功能學(xué)評(píng)估及新型影像學(xué)方法有望進(jìn)行更精準(zhǔn)的患者篩選與個(gè)體化治療評(píng)估。圍繞腎動(dòng)脈開(kāi)展的去腎神經(jīng)術(shù)這一新技術(shù)在經(jīng)歷了一波三折的循證研究歷程后,即將進(jìn)入中國(guó)臨床應(yīng)用。全面回顧以往研究、客觀正確認(rèn)識(shí)新技術(shù)的兩面性,是其良性發(fā)展的有力保證。不僅如此,更多新的高血壓介入診療技術(shù)仍在研究,圍繞腎動(dòng)脈的相關(guān)新技術(shù)仍將在高血壓的精準(zhǔn)診斷和治療中發(fā)揮不可替代的作用,并造福廣大患者。

【關(guān)鍵詞】腎動(dòng)脈;高血壓;腎動(dòng)脈狹窄;去腎神經(jīng)術(shù);高血壓介入

【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2024.03.001

Renal Artery and Hypertension

LI Jianping,LI Yuxi

(Department of Cardiology,Peking University First Hospital,Beijing 100034,China)

【Abstract】The research on the renal artery and hypertension has a history of nearly a century.In the field of renal vascular hypertension,previous randomized controlled studies have suggested that interventional treatments may not provide additional benefits to patients compared to medication alone.However,hemodynamic assessment and novel imaging technique may offer potential for more precise patient selection and individualized treatment evaluation.The emergence of renal denervation (RDN) as a new technology in the treatment of hypertension through renal artery,after a tumultuous journey of evidence-based research,is now poised to enter clinical practice in China.A comprehensive review of past research and an objective understanding of the dual nature of new technologies are essential to ensure the benign development of RDN.Furthermore,ongoing research is exploring additional new hypertension intervention and treatment technologies.These advancements centered around renal arteries are expected to play an irreplaceable role in the precise diagnosis and treatment of hypertension,ultimately benefiting a wide range of patients.

【Keywords】Renal artery;Hypertension;Renal artery stenosis;Renal denervation;Hypertension intervention

1934年Goldblatt等[1]首次通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)阻斷狗的腎動(dòng)脈可導(dǎo)致高血壓,此后一系列研究[2-3]最終發(fā)現(xiàn)腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng),并由此開(kāi)啟高血壓發(fā)病機(jī)制與治療的新篇章?;仡櫄v史,近百年來(lái)人類(lèi)對(duì)于腎動(dòng)脈與高血壓的研究從未停止,本期刊載的五篇主題綜述文章與一篇論著,均是圍繞腎動(dòng)脈與高血壓這一主題,就腎血管性高血壓、經(jīng)皮去腎神經(jīng)術(shù)(renal denervation,RDN)及高血壓介入治療所面臨的新問(wèn)題、新技術(shù)展開(kāi)討論,從臨床實(shí)際應(yīng)用出發(fā),反映了當(dāng)下高血壓領(lǐng)域的診療熱點(diǎn)與腎動(dòng)脈在高血壓評(píng)估、治療中的重要意義。

首先,圍繞腎血管性高血壓——這一繼發(fā)性高血壓中最重要的病因之一,在1978年Grüntzig等[4]就報(bào)道了全球首例腎動(dòng)脈狹窄介入治療,并提供了術(shù)后血壓及腎功能改善的數(shù)據(jù)。但回顧過(guò)去多項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究[5-8],均得出在藥物治療基礎(chǔ)上,針對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腎動(dòng)脈狹窄的介入治療并未帶來(lái)額外獲益,引發(fā)廣泛爭(zhēng)議。以2014年發(fā)表在N Engl J Med上的CORAL研究[8]為代表,即便是迄今為止樣本量最大、設(shè)計(jì)最科學(xué)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,仍存在因中途修改入選排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)致最終平均腎動(dòng)脈狹窄程度<70%、大量重度狹窄受試者撤回知情同意書(shū)等問(wèn)題,均導(dǎo)致了研究的選擇偏倚。但上述研究帶來(lái)的實(shí)際影響,卻使部分原本可能從介入治療中獲益的腎動(dòng)脈狹窄患者錯(cuò)過(guò)最佳治療機(jī)會(huì),不僅如此,縱觀全球各國(guó)指南,并未明確統(tǒng)一腎動(dòng)脈狹窄介入治療指征。因此,美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)近期發(fā)表的針對(duì)腎動(dòng)脈血運(yùn)重建的科學(xué)聲明[9],將重點(diǎn)放在如何選擇合適患者、在恰當(dāng)時(shí)機(jī)開(kāi)展規(guī)范的介入治療上。如何將從介入治療中獲益的腎血管性高血壓患者篩選出來(lái),針對(duì)腎動(dòng)脈狹窄的功能學(xué)與影像學(xué)評(píng)價(jià),尤其是新技術(shù)、新方法的應(yīng)用,有望基于中國(guó)人自己的研究給未來(lái)精準(zhǔn)的診療指明方向。

動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腎動(dòng)脈狹窄與慢性冠脈綜合征的介入治療有著諸多類(lèi)似特點(diǎn),此前,慢性冠脈綜合征介入治療的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均是基于冠狀動(dòng)脈造影,但隨著COURAGE[10]、BARI 2D[11]、ORBITA[12]、ISCHEMIA[13]等一系列研究的開(kāi)展,解剖狹窄不等于功能缺血的理念在心內(nèi)科醫(yī)生中已深入人心,最新的ORBITA 2研究[14]發(fā)表后,也說(shuō)明介入治療作為一項(xiàng)技術(shù),并不能“一刀切”,如何將這一技術(shù)應(yīng)用于適合的患者才是關(guān)鍵。隨著DEFER系列研究[15]與FAME系列研究[16-18],再到FAVOR系列研究[19],基于壓力導(dǎo)絲與基于造影影像結(jié)合人工智能的冠狀動(dòng)脈功能學(xué)評(píng)估已積累大量循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),造福了廣大患者。能否將這一理念用于腎動(dòng)脈狹窄,此前的多項(xiàng)小樣本研究已為研究者們提供了寶貴借鑒。與冠狀動(dòng)脈相比,對(duì)于能同時(shí)導(dǎo)致高血壓與腎臟病的腎動(dòng)脈狹窄,功能學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)可能對(duì)合適的患者選擇更有意義。若能將無(wú)需對(duì)比劑的磁共振成像等影像新技術(shù)結(jié)合,將進(jìn)一步為合并腎功能不全的患者帶來(lái)裨益。

其次,2024年極可能是高血壓治療、尤其是RDN非常重要的一年。雖然利用消除腎交感神經(jīng)治療高血壓并非新技術(shù),在20世紀(jì)初期就有醫(yī)生利用外科交感神經(jīng)節(jié)切除術(shù)治療難治性高血壓和高血壓危象,但RDN微創(chuàng)安全的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì),以及經(jīng)歷多年探索,尤其在臨床研究方法學(xué)革新后,基于假手術(shù)對(duì)照的臨床證據(jù)[20-26],使得美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局陸續(xù)審批通過(guò)兩款RDN新器械,多款國(guó)產(chǎn)器械亦已在國(guó)內(nèi)完成上市前研究,這一通過(guò)微創(chuàng)介入方式治療高血壓的新技術(shù)有望在今年廣泛應(yīng)用于中國(guó)臨床。面對(duì)新技術(shù),如何正確認(rèn)識(shí)其價(jià)值與局限性,尤其是正確進(jìn)行適宜患者的篩選與評(píng)估,將是中國(guó)廣大臨床醫(yī)生馬上面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。在新技術(shù)積極推廣的前期,全面回顧以往研究、客觀正確認(rèn)識(shí)新技術(shù)的兩面性,是這一具有廣闊前景與價(jià)值的治療新技術(shù)良性發(fā)展的有力保證。此外,RDN還可能存在高血壓以外的效應(yīng),諸如對(duì)心律失常[27]、心力衰竭[28](尤其是射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留的心力衰竭[29])、慢性腎臟病[30]等的治療,也已成為當(dāng)下的研究熱點(diǎn)與未來(lái)方向。

再者,高血壓作為心血管疾病的最主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素之一,雖然在藥物治療上已有了多年積累,但目前仍面臨達(dá)標(biāo)率低、依從性差等難題,而且繼發(fā)性高血壓的規(guī)范篩查、診治與治療也存在巨大挑戰(zhàn),因此圍繞腎動(dòng)脈而產(chǎn)生的高血壓介入這一新興亞專(zhuān)科,亦有著廣闊發(fā)展空間。雖然多項(xiàng)技術(shù)[31-32]尚處動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)等早期階段,但方興未艾的基礎(chǔ)研究預(yù)示著這將是下一個(gè)十年高血壓領(lǐng)域的重要方向。不僅如此,隨著可穿戴設(shè)備、信息技術(shù)、人工智能等的飛速發(fā)展,將為未來(lái)高血壓臨床研究與實(shí)踐的開(kāi)展開(kāi)辟更為廣闊的空間。

綜上所述,圍繞腎動(dòng)脈與高血壓的研究不會(huì)畫(huà)上句號(hào),雖已歷經(jīng)百年歷史,仍將在未來(lái)腎血管性高血壓、RDN、高血壓介入診療等方面更進(jìn)一步,圍繞腎動(dòng)脈,心內(nèi)科、腎內(nèi)科、影像科等各專(zhuān)科的緊密協(xié)同,醫(yī)學(xué)、信息技術(shù)、人工智能、工學(xué)等多學(xué)科的交叉合作,將在高血壓的精準(zhǔn)診斷和治療中發(fā)揮不可替代的作用,亦擁有巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿εc前景。

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收稿日期:2024-01-29

李建平,男,現(xiàn)任北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院副院長(zhǎng),心血管疾病研究所所長(zhǎng),主任醫(yī)師、教授、博士研究生導(dǎo)師。血管穩(wěn)態(tài)與重構(gòu)全國(guó)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室副主任,國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)心血管分子生物學(xué)與調(diào)節(jié)肽重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(北京大學(xué))副主任,北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部血管健康研究中心副主任?,F(xiàn)擔(dān)任中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心血管病學(xué)分會(huì)委員,中國(guó)醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)心血管內(nèi)科醫(yī)師分會(huì)常務(wù)委員/高血壓學(xué)組組長(zhǎng),中國(guó)醫(yī)療保健國(guó)際交流促進(jìn)會(huì)常務(wù)理事和心血管健康醫(yī)學(xué)分會(huì)主任委員,北京醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)心內(nèi)科專(zhuān)科醫(yī)師分會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)等學(xué)術(shù)任職。二十多年來(lái)一直從事冠心病介入治療,開(kāi)展高血壓、冠心病等動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化疾病的相關(guān)臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究。尤其在H型高血壓與腦卒中一級(jí)預(yù)防、無(wú)創(chuàng)冠狀動(dòng)脈功能學(xué)評(píng)估、空氣污染中細(xì)顆粒物與早期動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化機(jī)制研究等方面結(jié)合中國(guó)人群特點(diǎn)開(kāi)展研究,創(chuàng)新理論和實(shí)踐,實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)化,做出突出貢獻(xiàn)。先后主持國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目1項(xiàng)、國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃子課題1項(xiàng)和國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目3項(xiàng),主持首都衛(wèi)生發(fā)展科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)、北京市科技計(jì)劃等省部級(jí)課題5項(xiàng),以及北京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部-密西根大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院轉(zhuǎn)化與臨床醫(yī)學(xué)聯(lián)合研究所項(xiàng)目2項(xiàng),在Circ Res、Cardiovasc Res、Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol、Am J Clin Nutr和Stroke等國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)期刊發(fā)表SCI文章237篇,發(fā)表中文文章128篇;獲國(guó)家科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)二等獎(jiǎng)1項(xiàng),省部級(jí)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)一等獎(jiǎng)3項(xiàng),省部級(jí)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)二等獎(jiǎng)1項(xiàng)等。

基金項(xiàng)目:中央高水平醫(yī)院臨床科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)資助(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院高質(zhì)量臨床研究專(zhuān)項(xiàng))(2022CR77);中央高水平醫(yī)院臨床科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)資助(北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化孵育引導(dǎo)基金項(xiàng)目)(2022CX07)

通信作者:李建平,E-mail:lijianping03455@pkufh.com

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