紀(jì)欣強(qiáng) 單冬凱 王凡 趙潤(rùn)濤 楊俊杰
【摘要】冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化病變是引起冠狀動(dòng)脈CT血管成像在診斷冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病時(shí)的診斷準(zhǔn)確性和特異性大幅降低的重要原因。然而,冠狀動(dòng)脈CT血管成像評(píng)價(jià)冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化病變時(shí),影像采集設(shè)備、重建后處理及模擬計(jì)算技術(shù)的選擇和應(yīng)用目前尚缺乏規(guī)范和指導(dǎo)?,F(xiàn)對(duì)CT及其衍生技術(shù)用于冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變?cè)\斷時(shí)的原理、選擇以及臨床應(yīng)用做一綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描;冠狀動(dòng)脈疾?。还跔顒?dòng)脈鈣化病變;無創(chuàng)影像診斷
【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2024.03.009
Evaluation of Coronary Artery Calcification Using CT and Its Derivative Techniques
JI Xinqiang1,SHAN Dongkai2,WANG Fan1,3,ZHAO Runtao1,YANG Junjie1,2
(1.Medical School of Chinese PLA,Beijing 100853,China;2.Senior Department of Cardiology,The Sixth Medical Center,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100048,China;3.Department of Cardiology,The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100853,China)
【Abstract】Coronary artery calcification significantly diminishes the diagnostic accuracy and specificity of coronary CT angiography (CCTA) in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD).However,the current state of the field lacks standardization and guidance regarding the selection and application of CCTA equipment,reconstruction,and simulation computing in the evaluation of coronary artery calcification in patients with CAD.This article provides an academic review of the principle,selection,and clinical application of these diagnostic methods in patients with coronary artery calcification who are diagnosed with CAD.
【Keywords】Computer tomography;Coronary artery disease;Coronary artery calcification;Noninvasive imaging diagnosis
對(duì)于懷疑穩(wěn)定型冠狀動(dòng)脈疾?。╟oronary artery disease,CAD)的患者,目前的國(guó)際指南推薦無創(chuàng)檢測(cè)作為一線診斷手段[1]。其中冠狀動(dòng)脈CT血管成像(coronary CT angiography,CCTA)設(shè)備易開展、操作簡(jiǎn)便、準(zhǔn)確性高,已在臨床中廣泛使用。冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化病變的暈染偽影和部分容積效應(yīng)可影響管腔邊界和內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的測(cè)量,導(dǎo)致CCTA診斷CAD的準(zhǔn)確性和特異性大幅降低[2-3]。在影像采集設(shè)備和重建后處理維度上,雙源雙能量CT成像(dual-source dual-energy CT imaging,DSCT)技術(shù)利用兩種不同的X射線譜能量采集兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的數(shù)據(jù)集;光子計(jì)數(shù)CT(photon-counting CT,PCCT)技術(shù)可記錄各個(gè)光子的相互作用,并使其轉(zhuǎn)化為能量分辨CT技術(shù);二者及其衍生的重建后處理技術(shù)對(duì)于冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變CAD的診斷均有較高價(jià)值[4-5]。在模擬計(jì)算技術(shù)中,CT心肌灌注(CT myocardial perfusion,CTP)和CT血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(CT-derived fractional flow reserve,CT-FFR)是近年來發(fā)展迅速的功能學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)手段,可明顯提高CCTA診斷效能,并實(shí)現(xiàn) “一站式”檢查模式[6]。CTP技術(shù)可根據(jù)血流量的對(duì)比變化診斷心肌缺血,并定量計(jì)算心肌血流量(myocardial blood flow,MBF)[7];CT-FFR技術(shù)可在CCTA圖像基礎(chǔ)上計(jì)算冠狀動(dòng)脈流體動(dòng)力學(xué)信息,無需額外的輻射和操作,易于患者接受和臨床推廣[8]?,F(xiàn)綜述各技術(shù)用于冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變的進(jìn)展,討論比較幾種 CCTA的影像采集設(shè)備、重建后處理及模擬計(jì)算技術(shù)用于冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變CAD患者診斷時(shí)的優(yōu)劣,并探討CCTA檢查手段的選擇。
1 CCTA的影像采集設(shè)備和重建后處理技術(shù)
1.1 DSCT及其重建后處理技術(shù)
DSCT能獲取完全同步數(shù)據(jù),圖像錯(cuò)配率低,CCTA最前沿成果都是通過最新的DSCT獲得的[9]。DSCT的兩個(gè)X射線球管可提供80 kV的最大差值范圍,這種改進(jìn)意味著更準(zhǔn)確的雙能信息和更精細(xì)的密度識(shí)別[10]。多項(xiàng)研究及實(shí)踐已證明以DSCT為基礎(chǔ)的重建后處理技術(shù)可提高診斷準(zhǔn)確性和圖像質(zhì)量,其中虛擬單能量圖像(virtual monoenergetic images,VMI)、虛擬平掃(virtual non-contrast,VNC)重建和心肌灌注碘圖在CAD診斷中的應(yīng)用具有較好的效果。VMI可設(shè)定一個(gè)理想的能量水平完成圖像后處理,并通過優(yōu)化噪聲比來提高圖像質(zhì)量,有助于減少造影劑劑量、輻射劑量和檢查時(shí)間[11]。VMI可調(diào)整DSCT獲得圖像的能量水平,減少暈染偽影和部分容積效應(yīng)[12]。既往研究[13]表明,高能量水平VMI(≥110 keV)可顯著減少鈣化暈染偽影,提高圖像質(zhì)量和診斷效能。VNC通過一次DSCT圖像采集獲得造影前和動(dòng)脈期的數(shù)據(jù),從而減低患者接受的輻射劑量。VNC有助于區(qū)分造影劑和鈣化斑塊,有研究[14]已證實(shí)其在冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化評(píng)分中的應(yīng)用是可行的。DSCT獲取的心肌灌注碘圖聯(lián)合CCTA診斷CAD,較心臟磁共振成像、單光子計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描和有創(chuàng)導(dǎo)管血管造影具有更好的診斷準(zhǔn)確性 [15-16]。
1.2 PCCT及其重建后處理技術(shù)
與傳統(tǒng)DSCT相比,PCCT能計(jì)算X射線光子的總數(shù)及其分布,從而提高對(duì)比噪聲比和能量分辨率。PCCT半導(dǎo)體材料的使用以及探測(cè)器單元分類的精確選擇可使PCCT獲得更高空間分辨率的圖像,有助于精確評(píng)估嚴(yán)重鈣化冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔的通暢性[17]。獲取同樣的圖像質(zhì)量時(shí),PCCT可顯著減少輻射劑量,PCCT在顱骨中應(yīng)用時(shí)輻射劑量可減少85%[18],造影劑用量亦明顯減少。最重要的是,在DSCT的基礎(chǔ)上,PCCT在每個(gè)層面均可實(shí)現(xiàn)多能量數(shù)據(jù)(“顏色信息”)的掃描,這種多層面且標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一致的數(shù)據(jù)更加有助于CAD的診斷。Rajendran等[19]研究證實(shí),“顏色信息”可解決冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化的暈染偽影這一難題。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)PCCT評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變患者冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄情況的研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),與DSCT完成的CCTA相比,只有PCCT完成的CCTA可評(píng)估嚴(yán)重鈣化的冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔狹窄(環(huán)狀鈣化斑塊,狹窄面積75%),識(shí)別管腔未完全堵塞,表明PCCT完成的CCTA具有評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化斑塊的潛力,但該研究是利用人體模型進(jìn)行的,臨床研究尚在進(jìn)行中?;诩韧环N去除鈣化的重建后處理方法[21],Allmendinger等[22]在PCCT完成的CCTA中原創(chuàng)了一種新型去除鈣化的重建后處理技術(shù)(PureLumen),可在人體模型中有效減少鈣化病變引起的鈣化暈染偽影,而且在運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)下仍能保持診斷性能,目前正在進(jìn)行臨床研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。Eberhard等[23]應(yīng)用基于PCCT進(jìn)行VMI重建評(píng)價(jià)冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化積分,發(fā)現(xiàn)其診斷準(zhǔn)確性較好。
1.3 CCTA重建后處理技術(shù)
目前針對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化病變,一些研究正在發(fā)掘CCTA重建后處理技術(shù),用于弱化、去除鈣化對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈評(píng)估的影響。Mannil等[21]在評(píng)價(jià)頸動(dòng)脈CT血管成像中引入了一種可去除鈣化影響的重建后處理方法,驗(yàn)證了這種方法的可行性。Li等[24]在CCTA中使用了一種去除鈣化暈染偽影的重建后處理算法,與傳統(tǒng)的重建方法相比,新的算法可有效減少暈染偽影,從而提高CCTA評(píng)估鈣化嚴(yán)重病變CAD的診斷準(zhǔn)確性。Okutsu等[25]通過CCTA獲取的鈣化斑塊最大CT密度估算鈣化厚度,與光學(xué)相干斷層掃描測(cè)量鈣化的傳統(tǒng)方法相比,該方法能更準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)鈣化斑塊的范圍。Otgonbaatar 等[26]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在腦血管CT血管成像中,深度學(xué)習(xí)重建方法可提高CT血管成像的圖像質(zhì)量,但目前尚未應(yīng)用于CCTA。
2 CCTA的模擬計(jì)算技術(shù)
2.1 CTP
CTP技術(shù)可分為動(dòng)態(tài)CTP及靜態(tài)CTP技術(shù),二者在CAD的診斷、危險(xiǎn)分層、治療和預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后中均具有較好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。其中,動(dòng)態(tài) CTP可通過使用心肌負(fù)荷藥物提高心肌做功,根據(jù)CTP下心肌不同節(jié)段的造影劑密度模擬計(jì)算MBF的相對(duì)值和絕對(duì)值,量化評(píng)估相應(yīng)區(qū)域的血供狀態(tài),從而間接反映相應(yīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈的功能狀態(tài),可避免冠狀動(dòng)脈支架及鈣化對(duì)管腔結(jié)構(gòu)判斷的影響,既往研究已證實(shí)了CTP在評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈支架內(nèi)再狹窄中具有較好的診斷效能[27],而其在嚴(yán)重鈣化病變CAD患者中的應(yīng)用也具有臨床意義[28]。在一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究[29]中,由MBF計(jì)算出的負(fù)荷心肌血流量比值在評(píng)價(jià)阻塞性CAD患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈病變時(shí)具有很好的準(zhǔn)確性。El Mahdiui等[30]前瞻性納入131例有穩(wěn)定胸痛癥狀的患者,均行CTP及CCTA檢查,根據(jù)Agatston評(píng)分(Agatston score,AS)分組進(jìn)行多變量分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),大多數(shù)冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變患者在CTP檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)藥物負(fù)荷狀態(tài)下心肌缺血的證據(jù),進(jìn)一步分析顯示AS是CTP藥物負(fù)荷狀態(tài)下心肌缺血的唯一獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。CORE320前瞻性研究[31-33]以AS分層(1~300及≥400),計(jì)算ROC曲線下面積以評(píng)估CTP的診斷性能。結(jié)果顯示,在疑似CAD或已診斷CAD患者中,合并冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變(AS≥400)時(shí),聯(lián)合CCTA和CTP比單純使用CCTA或CTP有更好的診斷準(zhǔn)確性,該研究推薦在冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變的患者中聯(lián)合CCTA和CTP評(píng)估CAD。
2.2 CT-FFR
CT-FFR將血液視為牛頓流體,通過心肌體積和心肌血流間的關(guān)系模型、血管粗細(xì)和血流阻力間的關(guān)系模型,模擬計(jì)算出最大充血狀態(tài)下冠狀動(dòng)脈的局部壓力[34]。Zhao等[35]前瞻性納入了來自CT-FFR CHINA研究中的305例患者(348支靶血管),分別在患者和血管水平上,分析各AS組的CT-FFR對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)顯著病變的診斷效能。結(jié)果顯示,CT-FFR測(cè)量值誤差與AS呈正相關(guān),但冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化病變對(duì)于CT-FFR的診斷效能無顯著影響。Di Jiang等[36]回顧性納入442例患者的544支血管,發(fā)現(xiàn)無論隨著鈣化弧、鈣化重構(gòu)指數(shù)還是AS的升高,CT-FFR的診斷性能幾乎不受影響,且均高于CCTA,但當(dāng)鈣化程度超過一定程度時(shí),CT-FFR的診斷性能出現(xiàn)了一定程度的下降。Mickley等[37]前瞻性納入FACC研究中AS>399的CAD患者260例,在90 d的隨訪中評(píng)估了每個(gè)患者的CT-FFR、冠狀動(dòng)脈血運(yùn)重建和主要不良臨床事件之間的聯(lián)系。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與最低CT-FFR相比,共定位CT-FFR可提高診斷的準(zhǔn)確性和特異性。術(shù)后90 d隨訪CT-FFR>0.80的患者,行冠狀動(dòng)脈血運(yùn)重建的患者較少,均無主要不良臨床事件發(fā)生。在TARGET研究[38]中,首次將CT-FFR應(yīng)用于指導(dǎo)CAD的臨床決策,并對(duì)預(yù)后進(jìn)行隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)CT-FFR的臨床應(yīng)用具有較好的效果及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)效益。
3 應(yīng)用局限性
上述幾種CCTA影像采集設(shè)備、重建后處理及模擬計(jì)算技術(shù)在診斷冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變的CAD時(shí)均具有各自的優(yōu)勢(shì),但在臨床驗(yàn)證及應(yīng)用上仍存在許多問題。DSCT技術(shù)的一些缺點(diǎn)限制了其在臨床上的使用及推廣:DSCT儀器價(jià)格昂貴,成本大約比同等的單能量CT高出25%,其重建后處理系統(tǒng)的成本同樣大幅增加;對(duì)進(jìn)行掃描和后處理的醫(yī)生和技師要求較高,需更系統(tǒng)化的培訓(xùn)和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累才能做到熟練和準(zhǔn)確的操作;DSCT的兩個(gè)能量數(shù)據(jù)集有出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)配的可能[39]。DSCT技術(shù)雖然通過VMI、VNC重建后處理可較傳統(tǒng)CCTA 更加準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)嚴(yán)重鈣化的CAD,但仍不能完全避免鈣化暈染偽影的影響[13-14];心肌灌注碘圖雖可提高心臟CT掃描診斷CAD的診斷準(zhǔn)確性,但目前尚無研究對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變?cè)\斷效能的影響進(jìn)行探討[15-16]。PCCT技術(shù)雖在DSCT技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上可獲得空間分辨率更高、密度對(duì)比更明顯的圖像,其重建后處理技術(shù)如去除鈣化重建(PureLumen)、VMI重建亦優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)能量CT,但PCCT技術(shù)圖像及后處理數(shù)據(jù)龐大,而且其臨床推廣才剛剛開始,許多研究仍停留在實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段,其臨床驗(yàn)證及應(yīng)用尚需進(jìn)一步探索[4,20]。在CORE320研究[31-33]中,研究者通過對(duì)較大樣本量進(jìn)行了分層分析,最終得出了在冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變的患者中推薦聯(lián)合CCTA和CTP評(píng)估CAD的結(jié)論,但該研究納入人群并非完全由冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變?nèi)巳航M成,且并未完全排除支架植入術(shù)后的患者。El Mahdiui等[30]雖然發(fā)現(xiàn)AS是負(fù)荷CTP心肌缺血的唯一獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),但該研究CTP檢查采用靜態(tài)CTP的主觀評(píng)價(jià)方法,并未對(duì)心肌缺血進(jìn)行量化評(píng)估。CT-FFR CHINA研究[35]結(jié)果顯示冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化病變對(duì)于CT-FFR的診斷效能無顯著影響,但該研究納入的冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變患者的比例較少。Di Jiang等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn)無論隨著鈣化弧、鈣化重構(gòu)指數(shù)還是AS的升高,CT-FFR的診斷性能幾乎不受影響,且仍高于CCTA,但當(dāng)鈣化程度超過一定程度時(shí),CT-FFR的診斷性能出現(xiàn)了一定程度的下降;該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),與有創(chuàng)FFR對(duì)應(yīng)的CT-FFR測(cè)量位置并非冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化病變最嚴(yán)重的位置,究竟是管腔最嚴(yán)重鈣化處還是管腔最狹窄處引起了血流變化,還需進(jìn)一步研究。Mickley等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與CT-FFR相比,共定位CT-FFR提高了診斷的準(zhǔn)確性和特異性,但未對(duì)共定位CT-FFR優(yōu)勢(shì)是由鈣化導(dǎo)致的非特異性缺血引起,還是由冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化暈染偽影造成的進(jìn)行探討。
4 討論與未來展望
冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化病變?cè)斐傻臅炄緜斡皩?duì)CCTA冠狀動(dòng)脈解剖學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)的影響很難消除,只有將CCTA影像采集設(shè)備、重建后處理及模擬計(jì)算技術(shù)互補(bǔ)、結(jié)合才能更準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)CAD患者的嚴(yán)重鈣化病變。在CCTA影像采集設(shè)備、重建后處理技術(shù)方面,目前的臨床應(yīng)用還十分有限,只有硬件、軟件設(shè)備成本進(jìn)一步降低,操作更加簡(jiǎn)化,才能充分發(fā)揮這些技術(shù)的臨床作用,降低嚴(yán)重鈣化對(duì)CAD診斷的影響。在CCTA模擬計(jì)算技術(shù)方面,雖然既往多項(xiàng)研究[38,40]已證實(shí)了CT-FFR在CAD中評(píng)估病變、指導(dǎo)治療的能力,但其診斷效能與反應(yīng)局部壓力的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有創(chuàng)FFR尚存在一定差距,故CT-FFR需探索冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化的范圍和種類對(duì)其結(jié)果的影響,并探尋最理想的CT-FFR測(cè)量位置。ADVANCE研究[41]和Yan等[42]的研究聚焦于跨病變CT-FFR值變化——梯度CT-FFR(ΔCT-FFR),發(fā)現(xiàn)該指標(biāo)能更準(zhǔn)確地反映病變特異性冠狀動(dòng)脈血流壓力變化,可一定程度上避免嚴(yán)重鈣化病變對(duì)局部圖像質(zhì)量造成的影響。然而,ΔCT-FFR無法反映冠狀動(dòng)脈的全局情況,最近一項(xiàng)研究[43]引入全局ΔCT-FFR(global ΔCT-FFR,GΔCT-FFR)的概念,該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在非阻塞性CAD的糖尿病患者中,GΔCT-FFR與5年隨訪的預(yù)后相關(guān),這種改進(jìn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層的新指標(biāo)可用于糖尿病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈整體血流動(dòng)力學(xué)評(píng)估,為冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變CAD的診斷提供了新思路。CTP的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于其聯(lián)合CCTA的“一站式檢查”不僅可用于阻塞性CAD的診斷,也可同時(shí)為CAD患者再灌注治療后微循環(huán)功能及遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的評(píng)估提供思路。然而,目前針對(duì)合并冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變的CAD人群進(jìn)行的動(dòng)態(tài)CTP研究相對(duì)有限,未來需更多針對(duì)性研究,并對(duì)其治療、預(yù)后進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步探索。
相信隨著DSCT、PCCT及其重建后處理技術(shù)在臨床上不斷推廣,CT-FFR測(cè)量位置和范圍更加優(yōu)化,CTP獲得更廣泛的臨床驗(yàn)證和普及,未來CCTA在評(píng)價(jià)CAD患者冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化病變中一定會(huì)有很大突破。
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收稿日期:2023-08-10
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃課題(2021YFC2500505)
通信作者:楊俊杰,E-mail:fearlessyang@126.com