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What Is the Ecological Footprint?什么是生態(tài)足跡?

2024-05-14 09:23Micky
瘋狂英語·初中版 2024年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:赤字足跡承載力

Micky

什么是生態(tài)足跡?你的生態(tài)足跡是多少呢? 閱讀文章后你可以進(jìn)入https://www.footprintcalculator.org/home/en 進(jìn)行測(cè)試。

Humans need food, shelterand heating (in some locations)to survive. Our planets ecologicalresources help fulfill these needs. Buthow many resources do we 1)consume?This question can be answered using theEcological Footprint.

Just as a bank statement tracks incomeagainst 2)expenditures, Ecological Footprintaccounting measures a populations demandfor natural ecosystems supply of resources andservices.

On the demand side, the Ecological Footprintmeasures an individual or a populations demand forplant-based food and 3)fiber products, livestock andfish products, timber and other forest products, space forurban infrastructure, and forest to absorb its carbon dioxideemissions from 4)fossil fuels.

On the supply side, a city,or nations biocapacity representsits biologically productive land andsea area, including forest lands, grazinglands, cropland, fishing grounds, and builtupland.

The Ecological Footprint can be calculatedfor a single individual, city, country and the entireplanet.

The gap between the Ecological Footprint andbiocapacity is determined by several factors. PersonalEcological Footprint is the product of how much we useand how efficiently this is being produced. The biocapacityper person is determined by how many hectares ofproductive area there is, how productive each hectare is, andhow many people (in a city, country, or the world) share thisbiocapacity.

Many countries are “in the red”, which means they use morenatural resources (Ecological Footprint) than their ecosystemscan regenerate (biocapacity). When a countrys biocapacity isgreater than its populations Ecological Footprint, on the otherhand, the country boasts an “ecological reserve”.

Nations (also cities) can run ecological deficits by liquidatingtheir own resources, such as by overfishing; and emitting morecarbon dioxide into the atmosphere than their own ecosystems canabsorb.

What is Earth Overshoot Day?

When the entire planet is running an ecological deficit, we call?it “overshoot”. At the global level, ecologicaldeficits and overshoot are the same, sincethere is no net import of resources to theplanet.

Earth Overshoot Day marks the datewhen humanitys demand for ecologicalresources and services (Ecological Footprint)in a given year exceeds what Earth canregenerate in that year (biocapacity).

Overshoot occurs when:

HUMANITYS ECOLOGICAL

FOOTPRINT > EARTHS BIOCAPACITY

1) consume v. 消耗

2) expenditure n. 經(jīng)費(fèi);支出額

3) fiber n. 纖維

4) fossil n. 化石

人類需要食物、住所和供暖(在某些地方)才能生存。我們地球上的生態(tài)資源有助于滿足這些需求。但是我們消耗了多少資源?這個(gè)問題可以使用“生態(tài)足跡”來回答。

正如銀行對(duì)賬單可以計(jì)算收入與支出一樣,生態(tài)足跡衡量的是人口對(duì)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)提供的資源和服務(wù)供應(yīng)的需求。

在需求方面,生態(tài)足跡衡量個(gè)人或人口對(duì)植物性食品和纖維產(chǎn)品、牲畜和魚類產(chǎn)品、木材和其他林產(chǎn)品、城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施空間以及森林吸收化石燃料產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳排放的需求。

在供應(yīng)方面,一個(gè)城市或國家的生物承載力代表其具有生物生產(chǎn)力的土地和海洋面積,包括林地、牧場(chǎng)、農(nóng)田、漁場(chǎng)和建成地。生態(tài)足跡可以針對(duì)個(gè)人、城市、國家和整個(gè)地球進(jìn)行計(jì)算。

生態(tài)足跡和生物承載力之間的差距由幾個(gè)因素決定。個(gè)人生態(tài)足跡是指?jìng)€(gè)人的使用量和其生產(chǎn)效率的乘積。人均生物承載力取決于有多少公頃的生產(chǎn)面積、每公頃的生產(chǎn)力以及有多少人(在一個(gè)城市、國家或世界上)共享這種生物承載力。

許多國家處于“赤字狀態(tài)”,這意味著它們使用的自然資源(生態(tài)足跡)超過了其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以再生(生物承載力)的程度。另一方面,當(dāng)一個(gè)國家的生物承載力大于其人口的生態(tài)足跡時(shí),該國就擁有“生態(tài)盈余”。

國家(城市也一樣)“變賣”自己的資源可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生生態(tài)赤字,例如過度捕撈,向大氣中排放超過其自身生態(tài)系統(tǒng)吸收能力的二氧化碳。

什么是地球生態(tài)超載日?

當(dāng)整個(gè)地球都出現(xiàn)生態(tài)赤字時(shí),我們稱為“超載”。在全球范圍內(nèi),生態(tài)赤字和超載是相同的,因?yàn)榈厍蛏蠜]有凈進(jìn)口資源。

地球生態(tài)超載日是指人類一年對(duì)生態(tài)資源和服務(wù)的需求(生態(tài)足跡)超過地球在該年可以再生的(生物承載力)程度的那一日。

在以下情況下會(huì)發(fā)生超載:

人類的生態(tài)足跡> 地球的生物承載力

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