陳源,崔鵬飛,施建忠,張?jiān)桑谇缜?,顏成,張亞萍,王叢叢,張潔,王燕,鄧?guó)華,陳化蘭
2019-2022年中國(guó)H6N1亞型禽流感病毒的生物學(xué)特性分析
陳源,崔鵬飛,施建忠,張?jiān)?,于晴晴,顏成,張亞萍,王叢叢,張潔,王燕,鄧?guó)華,陳化蘭
中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院哈爾濱獸醫(yī)研究所/動(dòng)物疫病防控全國(guó)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/國(guó)家禽類實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物資源庫(kù),哈爾濱 150069
【背景】H6亞型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)廣泛流行于我國(guó)南方地區(qū),是我國(guó)家禽中最常見(jiàn)AIV之一。H6N1亞型AIV頻繁地與其他野鳥源毒株重配,并且可以作為供體為高致病性AIV提供內(nèi)部基因片段,產(chǎn)生新型重組病毒,進(jìn)而威脅人類健康?!灸康摹客ㄟ^(guò)對(duì)我國(guó)H6N1亞型AIV的演化動(dòng)態(tài)及其相關(guān)生物學(xué)特性分析研究,為我國(guó)禽流感的綜合防控提供數(shù)據(jù)支持?!痉椒ā坎杉?019—2022年我國(guó)25個(gè)省(直轄市、自治區(qū))的活禽交易市場(chǎng)及養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)家禽喉和泄殖腔拭子,通過(guò)接種雞胚分離到7株H6N1亞型AIVs并對(duì)其進(jìn)行全基因組測(cè)序,分析其遺傳演化特征、受體結(jié)合特性及其對(duì)SPF雞和BALB/c小鼠的感染性。【結(jié)果】遺傳演化分析表明,7株病毒的基因與分離于北美及東南亞地區(qū)的野鳥源病毒基因同源性較高,基因來(lái)源復(fù)雜,具有明顯的遺傳多樣性。貝葉斯演化分析表明,H6亞型AIV HA基因曾發(fā)生過(guò)多次的跨洲際傳播,歐亞譜系病毒在北美地區(qū)也有著較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間流行。1株病毒HA基因與北美地區(qū)毒株基因高度同源,根據(jù)貝葉斯演化分析結(jié)果,推測(cè)該病毒在野鳥體內(nèi)經(jīng)歷了復(fù)雜的基因重配后形成,后經(jīng)野鳥傳入我國(guó)。特殊氨基酸位點(diǎn)分析結(jié)果顯示,病毒HA蛋白裂解位點(diǎn)序列均為PQIETR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV特征;此外,另有1株病毒的NP蛋白發(fā)生Y52H突變,據(jù)報(bào)道,該突變對(duì)AIV獲得抵抗人干擾素刺激基因BTN3A3的能力起到關(guān)鍵作用。受體結(jié)合特性分析表明,部分毒株具有雙受體結(jié)合特性,但結(jié)合人源受體能力弱于結(jié)合禽源受體能力。病毒對(duì)SPF雞的感染性試驗(yàn)表明,雞感染A/chicken/Jiangxi/S40445/2019(H6N1)后能通過(guò)呼吸道及消化道排毒,并且病毒可在雞群內(nèi)通過(guò)接觸傳播。雞感染A/duck/Jiangxi/S10941/2019(H6N1)后僅有少數(shù)雞通過(guò)呼吸道排毒,病毒無(wú)法在雞群間通過(guò)接觸傳播。BALB/c小鼠的感染性試驗(yàn)表明,H6N1亞型AIV無(wú)需提前適應(yīng)便可在小鼠呼吸道內(nèi)有效復(fù)制,但對(duì)小鼠仍呈低致病力。【結(jié)論】2019—2022年分離于我國(guó)的H6N1亞型AIV基因大部分來(lái)源于野鳥源病毒,候鳥可經(jīng)東亞-澳大利亞遷徙路線將病毒傳入我國(guó);部分病毒能夠結(jié)合人源唾液酸受體并在小鼠呼吸道內(nèi)有效復(fù)制,表明該亞型病毒對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生安全構(gòu)成潛在威脅。
H6N1;禽流感病毒;跨洲際傳播;重配;感染性
【研究意義】禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)是單股負(fù)鏈分節(jié)段的RNA病毒,病毒基因組包含8個(gè)基因片段。不同亞型AIV之間常發(fā)生基因的交換,這個(gè)過(guò)程稱為基因重配。一些通過(guò)基因重配產(chǎn)生的新型病毒不僅會(huì)對(duì)家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)造成嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,甚至還能突破種間屏障感染人。因此,持續(xù)地對(duì)AIV進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)并分析其生物學(xué)特性,具有重要的意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】H6亞型AIV于1965年被首次報(bào)道分離自火雞,隨后逐漸在多種野鳥和家禽中分離到不同NA亞型的H6亞型AIV[1-4]。禽流感監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)表明,H6亞型AIV在我國(guó)南方地區(qū)廣泛存在,是水禽中最常見(jiàn)的AIV之一[5]。2000—2005年,中國(guó)香港學(xué)者對(duì)我國(guó)南方地區(qū)分離到的H6亞型AIV進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),H6N2亞型為病毒的優(yōu)勢(shì)亞型,依據(jù)其遺傳演化關(guān)系,鴨源H6N2亞型AIV的HA進(jìn)化樹可分為3個(gè)分支,分別為ST339-like分支、ST2853-like分支和HN573- like分支[6]。伴隨著時(shí)間的推移,H6亞型AIV不斷演化,H6N6亞型AIV取代H6N2亞型AIV,成為我國(guó)水禽中最常見(jiàn)的H6亞型AIV[7-8]。H6亞型AIV不僅在水禽中廣泛流行,甚至能跨物種感染哺乳動(dòng)物和人類。2011年,ZHANG等[9]在廣東省豬群中分離到1株H6N6亞型AIV;2013年,臺(tái)灣報(bào)道了全球首例人感染了H6N1亞型AIV病例[10-11]。H6N1病毒在我國(guó)H6亞型AIV中分離率較低,主要分布于我國(guó)臺(tái)灣、香港地區(qū)以及我國(guó)大陸東南地區(qū)[12-13]。我國(guó)鴨群中的H6N1亞型AIV頻繁地與野鳥源病毒重配,內(nèi)部基因來(lái)源復(fù)雜[8]。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】目前對(duì)近年來(lái)我國(guó)流行的H6N1亞型AIV的研究較少,其相關(guān)生物學(xué)特性尚未被系統(tǒng)分析。本研究對(duì)2019—2022年期間分離自我國(guó)的H6N1亞型AIV進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的生物學(xué)特性研究,包括基因溯源分析、分離株的受體結(jié)合特性分析以及分離株對(duì)SPF雞、BALB/c小鼠的感染性分析。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】了解我國(guó)最新分離到的H6N1亞型AIV的演化動(dòng)態(tài),評(píng)價(jià)其對(duì)雞的感染性和跨物種感染人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本研究于2019—2023年在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院哈爾濱獸醫(yī)研究所完成。
本研究中的7株H6N1亞型AIVs由國(guó)家禽流感參考實(shí)驗(yàn)室分離、鑒定并保存。
9—11日齡的SPF雞胚購(gòu)自國(guó)家禽類實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物資源庫(kù)。BALB/c小鼠購(gòu)自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司。
病毒RNA提取試劑盒購(gòu)自天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;M-MLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶購(gòu)自美國(guó)Promega公司;2× Taq Master Mix購(gòu)自北京康為世紀(jì)生物科技有限公司;測(cè)序反應(yīng)試劑盒Big Dye Terminator 3.1購(gòu)自美國(guó)ABI公司。
將家禽咽喉及泄殖腔拭子旋渦震蕩、離心后取上清液,以0.2 mL/枚接種于9—11日齡雞胚,37℃孵化48 h后收集雞胚尿囊液。參照血凝試驗(yàn)國(guó)家參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)定尿囊液血凝性,并對(duì)血凝陽(yáng)性尿囊液通過(guò)H1—H16亞型AIV單因子血清及新城疫血清確定其HA亞型。
將病毒懸液與磷酸緩沖鹽溶液(phosphate buffer solution,PBS)以1﹕9的比例混合,置于渦旋振蕩器上使其充分混勻,隨后用PBS 10倍連續(xù)稀釋,以0.1 mL/枚接種于雞胚。將雞胚置于37℃恒溫孵化箱中,48 h后測(cè)定雞胚尿囊液的血凝性,將最高稀釋度、最高血凝價(jià)的雞胚尿囊液分裝凍存于-70℃冰箱中。取純化后病毒,將病毒用PBS 10倍連續(xù)稀釋,每個(gè)稀釋度病毒懸液以0.1 mL重復(fù)接種5個(gè)雞胚。接種完畢后將雞胚置于37℃恒溫孵化箱,48 h后將雞胚取出,收集雞胚尿囊液,測(cè)定尿囊液血凝性。利用Reed- Muench方法計(jì)算各病毒的雞胚半數(shù)感染量(fifty percent embryo infectious dose, EID50)。
參照核酸提取試劑盒說(shuō)明書,取140 μL純化后的病毒,提取病毒RNA,隨后以引物(5′-AGCRAAA GCAGG-3′)為反轉(zhuǎn)錄引物,參照M-MLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶使用說(shuō)明書,將病毒RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄得到cDNA。利用Hoffmann等[14]設(shè)計(jì)的引物,以病毒cDNA為模板,擴(kuò)增病毒全基因組。將擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物利用磁珠純化后,參照Big Dye Terminator 3.1測(cè)序反應(yīng)說(shuō)明書,進(jìn)行測(cè)序反應(yīng),反應(yīng)完成后利用磁珠將測(cè)序反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物純化,純化后的產(chǎn)物在測(cè)序儀上進(jìn)行基因序列的測(cè)定。利用DNA-Star軟件拼接序列后,在Phylosuite[15]中進(jìn)行序列的比對(duì)以及ML樹的重建。采用貝葉斯節(jié)點(diǎn)標(biāo)記法,在BEAST V1.10.4[16]重建系統(tǒng)發(fā)生關(guān)系,并獲得進(jìn)化樹上各個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的絕對(duì)分化時(shí)間及其可信區(qū)間。在iTOL(https://itol.embl.de/)對(duì)進(jìn)化樹美化。
將病毒以106EID50/50 μL的劑量經(jīng)鼻腔感染6周齡BALB/c小鼠,每組感染8只,在感染后的第3天隨機(jī)安樂(lè)死3只小鼠,采集小鼠的鼻甲、腦、肺臟、脾臟、腎臟,定容于1 mL PBS中,臟器經(jīng)研磨后,用PBS對(duì)臟器研磨液10倍倍比稀釋,在每個(gè)稀釋度的研磨液中取0.1 mL接種于9—11日齡雞胚,48 h后計(jì)算每個(gè)稀釋度研磨液的血凝陽(yáng)性雞胚數(shù)量,利用Reed-Muench方法計(jì)算小鼠臟器內(nèi)的病毒滴度。其余組內(nèi)的5只小鼠繼續(xù)稱重至第14天,計(jì)算其體重變化以及觀察其健康情況。
每個(gè)隔離器內(nèi)設(shè)置10只感染組雞、3只復(fù)制組雞,另設(shè)置3只接觸傳播組雞。將感染組雞和復(fù)制組雞以106EID50/100 μL的劑量經(jīng)鼻腔滴注病毒,感染24 h后,將接觸傳播組雞放入隔離器中。感染后第3、5、7、9、11和13天采集感染組雞和接觸傳播組雞的咽喉和泄殖腔拭子;感染后第3天安樂(lè)死復(fù)制組雞,取其腦、氣管、胸腺、肺臟、腎臟、脾臟、胰腺、心臟、肝臟、法氏囊和盲腸,用于病毒滴定。在感染后第21天,測(cè)定感染組雞及接觸傳播組雞血清轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng)情況。
參照文獻(xiàn)[17]的方法,將初始濃度為1 ng·μL-1糖鏈進(jìn)行2倍倍比稀釋,以100 μL/孔的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)加入96孔ELISA板中,4℃條件下包被過(guò)夜。棄去96孔板中液體,用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌4次。將病毒配置成64單位抗原后,以100 μL/孔的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)加入ELISA板中,4℃條件下孵育6 h。用含Tween-20的磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS with tween-20, PBST)洗滌ELISA板4次,用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌1次。加入1﹕300比例稀釋的雞多抗血清100 μL/孔,4℃孵育2 h。PBST洗滌4次后,加入辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗雞二抗,37℃孵育1 h后洗滌。加入顯色液,避光顯色5 min。ELISA板中每孔加入0.5 mol·L-1硫酸50 μL,終止顯色反應(yīng)。在490 nm讀取OD值,利用GraphPad分析結(jié)果并作圖。
2019—2022年于我國(guó)25個(gè)省(直轄市、自治區(qū))的活禽交易市場(chǎng)及養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)內(nèi)對(duì)家禽進(jìn)行禽流感主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè),共分離到7株H6N1亞型AIVs。7株病毒均分離自我國(guó)南方地區(qū),其中湖南省分離到2株,江西省分離到2株,另外在我國(guó)貴州省、湖北省、福建省各分離到1株病毒。7株病毒中有5株分離于養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng),2株分離于市場(chǎng)。僅有1株病毒分離自雞,其余病毒均分離自鴨(表1)。
表1 H6N1亞型AIVs信息
在GISAID數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中通過(guò)BLAST得到與7株H6N1亞型AIVs各節(jié)段基因核苷酸相似性最高的病毒(表2)。結(jié)果顯示,7株H6N1亞型 AIVs 的全基因組與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中分離地為東亞及北美的野鳥源病毒的基因同源性較高,達(dá)到98%以上。推測(cè)H6N1病毒在野鳥群體中經(jīng)歷了復(fù)雜的重配后再傳入我國(guó)家禽,其內(nèi)部基因來(lái)源十分復(fù)雜,具有明顯的遺傳多樣性。
對(duì)7株病毒HA基因同源性進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示核苷酸相似性在91.3%—99.2%之間。通過(guò)BEAST V1.10.4對(duì)H6亞型AIVs HA基因重建最大分支可信度(MCC)樹,以推斷HA基因的演化關(guān)系。結(jié)果顯示,H6亞型AIV分為歐亞譜系及北美譜系,其最近共同祖先可追溯至1916年(圖1)。歐亞譜系的病毒在20世紀(jì)80年代就已在北美的野鳥群體中監(jiān)測(cè)到,直至2022年仍可在北美野鳥群體中監(jiān)測(cè)到歐亞譜系的病毒。在歐亞譜系中,出現(xiàn)了多起洲際基因交換事件,結(jié)合進(jìn)化樹中毒株的宿主信息,推斷病毒隨候鳥遷徙跨洲際傳播。與 DK/JX/941/19 HA基因親緣關(guān)系較近的基因來(lái)自韓國(guó)以及阿拉斯加的野鳥源病毒,與分離于北美地區(qū)和韓國(guó)的病毒聚在一簇;其余分離株HA基因與東亞野鳥源病毒基因具有較高的同源性。以上結(jié)果表明,H6N1亞型AIVs HA基因與來(lái)自野鳥的H6亞型AIVs高度同源,推斷DK/JX/941/19 HA基因節(jié)段是由候鳥遷徙傳入我國(guó)。
NA基因核苷酸相似性在95.9%—99.6%之間,以相似性高于95%為依據(jù)進(jìn)行分組,7株病毒的NA基因均位于同一組內(nèi),與東亞地區(qū)野鳥源 H1N1、H5N1、H6N1 AIVs的N1基因親緣關(guān)系較近(圖2)。
分離株內(nèi)部基因之間的核苷酸相似性分別為PB2:93.7%—99.7%,PB1:92.7%—98.9%,PA:93%— 96.5%,NP:93.5%—99.6%,M:96%—99.4%,NS:70.6%—99.8%。以相似性高于95%為依據(jù)分組,M 基因分為1組,其余內(nèi)部基因分組情況為PB2:2組,PB1:2組,PA:3組,NP:3組,NS:2組。NS基因可分為2個(gè)等位基因群,其余內(nèi)部基因均位于歐亞分支且均與野鳥源毒株基因親緣關(guān)系較近(圖3)。
表2 7株H6N1亞型AIVs各基因節(jié)段同源性的分析
續(xù)表2 Continued table 2
圖1 HA基因貝葉斯分析最大分支可信度(MCC)樹
圖2 NA基因遺傳演化分析
圖3 PB2、PB1、PA、NP、M、NS 基因遺傳演化分析
由于DK/JX/941/19 HA基因與分離于北美地區(qū)的病毒聚在一簇,而其余基因片段均與東亞野鳥源、鴨源病毒有著較高的同源性,表明東亞與北美的病毒基因庫(kù)發(fā)生基因漂移,因此,有必要對(duì)此病毒進(jìn)行演化分析,以分析其完成重配的時(shí)間。
通過(guò)BEAST V1.10.4對(duì)DK/JX/941/19的8個(gè)基因片段進(jìn)行定年分析,結(jié)果顯示8個(gè)內(nèi)部基因片段的最近共同祖先最早可追溯至2016年5月,最晚為2019年1月,推斷病毒在2019年初完成重配(表3)。
DK/JX/941/19 HA基因與來(lái)自阿拉斯加、韓國(guó)的野鳥源病毒 HA 基因高度同源,而其余的基因也多與韓國(guó)的野鳥源病毒基因相似。基于阿拉斯加、韓國(guó)與我國(guó)均位于東亞-澳大利亞候鳥遷徙路線,推測(cè)起始于阿拉斯加地區(qū)的候鳥經(jīng)該路線遷徙至韓國(guó),其攜帶的北美地區(qū)HA基因與韓國(guó)野鳥群體中的東亞分支基因重配形成新型病毒,最后通過(guò)候鳥遷徙傳入我國(guó)鴨場(chǎng)。
表3 DK/JX/941/19演化關(guān)系推斷
7株H6N1亞型AIVs HA裂解位點(diǎn)基序均為PQIETR↓GLF,符合LPAIVs特征。
分析影響病毒受體結(jié)合特性的相關(guān)位點(diǎn),顯示有5株病毒獲得了T160A的突變,據(jù)報(bào)道,獲得該突變的H5N1病毒增強(qiáng)了對(duì)人源受體的結(jié)合[18]。
內(nèi)部基因分子特征分析顯示病毒PB2蛋白的627、701位點(diǎn)未發(fā)生突變,但DK/GZ/674/21在NP蛋白上發(fā)生Y52H的突變,據(jù)報(bào)道,該突變對(duì)AIV獲得抵抗人干擾素刺激基因BTN3A3的能力起到關(guān)鍵作用[19]。5株病毒發(fā)生NP M105V的突變,有研究表明,獲得該突變的H5N1病毒增強(qiáng)了對(duì)雞的致病性[20]。
將7株H6N1亞型AIVs分別以106EID50的劑量經(jīng)鼻腔感染小鼠。在感染后第3天安樂(lè)死小鼠,取其腦、鼻甲、脾、腎、肺進(jìn)行病毒滴定。結(jié)果顯示,所有小鼠均未死亡或出現(xiàn)明顯臨床癥狀,部分小鼠體重有輕微下降(圖4)。病毒在小鼠肺臟及鼻甲均能有效復(fù)制,其中在肺臟復(fù)制的平均滴度范圍為5.4— 6.4 log10EID50/mL,在鼻甲復(fù)制的平均滴度范圍為0.98—3.58 log10EID50/mL。以上結(jié)果表明,7株H6N1亞型AIVs能在小鼠呼吸器官中有效復(fù)制,但對(duì)小鼠呈低致病力。
為探究來(lái)自不同宿主的H6N1亞型AIV對(duì)雞的感染能力,選取雞源病毒(CK/JX/445/19)及鴨源病毒(DK/JX/941/19),以106EID50/100 μL的劑量經(jīng)鼻腔感染SPF雞。結(jié)果顯示,感染組的雞感染 CK/JX/445/19后,10只雞的血清均轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng),僅有4只雞排毒(圖5),持續(xù)到感染后第7天;此外,3只接觸組的雞中有2只可通過(guò)泄殖腔向外排毒,其血清也發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng),表明該病毒可在雞群中通過(guò)接觸傳播。雞感染 DK/JX/ 941/19后,感染組的雞的血清均轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng),但僅在2只感染組的雞的咽喉中檢測(cè)到病毒,排毒持續(xù)到第3天;未在接觸組的雞中檢測(cè)到病毒,其血清也并未轉(zhuǎn)陽(yáng),表明該病毒無(wú)法在雞群中通過(guò)接觸傳播。在感染后第3天對(duì)復(fù)制組的雞的臟器進(jìn)行病毒滴定,均未在臟器中檢測(cè)到病毒。雞感染CK/JX/445/19后,以泄殖腔排毒為主;雞感染 DK/JX/941/19后,排毒能力較弱,僅能通過(guò)咽喉排毒。
圖4 小鼠體重變化
a:雞接種 CK/JX/445/19 排毒情況;b:SPF 雞接種 DK/JX/941/19 排毒情況;c:接觸組雞(CK/JX/445/19)排毒情況;d:接觸組雞(DK/JX/941/19)排毒情況
對(duì)7株H6N1亞型AIVs的受體結(jié)合特性進(jìn)行測(cè)定,結(jié)果顯示,所有毒株均對(duì)禽源唾液酸(sialic acid, SA)α2,3-Gal受體有著較強(qiáng)的結(jié)合能力,此外,DK/GZ/ 674/21與DK/HuB/186/19對(duì)人源唾液酸SAα2,6-Gal受體還有著較低的結(jié)合水平(圖6)。
圖6 H6N1亞型AIVs受體結(jié)合特性
本文中的H6N1亞型AIV基因與野鳥源AIV基因高度同源,表明野鳥是H6N1亞型AIV天然的基因儲(chǔ)存庫(kù)。相關(guān)研究表明,H6亞型AIV與其他亞型AIV相比,在野鳥體內(nèi)的適應(yīng)性更好,是在野鳥中檢出率最高的 AIV之一[21-23]。鑒于H6亞型AIV在野鳥中具有較好的適應(yīng)性及高檢出率,推測(cè)該亞型病毒應(yīng)更容易發(fā)生跨洲際傳播。BAHL等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),歐亞譜系的H6亞型AIV可隨著候鳥的遷徙,跨洲際傳播到北美,其通過(guò)對(duì)易感宿主的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致部分北美譜系病毒被替代。本研究通過(guò)Beast構(gòu)建最大分支可信度(MCC)樹,證實(shí)了H6基因發(fā)生過(guò)多次跨洲際的傳播,歐亞譜系中的部分病毒在北美地區(qū)有著較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的流行。在本研究中,還發(fā)現(xiàn)DK/JX/941/19 HA基因與北美阿拉斯加地區(qū)、韓國(guó) H6N5 亞型 AIV HA 基因聚在一簇,基于地理位置及進(jìn)化關(guān)系,推斷該病毒可能在2019年初完成重配,并通過(guò)候鳥經(jīng)東亞-澳大利亞遷徙路線傳入我國(guó)。值得注意的是,本文中有5株H6N1亞型AIVs分離自我國(guó)養(yǎng)鴨場(chǎng),其地理位置均處于東亞-澳大利亞遷徙路線所在區(qū)域。我國(guó)開放的水禽養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境使得候鳥有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)入養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)并為候鳥將病毒傳播給水禽提供了有利條件。
大量的H6亞型AIV分離自水禽,鴨源或鵝源H6亞型AIV一般需要適應(yīng)后才可在陸生家禽體內(nèi)有效復(fù)制。本研究中的鴨源病毒DK/JX/941/19感染雞后無(wú)法在雞體內(nèi)有效復(fù)制,而雞源病毒CK/JX/445/19感染雞后則表現(xiàn)出較好的適應(yīng)性。CK/JX/445/19的基因與分離自韓國(guó)和蒙古的野鴨源病毒基因高度同源,這表明來(lái)源于野鴨的H6N1亞型AIV傳入我國(guó)后,部分病毒經(jīng)過(guò)適應(yīng)后能在雞體內(nèi)有效復(fù)制并在雞群間傳播。
綜上所述,候鳥遷徙是H6N1亞型AIV跨洲際傳播的重要因素。應(yīng)加強(qiáng)水禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)的飼養(yǎng)管理,避免水禽與野鳥和陸生家禽的接觸,阻斷病毒的傳播鏈。
AIV不僅對(duì)家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)影響巨大,部分亞型的病毒還對(duì)人類健康構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重威脅,如H3N8、H5N1、H5N6、H7N9、H9N2、H10N3亞型AIVs[25-31]。甲型流感病毒的宿主特異性決定了其一般難以跨物種感染人,有多種因素阻止了流感病毒的外溢,如病毒對(duì)宿主細(xì)胞的受體結(jié)合特異性[32]、病毒聚合酶的活性[33]以及相關(guān)宿主因子的限制[34]。本研究中的DK/GZ/674/21在NP蛋白上發(fā)生了Y52H的突變,提示該病毒可能不受人體內(nèi)干擾素刺激基因BTN3A3的限制[19];對(duì)病毒受體結(jié)合特性的測(cè)定顯示了該病毒已具備了低水平結(jié)合人源受體的能力。已有研究表明,H6亞型AIV HA蛋白上Q226L突變能使其結(jié)合人源受體能力強(qiáng)于結(jié)合禽源受體能力,并使其能在豚鼠間通過(guò)飛沫傳播[35];在感染人的H6N1亞型AIV發(fā)現(xiàn)其HA蛋白發(fā)生了E190V和G228S突變,使得病毒獲得了結(jié)合人源受體的能力。本文中所研究的病毒雖然并未獲得以上突變,但病毒已能不用預(yù)先適應(yīng)便能在哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)有效復(fù)制并有部分病毒具備結(jié)合人源唾液酸受體的能力,表明H6N1亞型AIV對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生安全構(gòu)成了潛在威脅。
本研究系統(tǒng)性地分析了2019—2022年我國(guó)H6N1亞型禽流感病毒(AIV)生物學(xué)特性,結(jié)果表明,H6N1亞型AIV多分離自水禽,其與北美和東亞的野鳥源病毒親緣關(guān)系密切,來(lái)源于水禽的 H6N1 亞型 AIV 傳入我國(guó)雞群后,部分病毒經(jīng)過(guò)適應(yīng)后可在雞體內(nèi)有效復(fù)制并能在雞群間傳播。H6N1病毒可在小鼠呼吸道內(nèi)有效復(fù)制并且部分病毒獲得結(jié)合人源受體能力,具有跨種感染人的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)人類健康構(gòu)成了一定的威脅。因此,應(yīng)持續(xù)開展對(duì)H6N1亞型AIV的監(jiān)測(cè),了解其進(jìn)化動(dòng)態(tài)及跨種感染人的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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Biological characteristics of H6N1 subtype avian influenza virus from 2019 to 2022 in China
Chen Yuan,Cui PengFei, SHI Jianzhong, Zhang YuanCheng, Yu QingQing, Yan Cheng, Zhang YaPing, Wang CongCong,Zhang Jie, Wang Yan, Deng GuoHua, Chen HuaLan
Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Lab for Animal Disease Control and Prevention/National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin 150069
【Background】H6 avian influenza virus (AIV) is widely prevalent in southern China, which is one of the most common subtypes of AIVs circulating in poultry in China. H6N1 AIVs frequently undergo gene reassortment events with other wild bird-origin virus, which can be a donor to provide internal gene segments to highly pathogenic AIVs, which may lead to the emergence of novel virus and threaten human health.【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution and biological characteristics of H6N1 AIVs in China, so as to provide valuable data for the prevention and control of avian influenza in China.【Method】From 2019 to 2022, cloacal and throat swabs were collected from live poultry markets and breeding farms across 25 provinces or autonomous regions in China. 7 H6N1 viruses were isolated by inoculating into chicken embryos. The complete genome sequences were determined, followed by analyzing their phylogenetic relationships, receptor binding properties, as well as replication in SPF chickens and BALB/c mice.【Result】The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genes of the 7 H6N1 AIVs were highly homologous to those of wild bird-origin viruses from North America and Southeast Asia, indicating a complex genetic origin with significant genetic diversity. According to the Bayesian evolution analysis, the HA gene of H6 subtype AIVs had many times of intercontinental transmission in the history, and the Eurasian lineage strains also had a long time of circulation in North America.The HA gene of one strain of the virus was highly homologous to that of the North American strain. Based on the results of Bayesian evolutionary analysis, it was hypothesized that the virus was introduced to China via wild birds after undergoing complex genetic reassortment in wild birds. Analysis of specific amino acid sites revealed that the cleavage site of HA protein was PQIETR↓GLF, which was the signature of low pathogenic AIVs. In addition, one other virus had a Y52H mutation in the NP protein, which was critical in BTN3A3 evasion. Receptor binding analysis demonstrated that some of the H6N1 AIVs bound to both avian-type receptor and human-type receptor, however, their affinity towards human receptors was weaker compared with avian receptors. Infectivity experiments on SPF chickens indicated that flocks was still able to shed virus up through oropharyngeal and cloacal routes after infection with A/chicken/Jiangxi/S40445/2019(H6N1) and that the virus could be transmitted via contact within flocks. Only a few chickens infected with A/duck/Jiangxi/S10941/2019(H6N1) shed virus through their oropharyngeal tract, and the virus could not be transmitted via contact among chickens. The infectivity experiments conducted on mice showed that H6N1 subtype AIVs could replicate in the respiratory organs of infected mice without prior adaptation, but display low pathogenicity levels in mice.【Conclusion】Most of the genes of H6N1 subtype AIV isolated in China from 2019 to 2022 were derived from wild bird-origin viruses, and those migratory birds could introduce the viruses into China via the East Asia-Australasian migratory flyway. Some of the H6 AIVs bound to human-type receptors and replicate in the respiratory organs of mice suggested that H6N1 viruses posed a potential threat to human health.
H6N1; avian influenza virus; intercontinental transmission; reassortment; infectivity
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.09.015
2023-10-27;
2023-12-24
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2021YFD1800201)
陳源,E-mail:charlesyg1@163.com。通信作者鄧國(guó)華,Tel:0451-51051806;E-mail:dengguohua01@caas.cn
(責(zé)任編輯 林鑒非)