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人工硬腦膜貼敷在微血管減壓術(shù)中的應(yīng)用及對(duì)術(shù)后腦脊液漏的影響

2024-05-21 06:24:45廖振華謝仕齊

廖振華 謝仕齊

【摘要】 目的:探究人工硬腦膜貼敷在微血管減壓術(shù)中的應(yīng)用及對(duì)術(shù)后腦脊液漏的影響。方法:本研究為回顧性隊(duì)列研究,收集2020年1月—2023年4月因三叉神經(jīng)痛或面肌痙攣在贛南醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬興國醫(yī)院行經(jīng)乙狀竇后入路微血管減壓術(shù)的60例患者的資料。根據(jù)術(shù)中硬腦膜復(fù)位方式分成傳統(tǒng)組(采用常規(guī)硬腦膜原位縫合)和改良組(采用人工硬腦膜貼敷),各30例。比較兩組手術(shù)有效率,腦脊液漏發(fā)生率,以及住院天數(shù)、住院費(fèi)用。結(jié)果:兩組手術(shù)有效率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與傳統(tǒng)組比較,改良組腦脊液漏的發(fā)生率更低,住院天數(shù)更短,住院費(fèi)用更少(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:人工硬腦膜貼敷不會(huì)降低手術(shù)有效率,且能顯著降低微血管減壓術(shù)后腦脊液漏的發(fā)生率。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 微血管減壓術(shù) 腦脊液漏 人工硬腦膜

Application of Artificial Dural Patching in Microvascular Decompression and Its Influence on Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage/LIAO Zhenhua, XIE Shiqi. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(08): -137

[Abstract] Objective: To explore the application of artificial dural patching in microvascular decompression and its influence on postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Method: This study was a retrospective cohort study. Data of 60 patients underwent microvascular decompression via retrosigmoid approach due to trigeminal neuralgia or facial spasm in Xingguo Hospital Affiliated to Gannan Medical College from January 2020 to April 2023 were collected. The patients were divided into the traditional group (was used conventional in-situ dural suture) and the improved group (was used artificial dural patching) according to the intraoperative dural restoration method, with 30 cases in each group. The operative effective rate, incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage, hospitalization days and hospitalization expenses were compared between the two groups. Result: There was no significant difference in the operative effective rate between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the traditional group, the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leakage was lower in the improved group, the hospitalization days was shorter, and the hospitalization expenses was less (P<0.05). Conclusion: Artificial dural patching does not reduce the operative efficiency, and can significantly reduce the probability of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after microvascular decompression.

[Key words] Microvascular decompression Cerebrospinal fluid leakage Artificial dural

First-author's address: Department of Neurosurgery, Xingguo Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou 342400, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.08.030

顱神經(jīng)疾病中最多見的為三叉神經(jīng)痛,其次為面肌痙攣[1]。該類疾病患者在出現(xiàn)疼痛、顏面部痙攣的同時(shí),可能還會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些神經(jīng)癥狀,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活[2]。以上疾病多是由微血管壓迫所致,目前,微血管減壓術(shù)是治療微血管壓迫相關(guān)疾病的一線治療方案,具有很高的永久療效[3-7]。雖然從最初采用的中顱窩入路到現(xiàn)在大部分采用的經(jīng)乙狀竇后入路,為當(dāng)前的治療提供了更為理想的手術(shù)通道,但腦脊液漏仍是無法完全避免的并發(fā)癥。該并發(fā)癥的處理通常是腰椎引流、腦室-腹腔分流術(shù)和延長住院時(shí)間,然而,即便經(jīng)過這些治療,患者也仍然可能出現(xiàn)一些嚴(yán)重的情況,例如假性腦膜膨出、腦膜炎和膿腫形成,甚至?xí)斐捎谰眯該p傷[8]。因此,我們?cè)诮獬⒀軌浩群箨P(guān)顱前會(huì)常規(guī)對(duì)硬腦膜進(jìn)行原位縫合,放回骨瓣,再逐層縫合肌肉,從而防止腦脊液漏。然而,常規(guī)的硬腦膜縫合因?yàn)椴豢杀苊獾奈s無法對(duì)位縫合緊密,并沒有明顯降低術(shù)后腦脊液漏的發(fā)生。因此,贛南醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬興國醫(yī)院對(duì)常規(guī)原位硬腦膜縫合進(jìn)行改良,采用人工硬腦膜貼敷預(yù)防術(shù)后腦脊液漏,取得良好效果,具體報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

收集2020年1月—2023年4月本院收治的60例三叉神經(jīng)痛或面肌痙攣患者的資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):確診為三叉神經(jīng)痛或面肌痙攣,行正規(guī)藥物治療半年后效果欠佳;均行頭顱磁共振及磁共振血管成像檢查,明確責(zé)任血管與神經(jīng)的關(guān)系,明確手術(shù)指征。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):顱內(nèi)占位等疾病引起的繼發(fā)性神經(jīng)痛;伴有惡性腫瘤;伴有嚴(yán)重內(nèi)科疾病。根據(jù)術(shù)中硬腦膜復(fù)位方式分成傳統(tǒng)組和改良組,各30例。該研究為回顧性分析,經(jīng)本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。

1.2 方法

為減少受到手術(shù)醫(yī)師的影響,60例患者的微血管減壓術(shù)均由本院同一手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)完成,采用相同的手術(shù)設(shè)備,均采用經(jīng)乙狀竇后入路,由同一主治醫(yī)師進(jìn)行開顱,同一副主任醫(yī)師行顱內(nèi)操作,手術(shù)在全麻下進(jìn)行。除在復(fù)位硬腦膜時(shí)采用不同的方式,其余手術(shù)操作均相同,傳統(tǒng)組使用的是常規(guī)硬腦膜原位縫合,而改良組則采用人工硬腦膜貼敷。

1.2.1 傳統(tǒng)組 準(zhǔn)備關(guān)顱時(shí),先于術(shù)區(qū)反復(fù)沖洗生理鹽水直至完全排盡顱內(nèi)空氣,硬腦膜對(duì)位進(jìn)行原位縫合。最后復(fù)位骨瓣,常規(guī)縫合皮下及皮膚。

1.2.2 改良組 準(zhǔn)備關(guān)顱時(shí),先于術(shù)區(qū)反復(fù)沖洗生理鹽水直至完全排盡顱內(nèi)空氣,在術(shù)區(qū)小腦表面平鋪一層明膠海綿,裁剪一張四邊均較術(shù)口大約1 cm的人工硬腦膜,平鋪于原硬腦膜下、明膠海綿之上,然后繼續(xù)往硬腦膜下腔注入生理鹽水使人工硬腦膜與原硬腦膜緊密貼敷,起到水密貼敷封閉硬膜下腔的作用,之后再取一張同樣大小人工硬腦膜平鋪硬膜外,起到內(nèi)外人工硬腦膜貼敷,達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的貼敷效果。最后復(fù)位骨瓣,常規(guī)縫合皮下及皮膚。

所有患者術(shù)后均按照《中國顯微血管減壓術(shù)治療腦神經(jīng)疾患圍手術(shù)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)專家共識(shí)(2015)》進(jìn)行圍手術(shù)期管理。所有患者出院后均對(duì)其進(jìn)行門診或電話隨訪,隨訪內(nèi)容包括:目前疼痛情況、有無面部麻木、有無皮下積液等其他不適。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

(1)手術(shù)有效率:根據(jù)術(shù)后3個(gè)月癥狀緩解程度進(jìn)行評(píng)估,癥狀完全消失或基本消失,偶有發(fā)作但不需要藥物治療為有效。(2)腦脊液漏:術(shù)后1周內(nèi)出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏,包括切口漏、鼻漏、耳漏,主要表現(xiàn)為切口滲液、患者側(cè)臥或低頭時(shí)有無色透明液體從鼻腔或耳道流出,或感覺咽喉間斷有咸味液體流入。(3)記錄住院天數(shù)及住院費(fèi)用。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采取獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用M(P25,P75)表示,采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組基線資料比較

兩組性別、年齡、體重指數(shù)、基礎(chǔ)疾病、病程等基線資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。

2.2 兩組手術(shù)有效率比較

手術(shù)后3個(gè)月對(duì)兩組患者進(jìn)行隨訪,兩組患者均未出現(xiàn)疼痛再發(fā)、面部麻木等不適,有效率均為100%。兩組手術(shù)有效率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

2.3 兩組腦脊液漏發(fā)生率比較

傳統(tǒng)組有8例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏,其中7例在經(jīng)過腰大池引流術(shù)后好轉(zhuǎn),有1例患者后期出現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)感染;改良組有1例患者出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏。傳統(tǒng)組腦脊液漏發(fā)生率(26.7%)較改良組高(3.3%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=4.706,P=0.030)。

2.4 兩組住院天數(shù)及住院費(fèi)用比較

改良組住院天數(shù)短于傳統(tǒng)組,住院費(fèi)用少于傳統(tǒng)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。

3 討論

經(jīng)乙狀竇后入路的微血管減壓術(shù)是一種公認(rèn)的解除顱神經(jīng)壓迫綜合征的治療方法,對(duì)于三叉神經(jīng)痛、面肌痙攣、舌咽神經(jīng)痛及膝狀神經(jīng)痛都具有顯著的療效。本項(xiàng)研究也表明了微血管減壓術(shù)良好的有效性及安全性,這與文獻(xiàn)[9-10]的報(bào)道一致。微血管減壓術(shù)的重點(diǎn)是充分顯露并解剖出相關(guān)神經(jīng),找到責(zé)任血管并有效隔離,然而經(jīng)驗(yàn)再豐富的團(tuán)隊(duì),也依舊面臨術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的困擾。據(jù)報(bào)道,在經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的國外神經(jīng)外科中心,微血管減壓術(shù)后出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏的概率為0~9.5%[4-5,11-14]。而在國內(nèi),由于我國醫(yī)療資源及專業(yè)水平的不均衡,出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏的概率可能更高。盡管腦脊液漏可以通過早期行腰大池引流術(shù)進(jìn)行改善,但腦脊液漏使顱內(nèi)與外界直接相通,細(xì)菌更容易入侵顱內(nèi)引起感染,進(jìn)一步增加腦膜腦炎、切口愈合不良甚至顱內(nèi)出血等并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。國內(nèi)有報(bào)道顯示,腦脊液漏引起顱內(nèi)感染的發(fā)生率一般為1.5%~6.6%[15],而術(shù)后因腦脊液漏再次手術(shù)者,顱內(nèi)感染的發(fā)生率顯著高于平均水平。因此,預(yù)防術(shù)后腦脊液漏對(duì)于改善患者的預(yù)后尤其重要。

國內(nèi)外對(duì)于如何降低微血管減壓術(shù)后腦脊液漏的發(fā)生率已有相關(guān)的研究,研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)密縫合硬腦膜、封閉乳突氣房并逐層縫合皮膚可減少腦脊液漏的發(fā)生,但最重要的仍然是維持硬腦膜水密閉合和顱骨的閉合性[16-17]。因此,學(xué)者們使用了不同方式的硬腦膜和骨閉合方法來預(yù)防腦脊液漏的發(fā)生,包括一期硬腦膜修復(fù)、人工硬腦膜補(bǔ)片、骨缺損鈦網(wǎng)重建、自體骨移植、磷酸鈣骨水泥和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MM)骨水泥[18]。但是在一些大型臨床試驗(yàn)中,研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有任何替代物被證明是無并發(fā)癥[19-20],所以目前最好的密封方式仍然是一次性硬腦膜閉合。因此在之前的手術(shù)中,我們采用的是一次性硬膜閉合法,但仍不可避免地出現(xiàn)腦脊液漏,嚴(yán)重的增加了患者的住院天數(shù)及住院費(fèi)用。

為了降低患者腦脊液漏發(fā)生率,本院神經(jīng)外科團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)手術(shù)方式進(jìn)行探索。有文獻(xiàn)表明,使用骨水泥進(jìn)行顱骨成形術(shù)的患者,腦脊液漏的發(fā)生率從14.3%下降到4.5%,顯著降低腦脊液漏發(fā)生率[21],然而使用骨水泥顱骨成形術(shù)仍然無法避免塑形困難、熱量容易傳遞到鄰近組織等缺陷。因此,在多次手術(shù)中,我們綜合上述各項(xiàng)替代物優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),最終仍采用人工硬腦膜來預(yù)防腦脊液漏的發(fā)生。與傳統(tǒng)的人工硬腦膜貼敷不同,我們無需使用醫(yī)用膠粘貼于硬腦膜表面或內(nèi)側(cè),而是采用夾心貼敷,即在術(shù)區(qū)平鋪一層明膠海綿,再鋪上一張四邊均較術(shù)口大約1 cm的人工硬腦膜在原硬腦膜下,取一張同樣大小人工硬腦膜平鋪原硬腦膜外,形成人工硬腦膜-原硬腦膜-人工硬腦膜三層,這樣明膠海綿在吸水后膨出對(duì)外側(cè)有壓力,而兩層人工硬腦膜夾心貼敷后,人工硬腦膜因?yàn)樽陨韼в叙ば裕梢詫o效腔完全封閉,再還原骨瓣后,骨瓣對(duì)外側(cè)人工硬腦膜有向內(nèi)的壓力,促使其穩(wěn)定貼敷,確保腦脊液不會(huì)外滲。因此,我們認(rèn)為該方法在手術(shù)中可以顯著降低腦脊液漏的發(fā)生率。當(dāng)然,我們的研究仍有許多不足之處,第一,所納入的病例數(shù)過少,無論是改良組還是傳統(tǒng)組,還需要有更多的病例去進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析;第二,由于使用傳統(tǒng)人工硬腦膜貼敷及骨水泥顱骨成形術(shù)的患者較少,并沒有足夠的數(shù)據(jù)與人工硬腦膜夾心貼敷比較。

綜上所述,使用人工硬腦膜貼敷進(jìn)行硬腦膜封閉更為安全、有效,同時(shí)能減少住院天數(shù),減少住院費(fèi)用,并有效降低術(shù)后腦脊液漏發(fā)生率。

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(收稿日期:2023-08-14) (本文編輯:陳韻)

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