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紅江橙可培養(yǎng)內(nèi)生真菌生物多樣性和種群結(jié)構(gòu)分析

2024-05-29 05:00孫鵬王蕓盧冬梅袁紅旭王鋰韞
西北農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報 2024年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:內(nèi)生真菌多樣性

孫鵬 王蕓 盧冬梅 袁紅旭 王鋰韞

摘 要 為探究紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌種群多樣性和群落結(jié)構(gòu),比較紅江橙健株和患黃龍病病株內(nèi)生真菌群落的差異, 采用組織塊分離法從紅江橙的根、莖、葉中分離內(nèi)生真菌,以形態(tài)學(xué)結(jié)合ITS-rDNA 序列分析法進行菌株分類鑒定,根據(jù)Shannon-Wiener 多樣性指數(shù)、菌株分離的相對頻率和相似性指數(shù)分析紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌的菌群分布及多樣性。結(jié)果表明,從紅江橙根、莖、葉中分離得到內(nèi)生真菌117株,鑒定歸屬為3綱11目15科18屬,其中炭疽菌屬(Colletotrichum spp.)、鐮刀菌屬(Fusarium spp.)、葉點霉屬(Phyllosticta spp.)、黑孢霉屬 (Nigrospora spp.)和青霉菌屬(Penicillium spp.)為優(yōu)勢菌群,其相對分離率分別為58.97%、8.55%、? 8.55%、4.27%、3.42%。植株總體內(nèi)生真菌Shannon-Wiener 多樣性指數(shù)為1.68,總均勻度指數(shù)為0.30,莖與葉、根與葉及根與莖的相似性指數(shù)分別為0.48、0.33、0.32。黃龍病病株與健株內(nèi)生真菌Shannon-Wiener 多樣性指數(shù)有較大差異,健株多樣性指數(shù)除根部略低于病株外,總多樣性指數(shù)和莖、葉的多樣性指數(shù)分別是病株的1.73倍、2.07倍和5.54倍。健株和病株內(nèi)生真菌菌落相似性指數(shù)為0.43,在根、莖、葉部位健病株相似性指數(shù)根部較高為0.75,其次是葉為0.44,莖的最低為0.35。分離得到的內(nèi)生真菌中炭疽菌屬在病株莖、葉中的相對分離率為77.78%、92.86%,遠高于其在健株中的相對分離率54.05%、54.17%。結(jié)果顯示紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌屬類豐富,但分布不均勻,其內(nèi)生真菌類群分布具有組織特異性?;键S龍病的紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌群落與健株的顯著不同,其內(nèi)生真菌群落總多樣性指數(shù)顯著低于健株,其中葉部降低最顯著,其次為莖部。

關(guān)鍵詞 紅江橙; 內(nèi)生真菌; 多樣性;黃龍病

植物內(nèi)生真菌是一類生活在植物體內(nèi),不引起宿主明顯病害的真菌[1]。植物內(nèi)生真菌能與植物病原菌產(chǎn)生營養(yǎng)競爭,并產(chǎn)生各種抗菌次級代謝物質(zhì)[2] 從而提高寄主植株的抗病能力[3],也能提高寄主植株耐鹽、耐干旱或?qū)I養(yǎng)不良的抵抗能力[4],促進植株的健康生長[5-8]。反之植株的健康狀況也會影響內(nèi)生真菌的種群分布和數(shù)量,有研究指出植物內(nèi)生真菌可能在生命周期的某個階段成為寄主的致病菌[9-13]。因此,了解植物內(nèi)生真菌的種群分布特別是對應(yīng)健株和病株內(nèi)生真菌的種群分布,對認識內(nèi)生真菌與寄主生長的關(guān)系有重要幫助。

紅江橙是湛江地方特色紅橙品種,具有多汁化渣、酸甜適口的特點,在湛江地區(qū)已廣泛種植,但近年來黃龍病導(dǎo)致紅江橙減產(chǎn)甚至品種退化的情況越來越嚴重。黃龍病改變植株根際微生物群落的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能多樣性[14],從而使受根際微生物影響的養(yǎng)分獲取、氮循環(huán)、碳循環(huán)發(fā)生改變[15-16],這種改變將影響到植物內(nèi)生真菌的多樣性及種群結(jié)構(gòu)[17-19] 。本研究擬從紅江橙各組織部位分離純化內(nèi)生真菌,通過分子生物學(xué)方法進行鑒定,系統(tǒng)分析紅江橙各組織部位內(nèi)生真菌的種群分布及多樣性,并對健株、黃龍病病株不同部位內(nèi)生真菌的種群分布及多樣性進行分析,為后續(xù)研究紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌與寄主相互作用及發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的具備產(chǎn)生抑菌物質(zhì)的菌株提供參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗材料

樣品從廣東省湛江市紅江農(nóng)場(21°62′ N,109°86′E)采集,采用隨機采樣法,從果園中隨機挑選8 a以上樹齡的健康紅江橙植株和典型的黃龍病癥狀植株各15株,取根、莖、葉若干,放入無菌袋內(nèi)貼上標簽,4 ℃存放,并在48 h內(nèi)進行菌體分離。

1.2 內(nèi)生真菌的分離與純化

樣品的分離方法參考文獻[20]中的方法,將采集的樣品在自來水下沖洗,除去表面泥土,依次用次氯酸鈉和乙醇進行表面消毒,用無菌水沖洗3遍,最后一次沖洗的無菌水進行表面消毒效果檢查。以無菌濾紙吸干水分,將根和莖(上部嫩莖)剪成2~3 mm的小段,葉剪成約5 mm×? 5 mm 的小片,剪碎的根、莖、葉樣品分別混合均勻后,隨機各取50個于加有鏈霉素(50 mg/L)的 PDA平板上封口28 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng),待長出菌體后純化至純種。

1.3 內(nèi)生真菌的鑒定

采用分子生物學(xué)的方法結(jié)合形態(tài)學(xué)對純化后的內(nèi)生真菌進行鑒定。其中形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定參考《真菌鑒定手冊》[21] ,分子鑒定中采用通用引物ITS1、 ITS4[22]以直接PCR擴增法[23] 參照MightyAmp DNA Polymerase說明擴增內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄間隔區(qū)序列(Internal transcribed spacer,ITS),擴增成功的樣品送上海生工生物工程股份有限公司進行序列測定,測序成功的序列利用 NCBI 數(shù)據(jù)庫 BLAST 對序列進行相似性分析,同時使用 ClustalW 進行序列比對、切除, 采用MEGA 7.0構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹。

1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計分析

用Shannon-Wiener多樣性指數(shù)(H′)來反映江紅橙內(nèi)生真菌物種多樣性,用相對分離頻率(RF)衡量某種內(nèi)生真菌的優(yōu)勢度,用均勻度指數(shù)(E)分析內(nèi)生真菌種群在各部位分布的均勻程度,用相似性指數(shù)(Cs)分析不同部位內(nèi)生真菌組成的相似性程度。具體計算分別如下式所示。

H′=-∑kipi×lnpi

RF=分離到的某種內(nèi)生菌的菌株數(shù)/分離到的內(nèi)生真菌的總株數(shù)

E= H′/ln(S); Cs=2j/(a+b)

其中,Pi指第i種內(nèi)生真菌的菌株數(shù)占分離到內(nèi)生真菌菌株總數(shù)的比值;S 為菌株屬數(shù),N 為內(nèi)生真菌總數(shù);j 為兩部位共有的內(nèi)生真菌屬數(shù);a、b是兩個部位各自有的內(nèi)生真菌屬數(shù)。多樣性指數(shù)和均勻度指數(shù)采用past 3軟件計算。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌種類

從紅江橙樹不同部位共分離得到內(nèi)生真菌117株(NCBI登錄號MK399689-399805),對所有菌株在形態(tài)學(xué)分類的基礎(chǔ)上,將其ITS序列與模式菌株ITS序列一起構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)樹確定其分類地位。結(jié)果表明紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌分有3綱11目15科18屬(表1),其中子囊菌綱(Sordariomycetes)6目8科8屬,散囊菌綱(Eurotiomycetes)1目1科2屬,座囊菌綱(Dothideomycetes)4目6科8屬。在分離得到的真菌屬中炭疽菌屬(Colletotrichum spp.)、鐮刀菌屬(Fusarium spp.)、葉點霉屬(Phyllosticta spp.)、黑孢霉屬 (Nigrospora spp.)和青霉菌屬(Penicillium spp.)為優(yōu)勢菌群,其相對分離率分別為58.97%、? 8.55%、8.55%、4.27%、3.42%(圖1),其他分離率較高的屬為枝孢屬(Cladosporium spp.)? 2.56%、毛殼菌屬(Arcopilus spp.)1.71% 、曲霉菌屬(Aspergillus spp.)1.71% 、彎孢屬(Curvularia spp.) 1.71%、平臍疣孢屬(Zasmidium spp.)1.71%,而擬莖點霉屬(Phomopsis spp.)、粘帚霉屬(Clonostachys spp.)、木霉屬(Trichoderma spp.)、擬盤多毛孢屬(Pestalotiopsis spp.)、離蠕孢屬(Bipolaris spp.)、棺孢腔菌屬(Cophinforma spp.)、葡萄座腔菌屬(Botryosphaeria spp.)、短梗霉屬(Aureobasidium spp.)的分離率均為0.85%。

2.2 紅江橙不同組織部位內(nèi)生真菌的多樣性

由表2可知,從紅江橙根、莖、葉分別分離出內(nèi)生真菌5、14、7屬,紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌總體Shannon-Wiener 多樣性指數(shù)(H′)1.68,總均勻度指數(shù)0.30,由此可知,紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌種類豐富但分布不均勻。根、莖、葉各部位內(nèi)生真菌的Shannon-Wiener多樣性指數(shù)分別為1.32、1.50、1.12,均勻度指數(shù)(E)分別為0.75、0.32、0.44。3個部位中莖的內(nèi)生真菌屬類最豐富,但均勻度指數(shù)最低。莖與葉、根與葉及根與莖的相似性指數(shù)(Cs)分別為0.48、0.33、0.32,3個部位中內(nèi)生真菌屬的類別差異較大。

2.3 紅江橙健株和黃龍病病株內(nèi)生真菌種類和多樣性

由表3可知,紅江橙中分離得到的炭疽菌屬在健株和病株中的相對分離率有明顯差別,其在病株的相對分離率72.92%比健株的相對分離率49.28%高出23.64%;在病株的根、莖和葉部位炭疽菌屬的相對分離率分別為14.29%、 77.78%、92.86%,均高于其在健株中各部位的相對分離率,高出的幅度分別為1.79%、23.73%、38.69%。鐮刀菌屬、葉點霉屬在紅江橙中表現(xiàn)出一定的組織部位寄生性,鐮刀菌屬主要出現(xiàn)在根部,莖葉中僅少量分布,且其在健株的相對分離率高于病株;葉點霉屬只在莖、葉分離得到,且其在健株和病株中的相對分離率沒有明顯差異,根部未分離出。

由表4可知,紅江橙健株內(nèi)生真菌H′為? 1.87,黃龍病病株內(nèi)生真菌H′為1.08,健株為病株的1.73倍。健株和病株中分離得到的內(nèi)生真菌屬種類數(shù)分別為15、8,健株中內(nèi)生真菌種類較病株內(nèi)生真菌豐富。病株與健株內(nèi)生真菌種類和多樣性在莖和葉中有明顯差別,其中健莖中H′為1.72、健葉中H′為1.44,病莖中H′為0.83、病葉中H′為0.26,健株的莖和葉中內(nèi)生真菌Shannon-Wiener 多樣性指數(shù)是病株的莖和葉中內(nèi)生真菌Shannon-Wiener多樣性指數(shù)的2.07倍和5.54倍。另外,健株內(nèi)生真菌的分布均勻性(E=0.43)優(yōu)于病株(E=0.37),但在根、莖和葉部位僅莖中內(nèi)生真菌的均勻性表現(xiàn)為健株大于? 病株。

紅江橙健株和病株內(nèi)生真菌種類存在差別,總體相似性指數(shù)為0.43中等,在根、莖和葉部位,健病株內(nèi)生真菌相似性指數(shù)分別為0.75、0.35和 0.44。健病株中內(nèi)生真菌種類差異性最大的為莖部,其次為葉部,根部差異性最小。

3 討? 論

本研究從紅江橙中分離得到的內(nèi)生真菌中炭疽菌屬、鐮刀菌屬、葉點霉屬、黑孢霉屬和青霉菌屬為優(yōu)勢菌群,毛殼菌屬、 枝孢屬、擬莖點霉屬、曲霉菌屬、彎孢屬、平臍疣孢屬為常見菌群,粘帚霉屬、木霉屬、擬盤多毛孢屬、離蠕孢屬、棺孢腔菌屬、葡萄座腔菌屬、葡萄座腔菌屬為稀有菌群。紅江橙中炭疽菌屬主要出現(xiàn)于莖和葉,根部出現(xiàn)頻率極低;鐮刀菌屬在根、莖和葉中均有出現(xiàn),但僅根部中相對分離率高;葉點霉屬只在莖和葉中分離得到,根部未分離到。黑孢霉屬只在莖和葉中出現(xiàn),根部未出現(xiàn);青霉菌屬只在根和莖中分離得到,葉中未出現(xiàn)。羅永蘭等[24]從溫州蜜柑、甜橙、文旦柚中分離得到的內(nèi)生真菌中炭疽菌屬、鐮刀菌屬、青霉菌屬、鏈格孢屬(Alterneria spp.)為優(yōu)勢菌群;曲霉菌屬、盤多毛孢霉屬、木霉屬、派倫霉屬(Peyronellaea spp.)、葡萄孢屬(Botrytis spp.)、莖點霉屬(Phoma spp.)、卵孢霉屬(Oospora spp.)、共頭霉屬(Syncephalastrum spp.)、毛霉菌屬(Mucor spp.)、輪枝菌屬(Verticillium spp.)為較常見菌群;彎孢屬、Cephalosprium spp.、枝孢屬、疣孢霉屬(Mycogone spp.)、Rhzoctonia spp.、Glioclasium spp.、地絲菌屬(Geotrichum spp.)、鏈核盤菌屬(Monilinia spp.)、疫霉屬(Phytophtora spp.)為稀有菌群。其中炭疽菌屬在莖和葉中出現(xiàn),根部未出現(xiàn);鐮刀菌屬在根、莖和葉中均有出現(xiàn),根部出現(xiàn)頻率高;青霉菌屬在根、莖和葉中都有出現(xiàn),但葉中出現(xiàn)頻率極低。由此可知炭疽菌屬、鐮刀菌屬和青霉菌屬在柑橘類植物中普遍存在,是柑橘類植物常見的優(yōu)勢種群。這3類優(yōu)勢菌群在不同類柑橘中寄生的位置也有共同的特點,炭疽菌屬主要分布于柑橘的葉片中其次在莖中,根部僅有少量分布;鐮刀菌屬在根、莖和葉均有分布,但主要分布于根部;青霉菌屬主要分布于根和莖中,葉中分布極少。除炭疽菌屬、鐮刀菌屬和青霉菌屬3類優(yōu)勢菌群在紅江橙、溫州蜜柑、甜橙、文旦柚均分離得到外,曲霉菌屬、彎孢屬、枝孢屬、木霉屬也都在上述柑橘類植株中分離得到,但除曲霉菌屬外,其他屬分離率極低。紅江橙中分離得到的18個屬的內(nèi)生真菌中僅上述7個屬的內(nèi)生真菌在其他柑橘種類中分離得到外,其余11屬未在其他柑橘類植物種分離得到,可見內(nèi)生真菌的種類與柑橘類品種有較大關(guān)系。

現(xiàn)階段對患柑橘黃龍病的植株內(nèi)生菌群落的研究主要針對內(nèi)生細菌,研究的方面有患黃龍病的病株內(nèi)生細菌菌落種類及多樣性[14,25-27],黃龍病病株和健株內(nèi)生細菌種群異同及多樣性變化,黃龍病病株內(nèi)生細菌的種類及內(nèi)生細菌與罹患黃龍病的相關(guān)性[28-30],但對黃龍病病株和健株內(nèi)生真菌種類及多樣性變化報道較少。本論文研究紅江橙中黃龍病病株與健株內(nèi)生真菌種類及群落多樣性,并比較健株和病株根、莖、葉部位內(nèi)生真菌種群差異,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)木霉屬、擬莖點霉屬、黑孢霉屬、擬盤多毛孢屬、離蠕孢屬、 枝孢屬、平臍疣孢屬、短梗霉屬、棺孢腔菌屬、葡萄座腔菌屬只在健株中出現(xiàn),其中黑孢霉屬、枝孢屬在健株的莖、葉部位均分離得到,其他幾個屬只在植株某一部位出現(xiàn)且分離率極低。Kim等[31] 發(fā)現(xiàn)黑孢霉對9種植物病原菌有抑制作用,對致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)孢子囊和游動孢子的萌發(fā)有抑制作用。Zhu等[32]篩選出的內(nèi)生黑胞屬菌具有較強的抑制α -葡萄糖苷酶效果,并強烈抑制蘋果炭疽菌。Yang等[33]篩選出的枝孢屬海洋內(nèi)生真菌對耐藥性金黃色葡萄球菌有較好的抑制效果。因此,僅在紅江橙健株中篩選出的黑胞屬和枝孢屬內(nèi)生真菌可以去探究其對黃龍病的抑制效果或者延緩效果。

4 結(jié) 論

紅江橙內(nèi)生真菌種類豐富,但分布不均勻,其根、莖、葉間內(nèi)生真菌種類差異較大。紅江橙健株內(nèi)生真菌種類較黃龍病病株的內(nèi)生真菌種類豐富,健株內(nèi)生真菌分布也較黃龍病病株內(nèi)生真菌均勻,在莖和葉部位紅江橙健株內(nèi)生真菌與黃龍病病株內(nèi)生真菌種類差異明顯。

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Biodiversity and? Community Structure of Culturable Endophytic Fungi in Hongjiang Orange

SUN Peng,WANG Yun,LU Dongmei,YUAN? Hongxu and WANG Liyun

(Life Science and Technology School,Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang? Guangdong 524048,China )

Abstract To compare the difference of the endophytic fungal diversity and community composition between healthy? Hongjiang orange plants? and those infected with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the endophytic fungi were isolated using the method of tissue block culture from roots, stems and leaves.? The result showed? that the endophytic fungal communities were highly diverse and rich, with the total of 117 strains? obtained, and distributed into 3 classes, 11 orders, 15 families and 18 genera. The dominant members belonged to the geuns Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Phyllosticta , Nigrospora? and Penicillium, with relative abundance of 58.97%,8.55%,8.55%,4.27% and 3.42% respectively. The total Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) was 1.68, and the total similarity index was?? 0.30. The similarity index between stem and leaf was 0.48, followed by root and leaf at? 0.33 and root and stem at 0.32. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of endophytic fungi of healthy plants was significantly different from? that in diseased plants. The diversity index of the root in healthy plants was slightly lower than that in the diseased plants, while the total diversity index and the diversity index of the stem and leaf were 1.73, 2.07 and 5.54 times that of? the diseased plants, respectively. The endophytic fungi community similarity index (Cs) between healthy and diseased plants was 0.43, and in the similarity index of the endophytic fungi of healthy and diseased plants in root, stem and leaf, the index of root was higher (Cs=0.75), followed by the index of leaf (Cs=0.44), the index of stem was lowest (Cs=0.35). Colletotrichum species were enriched as dominant populations, with relative abundances of 77.78% and 92.86% in stem and leaves, respectively,? which were significantly higher than those in? healthy plants (54.05%,54.17%). In? summary,? the endophytic fungi community of Hongjiang orange were rich at genus level, but its distribution were uneven,exhibiting tissue specificity. The community structure of endophytic fungi in Hongjiang orange infected with Citrus huanglongbing(HLB) differs significantly from that of? healthy plants.The diversity index of endophytic fungi in diseased plants was significantly lower than that in? healthy plants, especially in leaves and stems.

Key words Hongjiang orange; Endophytic fungi;Diversity; Huanglongbing

Received ?2023-01-08??? Returned 2023-04-14

Foundation item High Value Development and Utilization Innovation Team of Western Guangdong Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine and Southern Medicine, Department of Education of Guangdong Province(No.2021KCXTD039).

First author SUN Peng, male, lecturer. Research area:application of microorganisms.E-mail:speagle2003@163.com

Corresponding?? author WANG Liyun, female,professor.Research area:microbial biotechnology.? E-mail:wangliyun714@gmail.com

(責(zé)任編輯:史亞歌 Responsible editor:SHI Yage)

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