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中熟半矮生鮮食黃肉桃新品種豫黃1號(hào)的選育

2024-06-30 22:41:56王小貝連曉東張海朋程鈞王偉侯楠張郎郎鄭先波馮建燦譚彬
果樹學(xué)報(bào) 2024年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:黃肉新品種

王小貝 連曉東 張海朋 程鈞 王偉 侯楠 張郎郎 鄭先波 馮建燦 譚彬

摘? ? 要:豫黃1號(hào)是以水蜜桃類型的鮮食黃肉桃品種黃水蜜為母本,以半矮生油桃新品種中油桃14號(hào)為父本通過雜交選育的半矮生黃肉鮮食桃新品種。該品種果面干凈,茸毛稀少,離核,易剝皮。平均單果質(zhì)量226.7 g,最大單果質(zhì)量289 g。果肉黃色,軟溶質(zhì),風(fēng)味酸甜,香味濃郁,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.1%。萌芽力和成枝力中等,樹勢中庸,為半矮生類型。大花型,5瓣,花粉多,育性強(qiáng)。在鄭州地區(qū)果實(shí)7月中旬成熟,果實(shí)發(fā)育期125 d左右,適宜河南桃產(chǎn)區(qū)及類似生態(tài)條件地區(qū)栽培。

關(guān)鍵詞:桃;新品種;豫黃1號(hào);半矮生;黃肉

中圖分類號(hào):S662.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)06-1239-04

A new semi-dwarf, mid-ripening and yellow-fleshed fresh peach cultivar Yuhuang 1

WANG Xiaobei1, 2, LIAN Xiaodong1, 2, ZHANG Haipeng1, 2, CHENG Jun1, 2, WANG Wei1, 2, HOU Nan1, 2, ZHANG Langlang1, 2, ZHENG Xianbo1, 2, FENG Jiancan1, 2*, TAN Bin1, 2*

(1College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; 2Henan Engineering and Technology Center for Peach Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China)

Abstract: Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops, and the cultivation area in China ranks the first in the world. The cultivation mode, fruit yield and quality are directly related to tree architecture. According to tree height and branch angle, peach tree architecture could be divided into standard, compact, semi-dwarf, dwarf, pillar, upright, weeping, broom and curved twig. The standard peach tree is applied in the main cultivars that require more labor input due to its excessive vegetative growth. Therefore, breeding varieties suitable for labor-saving cultivation has attracted the main attention of breeders. Yuhuang 1 is a mid-ripening, semi-dwarf and yellowed-fleshed fresh peach, deriving from a cross between Huangshuimi and Zhongyoutao14. The female parent Huangshuimi is an early-ripening, standard and yellow-fleshed fresh peach, and the male parent Zhongyoutao 14 is an early-ripening and semi-dwarf nectarine. In May of 2013, 86 hybrid seedlings were planted in the research orchard of the Henan Agricultural University in Zhengzhou at the spacing of 3 meters between rows and 1 meter between trees in a row. Three consecutive years observation indicated that among the 86 hybrids, 34 hybrids represented semi-dwarf growing habit. In 2015, 34 semi-dwarf hybrids began to flower and fruit, and through three years observation on main fruit economic characteristics, 12-7-16, 12-7-6, 12-7-83, 12-6-12, 12-6-15, 12-6-19 and 12-6-20 were chosen as the superior individual tree. Among the 7 superior trees, 12-7-6 showed mid-ripening, semi-dwarf and yellow-fleshed fruit with aromatic flavour and the main fruit economic characteristics were better. Then the 12-7-6 was named Yuhuang 1 and was top-grafted in the autumn. The regional adaptability testing (from 2018 to 2022) was carried out in three sites including Zhengzhou, Xinyang and Xinxiang of Henan province. Huangshuimi was used as the control cultivar. Comparing with Huangshuimi, Yuhuang 1 exhibited semi-dwarf growing habit with small branch growth, and the tree height was nearly 2/3 of the control cultivar Huangshuimi and the main fruit economic characteristics of Yuhuang 1 were better. The ripening date of Yuhuang 1 in Henan was in mid-July, 7 d latter than Huangshuimi. The average leaf length and width of Yuhuang 1 are 15.4 cm and 3.4 cm respectively, with lliptic-lanceolate and about 1 to 2 reniform leaf glands. The fruit is big and oval with two symmetrical halves, and has a bulge top exhibiting as olecranon with shallow cavity and the suture. Under the bagging cultivation condition, the fruit peel showed beautiful bright yellow color covering nearly 100% fruit surface area and the fruit peel could be easily peeled and the core is freestone. The average fruit weight is 226.7 g, with the maximum fruit weight of 289 g. The fruit flesh is yellow. The average soluble solids content is 12.1%. The average total sugar and total acid contents are 11.8% and 0.29%, respectively. The average vitamin content is higher than Huanghsuimi with 16.5 mg·100 g-1 in Yuhuang 1. Henan province and other area with similar climate would be the suitable cultivation area for Yuhuang 1, which was granted the new variety certification by the Variety Approval Committee of Henan Province in 2022 (S-SV-PP-007-2022).

Key words: Peach; New cultivar; Yuhuang 1; Semi-dwarf; Yellow flesh

桃(Prunus persica L.)是世界最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)果樹之一,原產(chǎn)中國,栽培面積大,種質(zhì)資源豐富,依據(jù)樹高和分枝角度可分為普通型、矮化型、半矮化型、柱型、直立型等[1]。果園生產(chǎn)成本主要集中在生產(chǎn)資料、交通運(yùn)輸和勞動(dòng)力的投入等。因桃樹萌芽率高、成枝力強(qiáng),新梢生長量大,需冬剪和多次夏剪(剪除樹冠的70%以上),樹體修剪成為勞動(dòng)力成本的最主要構(gòu)成因素,直接決定果品生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,也成為桃產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸問題[2-3]。因此,培育適于輕簡化栽培的桃新品種迫在眉睫。

針對(duì)中國桃栽培現(xiàn)狀及市場需求,筆者確定了省力化、黃肉、優(yōu)質(zhì)的育種目標(biāo)。利用雜交育種手段,選育出中熟半矮生鮮食黃肉桃豫黃1號(hào)。與生產(chǎn)上主栽的普通型桃相比,半矮生型桃萌芽率和成枝力較低,整形修剪省工省時(shí)[4]。該品種的果實(shí)發(fā)育期為125 d左右,品質(zhì)優(yōu),果個(gè)大,遺傳穩(wěn)定,深受廣大消費(fèi)者歡迎,于2022年通過河南省林木品種審定委員會(huì)審定。

1 選育過程

2012年以水蜜桃類型的早熟鮮食黃肉桃品種黃水蜜為母本,早熟半矮生白肉油桃品種中油桃14號(hào)為父本[5],進(jìn)行雜交授粉,6月下旬獲得571個(gè)雜交果實(shí),取出種子用于胚培養(yǎng),共接種種胚496個(gè)。冷庫低溫處理2個(gè)月,同年10月將胚培苗移栽到溫室進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。2013年4月,雜種苗煉苗后以1 m × 3 m的株行距定植于河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)三區(qū)園藝試驗(yàn)站(鄭州)。最終獲得生長健壯雜交實(shí)生苗86株,其中34株在苗期呈現(xiàn)萌芽力中等、成枝力弱等特點(diǎn),符合半矮生植株特性。2015年34株半矮生單株全部開花結(jié)果,經(jīng)過連續(xù)3年果實(shí)性狀的調(diào)查鑒定,有7株半矮生雜種苗(豫農(nóng)12-7-16、豫農(nóng)12-7-6、豫農(nóng)12-7-83、豫農(nóng)12-6-12、豫農(nóng)12-6-15、豫農(nóng)12-6-19、豫農(nóng)12-6-20)被選為優(yōu)良單株。其中豫農(nóng)12-7-6果實(shí)成熟期在7月10日左右,半矮生,果肉黃色,軟溶質(zhì),風(fēng)味酸甜,香味濃郁,被復(fù)選為優(yōu)良單株,并命名為豫黃1號(hào)(圖1)。2018年開始在信陽羅山、鄭州惠濟(jì)區(qū)和新鄉(xiāng)原陽等地進(jìn)行區(qū)域性和生產(chǎn)性試驗(yàn),豫農(nóng)12-7-6各試驗(yàn)地區(qū)的樹體均表現(xiàn)為半矮生型,個(gè)體性狀遺傳穩(wěn)定,果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀良好。與對(duì)照品種黃水蜜相比,枝條年生長量60 cm,顯著短于對(duì)照黃水蜜(120 cm),冬剪和夏剪用工量明顯減少,可節(jié)省果園人力物力投入;成熟期較黃水蜜晚一周,果肉黃色,軟溶質(zhì),風(fēng)味酸甜,香味濃郁,2022年通過河南省林木品種審定委員會(huì)審定(良種編號(hào):豫S-SV-PP-007-2022)。

2 主要性狀

2.1 植物學(xué)特征

豫黃1號(hào)新梢在5月中旬前生長緩慢,平均節(jié)間長度0.4 cm,新梢生長量?。▓D2-A);5月中旬之后,節(jié)間開始正常伸長,平均節(jié)間長度在1.8 cm(圖2-A),樹體高度為普通型的2/3左右(圖2-B)。葉片大,長橢圓披針形,葉片平均長15.4 cm,寬3.4 cm,顏色綠,葉緣鈍鋸齒,缺刻深淺中等,葉基部楔形,先端漸尖。葉柄具腺體1~2個(gè)。大花型,5瓣,花粉多。

2.2 果實(shí)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀

豫黃1號(hào)果實(shí)圓形,頂端凸,并呈鷹嘴狀,縫合線深淺中等,兩側(cè)對(duì)稱,成熟度一致(圖3);果個(gè)大,縱、橫、側(cè)徑分別為8.9 cm、7.4 cm和7.3 cm,平均單果質(zhì)量226.7 g。果面茸毛稀少,果皮底色金黃;完全成熟時(shí)果面著紅暈。果肉黃色,軟溶質(zhì),果實(shí)酸甜可口,果肉細(xì)嫩,香味濃,品質(zhì)佳,平均可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)12.1%,總糖含量11.8%,總酸含量0.29%,維生素C含量16.5 mg·100 g-1。離核(表1)。

2.3 生長結(jié)果習(xí)性

豫黃1號(hào)為半矮生類型,樹勢中庸,萌發(fā)率和成枝力均居中,新梢生長量小,可用于省力化栽培模式。豫黃1號(hào)豐產(chǎn)期早,定植當(dāng)年就可成花,第2年見果,第3年每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可超過1000 kg,5年生樹每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可超過2500 kg。該品種盛果期各類果枝均可結(jié)果。

2.4 物候期

在鄭州地區(qū),豫黃1號(hào)在2月底—3月初萌芽,初花期為3月20日左右,盛花期在3月25日左右,末花期在3月底—4月初,果實(shí)在7月中旬成熟。9月底枝條停止生長,11月上旬開始落葉,11月中旬完全落葉,進(jìn)入休眠。生育期為250 d左右。

2.5 抗逆性和栽培適應(yīng)性

豫黃1號(hào)為中熟品種,且對(duì)蚜蟲、桃小食心蟲、桃蛀螟、白粉病、細(xì)菌穿孔病等桃樹常見病蟲害抗性較強(qiáng)?;ㄑ靠购芰?qiáng),在區(qū)試各地未發(fā)現(xiàn)花芽受凍;并能抵抗花期的不良?xì)夂?,豐產(chǎn)性強(qiáng)。

3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

3.1 建園定植

豫黃1號(hào)花粉可育性強(qiáng),無需配置授粉樹。因豫黃1號(hào)為半矮生類型,生產(chǎn)上推薦寬行密植,可采用(1.0~1.5)m×(4.0~5.0)m的株行距,按主干形整枝,以實(shí)現(xiàn)早期豐產(chǎn)。也可根據(jù)地形地貌、土壤肥力和對(duì)早期產(chǎn)量的要求,選擇適宜的栽植密度。

3.2 整形修剪

豫黃1號(hào)主干形每株僅留1個(gè)永久性主干枝,結(jié)果枝圍繞主干螺旋狀排列。豫黃1號(hào)樹勢中等,樹姿半開張,夏剪任務(wù)較輕;冬剪宜輕,以維持樹體良好的通風(fēng)透光條件。

3.3 肥水管理

豫黃1號(hào)桃豐產(chǎn)性好,進(jìn)入豐產(chǎn)期后應(yīng)注意增施有機(jī)肥,以保證果實(shí)的大小、風(fēng)味以及營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)。從5月下旬開始,每10 d噴施1次0.3%的NaH2PO4,并在采果前20 d停止噴施;于9—10月施入基肥。果實(shí)采收前15 d以內(nèi)不宜澆水,以保證果實(shí)品質(zhì)和貯藏能力。

3.4 花果管理

豫黃1號(hào)成花易,結(jié)實(shí)率高,為保證果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),應(yīng)嚴(yán)格疏花疏果。在初花期疏除基部發(fā)育差的花蕾、畸形的花蕾;復(fù)花芽僅留1個(gè)好的花蕾,注意保留果枝兩側(cè)或斜下側(cè)的花蕾;在4月底—5月初疏除畸形果、病蟲果、小果和多余果;短果枝留1個(gè)果,中果枝留2~3個(gè)果,長果枝留3~4個(gè)果,盛果期每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量應(yīng)控制在2500 kg以內(nèi)。

推薦進(jìn)行套袋栽培,以減少病蟲危害、增加果面光潔度、減少農(nóng)藥污染、提高果實(shí)的商品性。套袋應(yīng)在5月下旬進(jìn)行,套袋前2~3 d全園噴施1次殺蟲殺菌劑,選擇晴天的09:00—11:00和15:00—18:00進(jìn)行。采收前10 d去袋或可不去袋采收。

3.5 病蟲害防治

在果實(shí)發(fā)育后期應(yīng)注意防治桃小食心蟲、桃蛀螟的危害,推薦使用低農(nóng)藥殘留的藥品,還可使用性誘導(dǎo)劑或人工捕殺等,以確保果實(shí)食用安全。

參考文獻(xiàn) References:

[1] 譚彬,程鈞,鄭先波,王志強(qiáng),馮建燦. 桃樹型及其調(diào)控關(guān)鍵基因研究進(jìn)展[J]. 果樹學(xué)報(bào),2020,37(4):599-605.

TAN Bin,CHENG Jun,ZHENG Xianbo,WANG Zhiqiang,F(xiàn)ENG Jiancan. Progress on tree architecture and key genes of its regulation in peach[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2020,37(4):599-605.

[2] 王志強(qiáng),牛良,崔國朝,魯振華,曾文芳. 我國桃栽培模式現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展建議[J]. 果農(nóng)之友,2015(9):3-4.

WANG Zhiqiang,NIU Liang,CUI Guochao,LU Zhenhua,ZENG Wenfang. Current situation and development suggestion of peach cultivation mode in China[J]. Fruit Growers Friend,2015(9):3-4.

[3] 鄧秀新,王力榮,李紹華,張紹鈴,張志宏,叢佩華,易干軍,陳學(xué)森,陳厚彬,鐘彩虹. 果樹育種40年回顧與展望[J]. 果樹學(xué)報(bào),2019,36(4):514-520.

DENG Xiuxin,WANG Lirong,LI Shaohua,ZHANG Shaoling,ZHANG Zhihong,CONG Peihua,YI Ganjun,CHEN Xuesen,CHEN Houbin,ZHONG Caihong. Retrospection and prospect of fruit breeding for last four decades in China[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2019,36(4):514-520.

[4] 牛良,王志強(qiáng),劉淑娥,宋銀花. 不同生長型桃樹葉片形態(tài)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及其與營養(yǎng)生長的關(guān)系[J]. 江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào),2008,24(4):480-484.

NIU Liang,WANG Zhiqiang,LIU Shue,SONG Yinhua. Leaf morphological and anatomical characters of different growth types of peach tree and their relations with vegetative growth[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2008,24(4):480-484.

[5] 牛良,王志強(qiáng),魯振華,崔國朝,劉淑娥,宋銀花,宗學(xué)普. 半矮生油桃新品種‘中油桃14號(hào)的選育[J]. 果樹學(xué)報(bào),2012,29(6):1134-1135.

NIU Liang,WANG Zhiqiang,LU Zhenhua,CUI Guochao,LIU Shue,SONG Yinhua,ZONG Xuepu. A new semi-dwarf nectarine cultivar ‘Zhong Youtao 14[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2012,29(6):1134-1135.

收稿日期:2024-03-05 接受日期:2024-04-06

基金項(xiàng)目:河南省高等學(xué)校重點(diǎn)科研項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃基礎(chǔ)研究專項(xiàng)(24ZX010);國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(32202412);河南省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(HARS-22-09-G1);河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)科技創(chuàng)新基金(KJCX2020A15)

作者簡介:王小貝,女,講師,博士,主要從事桃生物技術(shù)與種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新研究。Tel:0371-56552762,E-mail:wangxb@henau.edu.cn

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:0371-56552762,E-mail:btan@henau.edu.cn;E-mail:jcfeng@henau.edu.cn

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