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葡萄無(wú)核晚熟新品種中葡萄18號(hào)的選育

2024-06-30 22:41:56宋銀花李永洲賀亮亮章鵬劉三軍
果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2024年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:晚熟新品種

宋銀花 李永洲 賀亮亮 章鵬 劉三軍

摘? ? 要:中葡萄18號(hào)是以無(wú)核紫、玫瑰香雜交育種結(jié)合無(wú)核胚挽救技術(shù)選育出的無(wú)核晚熟新品種。該品種自然坐果平均單穗質(zhì)量600 g,平均單粒質(zhì)量7.3 g,果粒長(zhǎng)橢圓形,紫色或紫紅色,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.0%,總糖含量16.2%,總酸含量3.06 g·kg-1,糖酸比達(dá)到54∶1,單寧含量686 mg·kg-1,風(fēng)味甜香,品質(zhì)上等。在河南鄭州露地栽培成熟期為9月初。該品種樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸,適宜避雨栽培。

關(guān)鍵詞:無(wú)核葡萄;新品種;中葡萄18號(hào);晚熟

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S663.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)06-1243-04

A new seedless late-maturing table grape cultivar Zhongputao No. 18

SONG Yinhua, LI Yongzhou, HE Liangliang, ZHANG Peng, LIU Sanjun*

(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China)

Abstract: Seedless grape is convenient to eat and easy to make raisins. Because of these characteristics, seedless breeding becomes more and more important. According to this tendency, we have cultivated a new table grape variety Zhongputao No. 18, which is a new seedless and late-ripening table grape cultivar with excellent quality. It was derived from the cross between Wuhezi as the female parent and Muscat Hamburg as the pollen. The cross was made in spring of 2003. By embryo rescue technology, tissue culture seedlings were obtained. Next year the seedlings were cultivated in a greenhouse, and then planted in the nursery. It was initially selected in 2006 for its good quality. After observation for several years, it was characterized by seedless, high quality, good appearance and storage, and mid-resistance. After regional adaptability trial in different sites, it was finally selected in 2018. We applied for the registration as a new cultivar, and it was put on records by the Henan Province Committee for Forest Variety Validation in 2020. Zhongputao No. 18 belongs to Vitis vinifera. The vine vigor is medium, young canes are green with red stripe, mature canes are reddish-brown, canes are round, and the surface of canes has pinstripe. The length of internode is middle, ordinarily 6-11 cm long. Young sprout of growth potential is medium. The young leaves are aubergine, glossy and less villi, mature leaves are heart-shaped, leaf color is green, and leaves are flat and medium thickness. The cultivar has hermaphrodite flower and the first inflorescence is usually borne on the 4th or 5th node. The shape of cluster is conicalness, there is no pair of ear, and the natural fruit bunch weight is 600 g averagely with the length and width being 20 cm and 12 cm, respectively. The bunch is loose and tidy. The berry is purple red and long ellipse, average weight is 7.3 g, and the longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter are 2.1 cm and 1.5 cm, respectively. The berry is crisp with middle juice and pleasant sweetness and sourness. The soluble solids content is 18.0%, total sugar content is 16.2%, and titration acid content is 3.06 g·kg-1. The content of tannin is 686 mg·kg-1, and the content of vitamin C is 5.76 mg·kg-1. The flavor is sweet, and the quality is good. In Zhengzhou area, the time of budbreak is at the beginning of April, and flowering at mid May, and the berries mature at the beginning of September. The yield is about 22.5 tons per hectare. The grapevine has strong pathogen resistance, but has weak resistance to downy mildew. This grape variety has good yield, good storage capacity and high adaptability. In order to produce high quality grape berries, the cultivar can use the Y shape frame and spur pruning technique. This grape behaves well on the sandy soil, clay and alluvium of the Yellow River. Balanced application of both organic and chemical fertilizers is based on every vine germination and development stage. Zhongputao No. 18 has a wide adaptability, which can be cultivated in the most areas of Henan province, and similar climate and geographical areas.

Key words: Seedless grape; New cultivar; Zhongputao No. 18; Late-maturing

葡萄產(chǎn)量高,營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),易于栽植,是分布在中國(guó)各地最廣且具有重要經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的果樹(shù)。根據(jù)國(guó)際葡萄與葡萄酒組織數(shù)據(jù),2022年中國(guó)葡萄種植面積達(dá)78.5萬(wàn)hm2,占世界種植面積的10.8%,位居世界第三。隨著葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,消費(fèi)者對(duì)鮮食葡萄的商品性要求越來(lái)越高。其中無(wú)核葡萄,食用方便,適宜制干,是葡萄鮮食和制干產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)[1]。傳統(tǒng)選育無(wú)核品種以有核×無(wú)核的方式,雜交后代的無(wú)核率低于15%,且育種周期長(zhǎng)。胚挽救技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)使得無(wú)核葡萄作母本成為可能,在縮短育種周期的同時(shí)提高了雜交后代的無(wú)核率,為葡萄無(wú)核育種提供了一種更有效的新方法。隨著對(duì)無(wú)核性狀遺傳規(guī)律的深入研究和胚挽救技術(shù)的成熟應(yīng)用,新的無(wú)核品種不斷出現(xiàn)[2-3]。為適應(yīng)這一趨勢(shì),中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹(shù)研究所以選育無(wú)核、大粒的葡萄新品種為主要目標(biāo),采用無(wú)核胚挽救的方法,經(jīng)過(guò)多年工作,選育出葡萄優(yōu)良無(wú)核新品種中葡萄18號(hào)(圖1)。

1 選育經(jīng)過(guò)

2003年5月配置雜交組合,以無(wú)核紫為母本,玫瑰香為父本,進(jìn)行常規(guī)雜交育種。6月中旬將未敗育的雜交胚進(jìn)行胚挽救,獲得組培苗。當(dāng)年9月或翌年3月在溫室開(kāi)始煉苗,5月雜交苗定植于大田苗圃。2006年雜交單株開(kāi)始結(jié)果,經(jīng)過(guò)多年篩選和鑒定,3-6-4因綜合性狀優(yōu)良被初步選作優(yōu)株。隨后在河南商丘、洛陽(yáng)等地區(qū)進(jìn)行栽培,該優(yōu)株豐產(chǎn)性好,性狀穩(wěn)定,果粒大,紫色,殘核。對(duì)病害抗性中等偏強(qiáng),果實(shí)較耐貯運(yùn)。初步定名為中葡萄18號(hào)。2020年12月獲得河南省林木品種審定委員會(huì)頒發(fā)的證書(shū)(編號(hào):豫S-SV-VV-009-2020)[4]。

2 主要性狀

2.1 植物學(xué)特征

中葡萄18號(hào)樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸偏強(qiáng),枝條表面有細(xì)條紋,節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度6~11 cm,粗度0.4~0.6 cm。新梢生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)中庸,副梢萌發(fā)力、生長(zhǎng)力中等偏強(qiáng)。成齡葉平展心形。兩性花,自交結(jié)實(shí),每個(gè)新梢有1~2個(gè)花序,第一花序在枝條的第4~5節(jié)[5]。

2.2 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀

中葡萄18號(hào)果穗形狀圓柱形,果穗無(wú)岐肩,無(wú)副穗,果穗長(zhǎng)度20 cm,寬度12 cm,自然坐果平均單穗質(zhì)量600 g,果穗疏散,不緊湊。果粒大小均勻,長(zhǎng)橢圓形,果皮紫色或紫紅色。果??v橫徑2.1 cm×1.5 cm,果粒平均質(zhì)量7.3 g。果實(shí)皮薄,不易剝離,果粉厚。果肉質(zhì)地脆,無(wú)肉囊。果汁無(wú)色,汁液較多。果皮沒(méi)有澀味。果刷較長(zhǎng),抗拉力強(qiáng)。果實(shí)無(wú)核或殘核。果實(shí)風(fēng)味甜香,品質(zhì)優(yōu)良。中葡萄18號(hào)可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)18.0%(表1),可溶性總糖含量16.2%,每100 g果肉中維生素C含量為5.76 mg,總酸含量3.06 g·kg-1,單寧含量686 mg·kg-1。

2.3 生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果習(xí)性

中葡萄18號(hào)絕大多數(shù)芽眼可以萌發(fā),萌發(fā)率超過(guò)80%,每個(gè)結(jié)果母枝平均有1.6穗果。果粒大小整齊,成熟度一致,不易脫粒。果實(shí)成熟后,掛樹(shù)可以達(dá)到1個(gè)月,果粒不收縮,沒(méi)有皺褶。

中葡萄18號(hào)幼苗定植在肥沃的土壤中,2~3 a(年)即可進(jìn)入結(jié)果盛期,第3年每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可以達(dá)到2000 kg,形成有效的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量。

2.4 主要物候期

根據(jù)近幾年對(duì)中葡萄18號(hào)物候期的觀察,在河南鄭州地區(qū),每年4月初開(kāi)始萌發(fā),5月中旬抽穗開(kāi)花,盛花后果實(shí)快速膨大,7月底至8月初果實(shí)進(jìn)入轉(zhuǎn)色期,9月初果實(shí)成熟。

2.5 適應(yīng)性及抗病性

中葡萄18號(hào)屬于歐亞種,在避雨栽培條件下,抗病性較強(qiáng);但果實(shí)采摘后,如遇多雨年份,要及時(shí)防治霜霉病,因霜霉病導(dǎo)致葉片脫落或爛掉,對(duì)第二年花芽分化及產(chǎn)量都有影響。

3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

3.1 建園及種植密度

建園首先應(yīng)選擇在光照資源、熱資源充足,地下水位低,空氣流通,晝夜溫度相差較大,肥沃疏松的砂壤土;其次園地應(yīng)建立在交通便利的地方,產(chǎn)出的葡萄能及時(shí)運(yùn)出去;第三要根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀粭l件,充分利用有利的小氣候。

苗木定植前,采用挖掘機(jī)開(kāi)深、寬60~80 cm的定植溝,表土和心土分開(kāi)兩邊放置,晾曬一段時(shí)間,溝底先回填小麥、玉米秸稈等有機(jī)物、腐熟的豬牛羊糞等,然后放入表土,心土最后填入,澆水下沉。

苗木栽植密度,需要根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件,因地制宜選擇適宜的架式。冬季寒冷,需要下架埋土防寒的地區(qū),采用籬架和棚架,籬架栽培密度每666.7 m2為150~333株,行株距為(2.0~3.0)m×(1.0~1.5)m;棚架栽培密度每666.7 m2為67~150株,株行距為(1.5~2.1)m×(3.0~5.1)m;冬季葡萄栽培,不需要下架防寒也能安全越冬的地方,采用T形架栽培,栽培密度每666.7 m2為150株,行株距3 m×(1.0~1.5)m。

3.2 整形修剪與花果管理

冬季修剪主要采用2~3芽短梢修剪,及時(shí)回縮,更新結(jié)果枝蔓,疏除病弱殘枝。夏季修剪及時(shí)疏除夏芽副梢,除去郁閉枝條,疏除主蔓萌蘗。中葡萄18號(hào)芽眼易萌發(fā),枝條容易著生果穗,每一結(jié)果枝條平均有1.6穗果,極易豐產(chǎn)。春季風(fēng)和日麗,大風(fēng)天氣少的地方,可以在開(kāi)花前對(duì)花序進(jìn)行整理,每個(gè)結(jié)果枝保留1穗果,初步整成10~15 cm的圓柱形。環(huán)境條件相對(duì)惡劣的地方,需要結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)刈匀粭l件,適當(dāng)推遲花穗整理時(shí)間。果實(shí)膨大后,對(duì)果粒進(jìn)行整理,去除病殘畸形果,果實(shí)套袋前均勻浸蘸或噴灑抑霉唑、苯醚甲環(huán)唑、氟硅唑等藥劑,待藥劑徹底風(fēng)干后,即可套袋。轉(zhuǎn)色后及時(shí)去袋,鋪設(shè)反光膜,以便果實(shí)充分著色。

3.3 肥水管理

中葡萄18號(hào)成花容易,極易豐產(chǎn),對(duì)肥水要求較高。每年10月開(kāi)溝施入腐熟的有機(jī)肥作為基肥,每666.7 m2施3.5~5.0 t;葡萄萌芽前,施入尿素或復(fù)合肥;花前花后,施磷酸二銨;果粒轉(zhuǎn)色期間,施入磷酸二氫鉀或硫酸鉀。果實(shí)采收后,根據(jù)樹(shù)相診斷,合理施用葉面肥,可以施用尿素、磷酸二氫鉀、微量元素肥料等。

生產(chǎn)上常用的毛葉苕子、紫花苜蓿及其他牧草種植于葡萄行間,夏秋時(shí)節(jié)或者結(jié)合秋施基肥,深翻于土壤中,改良土壤,提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量。

根據(jù)葡萄需水明顯的階段特異性,從萌芽到開(kāi)花需水日漸增加,花后至開(kāi)始成熟是需水最多的時(shí)期,幼果第一次迅速膨大期對(duì)水分脅迫最為敏感,進(jìn)入成熟期后,對(duì)水分需求變少、變緩。密切監(jiān)視土壤墑情,合理澆水,特別是在水分敏感期要保證水分的充足供應(yīng)。采收前10 d內(nèi)不宜澆水,以防風(fēng)味變淡。

3.4 病蟲(chóng)害防治

中葡萄18號(hào)為中晚熟品種,河南省立秋前后雨水多,濕度大,應(yīng)做好葡萄霜霉病的防治,保證葉片的完好。結(jié)合冬季修剪清園,全園噴施石硫合劑,減少越冬病蟲(chóng)害基數(shù),生長(zhǎng)期針對(duì)不同病蟲(chóng)害的發(fā)生規(guī)律,進(jìn)行針對(duì)性防治。

4 綜合評(píng)價(jià)

中葡萄18號(hào)是一個(gè)晚熟、無(wú)核大粒葡萄新品種,抗病性與適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng),花果管理簡(jiǎn)單,栽培技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)約,果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,適合河南省以及與河南生態(tài)環(huán)境基本一致的地區(qū)栽培。

參考文獻(xiàn) References:

[1] 王玉安,郝燕,楊瑞,張坤,朱燕芳. 無(wú)核葡萄新品種碧玉的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2022,39(3):506-508.

WANG Yuan,HAO Yan,YANG Rui,ZHANG Kun,ZHU Yanfang. A new seedless table grape cultivar Biyu[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2022,39(3):506-508.

[2] 劉崇懷. 無(wú)核葡萄品種的無(wú)核性來(lái)源分析[J]. 植物遺傳資源學(xué)報(bào),2003,4(1):58-62.

LIU Chonghuai. Analysis on seedless sources of seedless grape breeding[J]. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2003,4(1):58-62.

[3] 李桂榮. 無(wú)核葡萄胚胎發(fā)育的生理特性和胚挽救育種技術(shù)的研究[D]. 楊凌:西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué),2013.

LI Guirong. Studies on physiological characteristics of embryo development and breeding techniques on embryo rescue in seedless grapes[D]. Yangling:Northwest A & F University,2013.

[4] 劉三軍,章鵬,宋銀花,賀亮亮. 葡萄晚熟新品種‘水晶紅的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2016,33(10):1328-1330.

LIU Sanjun,ZHANG Peng,SONG Yinhua,HE Liangliang. A new late-maturing grape cultivar ‘Shuijinghong[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(10):1328-1330.

[5] 劉崇懷,沈育杰,陳俊. 葡萄種質(zhì)資源描述規(guī)范和數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[M]. 北京:中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2006:13-33.

LIU Chonghuai,SHEN Yujie,CHEN Jun. Descriptors and data standard for grape (Vitis L.)[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006:13-33.

收稿日期:2024-01-04 接受日期:2024-03-25

基金項(xiàng)目:中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-ZFRI);國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目(CARS-29-18)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:宋銀花,女,助理研究員,主要從事葡萄育種及配套栽培技術(shù)研究。Tel:0371-65330969,E-mail:songyinhua@caas.cn

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:0371-55906976,E-mail:liusanjun@caas.cn

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