做好翻譯的第一步是準(zhǔn)確理解原文，這是翻譯過(guò)程中最基本的一個(gè)步驟，但也是不容易掌握的一步，問(wèn)題就是很多情況下理解止乎于表層意義，感性上理解了，但其內(nèi)涵還是模糊的，容易糾結(jié)于某個(gè)詞表層意思的翻譯。這種情況在從母語(yǔ)譯入外語(yǔ)的時(shí)候最容易出現(xiàn)，主要原因是對(duì)母語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有了先入為主的印象，往往就不再仔細(xì)地琢磨其內(nèi)涵，注意力會(huì)直接放在具體詞語(yǔ)的翻譯上，在感性理解的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行翻譯。如果外語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)感不強(qiáng)，感覺(jué)不到譯文的不當(dāng)，往往就會(huì)出問(wèn)題。因此，對(duì)翻譯認(rèn)知的理念和方法，在宏觀層面的討論是必要的，但是在具體操作的層面也不可忽視。這一期我們繼續(xù)討論常用動(dòng)詞的翻譯方法。

1. 配套

《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》第7版關(guān)于“配套”的基本釋義是：把若干相關(guān)事物結(jié)合成一整套。從具體使用的角度來(lái)看，也有進(jìn)一步的意思，即事物與環(huán)境和條件相互協(xié)調(diào)，或者提供相關(guān)的設(shè)施或服務(wù)，滿(mǎn)足人們的需要。先看看配套的基本含義：“把若干相關(guān)事物結(jié)合成一整套”。

孩子們正在幫年邁的父母找一個(gè)配套設(shè)施齊備的養(yǎng)老院。

The children are searching for a nursing home with all the necessary amenities for their aging parents.

中國(guó)利用外資的優(yōu)勢(shì)是很明顯的，中國(guó)有完善的產(chǎn)業(yè)配套能力，而且還有14億人口的大市場(chǎng)。

China has obvious strengths as a destination of foreign direct investment， with its complete and comprehensive industrial systems and a huge domestic market of 1.4 billion people.

團(tuán)隊(duì)制定綜合配套改革總體方案，用了整整六個(gè)月時(shí)間。

The team spent a full six months developing a master plan for integrated and comprehensive reform.

汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)配套能力是汽車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。

A complete supply chain is an important foundation for the growth of the automobile industry.

這幾個(gè)例句中，“配套”符合其基本釋義，“把若干相關(guān)事物結(jié)合成一整套”，應(yīng)該是對(duì)結(jié)果的一個(gè)描述，各方面的內(nèi)容形成一個(gè)“配套”的整體?！芭涮自O(shè)施齊備”，重點(diǎn)是各種設(shè)施齊備；“產(chǎn)業(yè)配套能力”，也就是產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈比較完備；配套改革，也就是各種改革措施相互配合、全面改革的意思。在這些句子里，“配套”基本表達(dá)“全面”或 “一整套”的意思，因此對(duì)應(yīng)地將“配套”的字面意思翻譯出來(lái)不容易，也沒(méi)有必要。再看看下面這些例句：

他宴請(qǐng)客人用的餐具十分華貴，臺(tái)布也是配套的。

He used expensive tableware for the dinner in honor of his guests， and the tablecloth matched perfectly.

很多客戶(hù)買(mǎi)了車(chē)，還要買(mǎi)與之配套的行李箱。

Many people bought a car， and the matching suitcase to go with it.

我們公司不大，但是產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定，為多家大公司配套供貨。

As a small company， we make products with consistent quality， and we are a supplier to many large companies.

他本來(lái)想在這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)建廠，但是因?yàn)榫嚯x配套產(chǎn)業(yè)太遠(yuǎn)，技工不好找而作罷。

He wanted to build his factory in this small town， but had to abandon the idea because it was a little too far from his suppliers and skilled workers were difficult to come by.

金融部門(mén)下一階段的改革需要徹底解決中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的金融配套問(wèn)題，扶持中小企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展。

As the financial sector moves into the next phase of its reform， it is imperative to find a permanent solution to the funding challenges of SMEs， thereby facilitating their long-term growth.

開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)通過(guò)企業(yè)所得稅優(yōu)惠政策、技術(shù)資金配套支持等措施，鼓勵(lì)外商投資。

The development zone encourages foreign investment through measures such as preferential policies for corporate income tax and separate funding support for technology.

目前積極推動(dòng)的是以建立農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度為重點(diǎn)的配套改革。

Vigorous （Additional） reform efforts are being made to establish a rural social security system.

這些例句里面的“配套”，似乎都有一個(gè)“配套”的對(duì)象，與之協(xié)調(diào)，或提供支持。這是“配套”的另外一層意思。同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，在用法上有不同的層面，意思各有側(cè)重，因此需要根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)境采用不同的表述方法。

2. 配合

《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》第7版關(guān)于“配合”的釋義是：各方面分工合作來(lái)完成共同的任務(wù)。對(duì)這個(gè)詞的內(nèi)涵，基本可以理解為“合作”，因此在翻譯理解方面一般不會(huì)有什么問(wèn)題，但根據(jù)具體語(yǔ)境，翻譯的表述方法可以多種多樣。

我們小組領(lǐng)到的任務(wù)很艱難，團(tuán)隊(duì)成員之間要好好配合，才能完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。

Our group was given a tough job， and we had to work together seamlessly before we could pull it off.

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目你們是主力，我們盡力配合你們。

You guys are taking the lead on this project， and we’re here to support you in any way we can.

這個(gè)球隊(duì)球員的水平比較平均，但善于打配合。

The players may not be individually the most skilled， but they play exceptionally well as a team.

他們一個(gè)唱紅臉，一個(gè)唱白臉，兩個(gè)人配合默契。

They are playing good cop and bad cop， and they seem to be doing a very good job at it.

家長(zhǎng)要配合學(xué)校，培養(yǎng)孩子的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和習(xí)慣。

For the children to develop a love of learning， parents and schools need to work together.

王導(dǎo)一點(diǎn)架子沒(méi)有，跟粉絲拍照非常配合。

Director Wang is a humble person， and happily poses in photos with fans.

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目雖然資金已經(jīng)到位，但具體的實(shí)施還需要地方政府的配合。

The project is funded， but we still need the local government on board for its implementation.

生了病不可怕，只要樹(shù)立起戰(zhàn)勝疾病的信心，積極配合治療和護(hù)理，就能夠早日康復(fù)。

It is not the end of the world if you fall ill. You will be back on your feet in no time if you stay confident and follow the doctor’s advice in your treatment.

上面例句中的“配合”，有些用cooperate或者work together當(dāng)然也沒(méi)有問(wèn)題，但有時(shí)候也不用緊扣字面的意思，通過(guò)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和情景的配合，采用不同的措辭也能把“配合”的內(nèi)涵表述清楚。

3. 圍繞

《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》第7版對(duì)“圍繞”的解釋是：以某個(gè)問(wèn)題或事情為中心。在具體使用時(shí)，“圍繞”常常用于事件或活動(dòng)的主題或焦點(diǎn)，也可以說(shuō)明行動(dòng)或計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)或目的，例如：

小說(shuō)圍繞一個(gè)愛(ài)情故事展開(kāi)。

The novel develops around a love story.

會(huì)議圍繞第四季度的銷(xiāo)售任務(wù)進(jìn)行了熱烈的討論。

The meeting had a heated discussion on （around） the sales targets for the fourth quarter.

今后兩年我們要圍繞節(jié)能減排做一篇大文章。

We will implement ambitious plans for energy conservation and emission reduction for the next couple of years.

警察正在圍繞這個(gè)事件展開(kāi)深入調(diào)查。

The police are conducting a thorough investigation into this incident.

小組成員要圍繞百姓利益開(kāi)展專(zhuān)題調(diào)研，加強(qiáng)民生監(jiān)督。

Members of the group need to conduct investigations focused on livelihood so that they can more effectively exercise oversight in the interest of people’s welfare.

緊緊圍繞高質(zhì)量發(fā)展這個(gè)首要任務(wù)，全力以赴抓項(xiàng)目、拓市場(chǎng)、穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)。

We will spare no efforts in improving project delivery， developing new market， and ensuring stable growth， all for the ultimate goal of high-quality development.

他率領(lǐng)一個(gè)科研小組圍繞“人工智能發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力”進(jìn)行研發(fā)。

He is leading a research team to investigate the potential of AI in driving productivity.

這些句子中的“圍繞”對(duì)象都是事件的主題或焦點(diǎn)。另外，“圍繞”也可以表示人與人之間的關(guān)系：

回到家鄉(xiāng)，和家人圍繞在一起，感到非常治愈。

It was such a heart-warming experience to be back home and spend time with my family.

他從小生活在一個(gè)大家庭里，被濃濃的親情圍繞著。

He was bathed in love growing up in a big family.

退休的他很寂寞，沒(méi)有文件看，沒(méi)有會(huì)議開(kāi)，也沒(méi)有人圍繞在身邊。

He feels lonely as he begins his retired life， with no files to read， no meetings to attend， and no one around him.

4. 激發(fā)

《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞典》第7版關(guān)于“激發(fā)”的解釋是：刺激使奮發(fā)。與之比較對(duì)應(yīng)的英文動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是stimulate，或者inspire?？梢耘c“激發(fā)”搭配使用的名詞很多，但總體上來(lái)看，可以從過(guò)程或者結(jié)果的角度去理解。先看看以動(dòng)作或過(guò)程為主的例句：

人工智能的發(fā)展，激發(fā)了人們對(duì)人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展的極大想象力。

AI has greatly ignited people’s imagination of future societies.

校長(zhǎng)的話(huà)不多，但說(shuō)得有力，卻大大激發(fā)了學(xué)生們的學(xué)習(xí)熱情。

The principal didn’t say much， but his words were powerful and greatly inspired the students’ passion for learning.

第一階段研究順利完成，激發(fā)了團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)提前完成任務(wù)的信心。

The first phase of research was a success， which has boosted the team’s confidence in completing the project ahead of schedule.

要激發(fā)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體活力，持續(xù)提振市場(chǎng)信心。

Continuous efforts need to be made to stimulate business vibrancy and enhance market confidence.

向海圖強(qiáng)，激發(fā)藍(lán)色經(jīng)濟(jì)新動(dòng)能。

We will take actions to explore maritime resources and create a blue economy as a new driver to development.

這幾句的結(jié)構(gòu)都與“激發(fā)”的動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)應(yīng)，表述了一個(gè)動(dòng)作過(guò)程，但具體的選詞根據(jù)不同的語(yǔ)境有所變化。再看看下面幾個(gè)例句：

全心投入自己喜歡做的事情中，可以激發(fā)難以想象的潛能。

Pouring your heart into your passions will bring out your potential in unexpected ways.

困難的時(shí)候，暴露了人性的弱點(diǎn)，也激發(fā)了人們的美德。

Tough times bring out the worst and the best in human beings.

他的行為極大地激發(fā)了公眾的憤慨。

What he did has angered the public immensely.

這幾個(gè)例句中，雖然也是verb + object的動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)，但表述的不是動(dòng)作過(guò)程，而是直接描述“激發(fā)”造成的結(jié)果。

再看看下面幾句：

用這些顛覆性的思維模式能夠激發(fā)我們的創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新思維。

We will be more creative and innovative in our thinking if we choose to think out of the box.

很多人這本書(shū)第一章還沒(méi)看完，感情就激發(fā)出來(lái)了。

Many people got excited about the book before they had even finished the first chapter.

飛人博爾特的表現(xiàn)激發(fā)了他一腔熱血，但現(xiàn)實(shí)又是很殘酷的。

He felt a surge of ambition as he watched Usain Bolt’s great performance， but reality proved that was too high a bar to reach.

新政策出臺(tái)，激發(fā)了大學(xué)畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)積極性。

With the new policy in place， there is now a greater enthusiasm among college graduates for innovation and entrepreneurship.

這幾句的處理方式與上面又有不同，是通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)形式表示“激發(fā)”的因果關(guān)系，沒(méi)有采用對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)然，這只是為了表明采用其他翻譯方式的可能性，并不是說(shuō)這種情況下一定不能使用動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)。

* 美國(guó)明德大學(xué)蒙特雷國(guó)際研究學(xué)院高級(jí)翻譯學(xué)院教授，本刊顧問(wèn)。