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閱讀理解段落大意題型解析

2024-08-29 00:00趙珊珊
初中生學習指導·中考版 2024年5期

理解語篇的主旨大意是英語閱讀理解考查的內(nèi)容之一。從考查的題型類別看,理解主旨的題目一般可分為兩類:段落大意題和全文大意題。段落大意題針對語篇的某段或者某幾段的主要內(nèi)容進行提問,下面結(jié)合模擬真題,分析段落大意題型的解題方法和思路。

一、段落大意題型常見的設(shè)問方式

1. What does the first / last paragraph mainly tell us?

2. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

3. The second paragraph is mainly about __________.

二、段落大意題型解題方法和思路

1. 分析段落,尋找主題句

(1)主題句的特點

段落大意即某一段的中心思想,通常中心思想會體現(xiàn)在段落的主題句中。主題句的特點鮮明,具有概括性強、統(tǒng)領(lǐng)程度高的特點,段落中其他句子均用來解釋、支撐或擴展主題句所表達的主題思想。

a. 主題句在段落中通常會與起過渡作用的詞匯,如 however, but, and, also, for example, in conclusion, on the contrary等,或某些標點符號,如“;”“—”相關(guān)聯(lián)。

例1:For most of us, it’s difficult to find out what kinds of food or drinks are the best to eat. There are too many kinds of food or drinks around us, like hamburgers, chips, rice and juice. However, there are four kinds of food or drinks that you should try to eat everyday.

例2:Have you ever bought diet drinks such as Genki Forest because it’s advertised as “sugar?free”? Actually, diet drinks aren’t quite as healthy as you might drink.

b. 主題句形式可能采用強調(diào)句型(It is... that...);賓語從句(show that / conclude that...)等形式。

例:It is reported that FOMO is a serious problem, which can make you feel upset, lonely and bored. And you will be easily controlled by these feelings.

(2)主題句的位置

a.開門見山與藏頭露尾

主題句通常與段落結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)聯(lián),如段落結(jié)構(gòu)為“總—分”或“分—總”,主題句就會出現(xiàn)在“段首”或“段尾”。

b.藏龍臥虎

主題句也有出現(xiàn)在“段中”的情況,通常段落中前后內(nèi)容都是具體說明、解釋主題句的內(nèi)容,“細節(jié)—主題—細節(jié)”。

2. 分析段落,總結(jié)段落大意

有時在一段文章中主題句也會隱含在全段當中,因此沒有明確的主題句,需要根據(jù)段落細節(jié)內(nèi)容來分析、概括、推導出段落主題。

突破方法是:關(guān)注高頻詞,明確段落中各句內(nèi)容以及它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系,尋找共同點,然后加以歸納形成段落主題,進而總結(jié)出段落大意。

3. 真題演練

以2023年北京海淀區(qū)初三閱讀理解模擬題第30題為例,讓我們一起來應(yīng)用以上方法實戰(zhàn)演練段落大意題型。

When you tell the truth, you think of what you want to say and just say it. However, lying takes much more work—you have to come up with a story and remember it. A lot of that work is done in a brain area called the prefrontal cortex (前額葉皮層). It’s responsible for working memory and executive function (執(zhí)行功能) tasks such as planning, problem?solving and self?control. Working memory keeps things in mind just for a little while as you’re using them. Executive function comes into play when you use self?control to keep from blurting out (脫口而出) the facts that would uncover your lie. It helps you recall all the details of a lie to make sure that it sounds believable. It also lets you think a step or two ahead to make sure the lie you’re telling will likely hold up to questioning.

30. The paragraph is mainly about __________.

A. why self?control benefits the brain

B. what social influences lying can bring

C. how the brain works when people lie

D. when executive function comes into play

【解題思路】

本文主要介紹說謊是大腦的運作活動及其運作過程,分析了說謊的影響和代價。

分析此段可以發(fā)現(xiàn)第二句“However, lying takes much more work — you have to come up with a story and remember it.”(然而,撒謊需要做更多的工作——你必須想出一個故事并記住它)是主題句。段落中后面的內(nèi)容都是對于大腦在說謊時候是如何工作的這一內(nèi)容進行解釋說明。如說明大腦中前額葉皮層區(qū)域負責工作記憶和執(zhí)行計劃、解決問題、自我控制的任務(wù),這些可以避免脫口而出造成的謊言揭露,也幫助人們回憶謊言細節(jié),或者提前思考確保謊言經(jīng)得起推敲。

因此,本段的段落大意是介紹說明當人們說謊時,大腦是如何工作的。選項C符合表達內(nèi)容。

4. 小結(jié)

解答段落主旨大意題型,需要從段落內(nèi)容入手,分析段落結(jié)構(gòu)、推敲段落中句與句之間的關(guān)系,借助高頻詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞、標點符號、特殊句型等內(nèi)容尋找主題句或提取主題句,進而總結(jié)歸納段落大意。在平時的學習中,同學們要加強這些能力的訓練,以便在考試中做到游刃有余。

(作者單位:沈陽市渾南區(qū)第一初級中學)