理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度的題型是高考英語閱讀理解題中難度較高的題型。它考查考生根據(jù)所讀語篇的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理判斷和推理的能力。
它能反映出考生對(duì)文章深層內(nèi)容的理解能力。筆者結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)踐,總結(jié)歸納了觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類閱讀理解題的三種解題技巧:信息捕捉法、文體辨識(shí)法 、主題推斷法。
一、命題方式
此類考題常??疾樽髡邔?duì)于全文所述內(nèi)容或者文章中某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的看法、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度;也考查文中人物對(duì)于所述事(物)件的看法、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。常見命題方式如下:
(1)What’s the author’s attitude?
(2)What tone(語氣)does the writer express?
(3)What does the author mean by saying“ … ”?
(4)What is the opinion of the writer in this pas-sage?
(5)What does the author suggest/ imply(暗示)inthe 2nd paragraph?
二、解題技巧
(一)信息捕捉法
在閱讀語篇時(shí),教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注文本細(xì)節(jié)、捕捉作者(或文中人物)在字里行間滲透真實(shí)意圖和情感的信息,特別留意語段中描寫環(huán)境、氣氛、心情的語言以及表達(dá)情緒、感情、態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)的詞語(尤其是動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、連接詞),研讀并揣摩此類詞語所描述創(chuàng)設(shè)的褒貶語境,對(duì)文章字面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘,以此來領(lǐng)悟文章的言外之意、弦外之音,準(zhǔn)確理解文中所呈現(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。
【例1】
We spent about two hours in Nancy, then sailed onthe Canal de la Marne au Rhine. Kind of a lazy day, eat-ing breakfast, lunch, and dinner...
It was pleasant to sit out on deck(甲 板)andwatch the scenery go by at about 3 mph.Today wesailed from Schneckenbush to Saverne. We wentthrough two caves, an extremely unusual part of thejourney...
79. What does the author think of the tour?
A. Tiring. B. Expensive.
C. Enjoyable. D. Quick.
【解題思路】本題答案選C項(xiàng)。通讀全文,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注文中的形容詞(黑體畫線的)lazy(慵懶的)、pleasant (愉悅的)、extremely unusual (非同尋常的),結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可以推測(cè),作者認(rèn)為旅程是愉快的,選項(xiàng)C. Enjoyable正確。根據(jù)文中描述,watch the scen-ery go by at about 3 mph(船速每小時(shí)3英里),可知D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。A、B選項(xiàng)都與文章內(nèi)容不符。
此外,在英語教學(xué)中,教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生特別關(guān)注詞匯的一詞多性、一詞多義、熟詞新義、原義及引申義以及英語中具有隱含意義的特殊表達(dá)、句式和語氣等。研讀下列示例2、3的句子,請(qǐng)說出每句所要表達(dá)的真實(shí)語意、言外之意。
【例2】
“ … Lots of people think I’m just a green kid. I’llshow them.”
What tone(語氣)does the boy show by saying so?
A. Proud. B. Threatening.
C. Complex. D.Afraid.
【解題思路】green本義為“綠色的”,引申義為“不成熟的、稚嫩的”,句中“a green kid”可意為“毛孩子”。結(jié)合上下文,可推測(cè)出“ I’ll show them”有兩層言外之意:① 許多人認(rèn)為我只是個(gè)毛孩子,我要給人們做個(gè)樣子看看(秀一秀),顯示出很自信;②許多人認(rèn)為我只是個(gè)小屁孩兒,我要給他們點(diǎn)顏色看看,表示不服氣,有威脅之意。所以,綜合四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義,本題答案選B. threatening(威脅的口氣)。
【例3】
(1)How I wish I had passed the driving test.(虛擬語氣:說明“我”沒有通過駕駛測(cè)試。)
(2)I can’t agree with you more. (否定詞與比較級(jí)連用,最高級(jí)的表達(dá)方式:我完全贊同。)
(3)Isn’t that wonderful if we get there by air?(反問句:我們坐飛機(jī)去難道不好嗎?)
(4)Why not try again?(一種建議方式:為什么不再試試呢?)
(5)Who knows?(誰知道呢?言外之意:誰也不知道。)
從以上兩組示例可以看出,想要正確把握文中呈現(xiàn)的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度和真實(shí)意圖,須在原文中找出相關(guān)信息,在理解其字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合上下文語境、已有認(rèn)知和常識(shí)作出合理的推理判斷。在英語教學(xué)中,教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生及時(shí)總結(jié)和積累英語中具有特殊含義的句式和語氣,領(lǐng)悟每句所要表達(dá)的真實(shí)語意、弦外之音。
(二)文體辨識(shí)法
文章體裁通常包括記敘文、說明文、議論文等,不同體裁的文章會(huì)有相對(duì)應(yīng)的文體特征。例如,說明文:或向讀者介紹科技產(chǎn)品,或報(bào)告調(diào)查研究結(jié)果,或者描述社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和文化生活;說明文通??陀^如實(shí)地進(jìn)行解釋、闡述,使讀者對(duì)某一問題或現(xiàn)象有更加清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解。議論文:論點(diǎn)明確、觀點(diǎn)鮮明;無論是立論文(直接表明自己的觀點(diǎn))還是駁論文(通過反駁別人的觀點(diǎn)來確立自己的觀點(diǎn)),作者寫作的意圖都是通過擺事實(shí)、講道理、辨是非等方法,來闡述某一觀點(diǎn)或主張,使讀者能夠接受并認(rèn)同作者的觀點(diǎn)。記敘文:雖然不直接提出觀點(diǎn),但作者往往帶有主觀情感色彩,通過細(xì)致生動(dòng)的場(chǎng)景、動(dòng)作、心理等描寫傳達(dá)信息,引發(fā)讀者的共鳴。
因此,在閱讀教學(xué)中,教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注體裁特點(diǎn),掌握不同體裁文章的閱讀方法。在閱讀語篇時(shí),學(xué)生須快速瀏覽全文,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注文章首尾段、段首句等信息,以便辨別文章體裁,利用文體特征進(jìn)行推理判斷;細(xì)心捕捉反映行文基調(diào)、表達(dá)或暗示作者情感態(tài)度的詞或短語。
【例4】2023年全國(guó)乙卷 C篇
What comes into your mind when you think ofBritish food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday din-ner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food real-ly so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputa-tion for less- than- impressive cuisine, it is producingmore top class chefs who appear frequently on our tele-vision screens and whose recipe books frequently topthe best seller lists.
…
According to a new study from market analysts, 1in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes onTV has encouraged them to try different food.
…
28. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain.
B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.
D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programmes onBritish TV?
A.Authoritative. B. Creative.
C. Profitable. D. Influential.
【解題思路】該語篇是說明文,作者旨在告知讀者:英國(guó)的烹飪類電視節(jié)目讓更多英國(guó)人改變飲食習(xí)慣并愛上烹飪。第28題問“人們平常是如何看待(評(píng)價(jià))英國(guó)的食物?”根據(jù)文中 fish and chips, or a Sun-day dinner of meat and two vegetables、uninteresting、has a reputation for less-than-impressive等關(guān)鍵信息可推斷出,英國(guó)人的飲食單調(diào)而且普通,所以28題選A項(xiàng)。 縱觀全文,聯(lián)系主旨,第二、三段首句都說明“烹飪類節(jié)目對(duì)英國(guó)人改變飲食習(xí)慣”的影響力,故29題選D項(xiàng)。
【例5】[2013年北京卷,C篇 節(jié)選]
Does Fame Drive You Crazy?
Although being famous might sound like a dreamcome true, today’s star, feeling like zoo animals, facepressures that few of us can imagine. They are at thecenter of much of the world’s attention. Paparazzi(狗仔隊(duì))camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tab-loids(小報(bào))publish thrilling stories about their person-al lives ...
Being a public figure today, however, is a lot moredifficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot moveabout without worrying about photographers with mod-ern cameras ...
If fame is so troublesome(棘手的), why aren’t allcelebrities(名人)running away from it? The answer isthere are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calmby surrounding themselves with trusted friends and fam-ily or by escaping to remote places away from big cit-ies ...
66. What is the author’s attitude toward modern ce-lebrity?
A. Indifferent. B. Skeptical.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
【解題思路】此文體裁是議論文。作者對(duì)于明星的境遇有鮮明的觀點(diǎn),在文章的首尾段、中間段、字里行間等文章細(xì)節(jié)中都有體現(xiàn):從首段作者談到狗仔隊(duì)蹲守、伺機(jī)拍攝、小報(bào)散布其私生活信息等對(duì)于明星生活的影響,第二段“當(dāng)下作為一個(gè)公眾人物要比以前更困難”,第三段“名聲如此麻煩”等,結(jié)合首段feel-ing like zoo animals;face pressures that few of us canimagine信息,讀者可推斷:作者對(duì)現(xiàn)代名人滿懷“同情”的態(tài)度是不言而喻的。所以選D項(xiàng)。
(三)主題推斷法
任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的。文章中心句往往會(huì)暗示作者的態(tài)度。所以,教師可指導(dǎo)學(xué)生結(jié)合文章主題進(jìn)行推理判斷,圍繞文章主題去解讀作者的寫作意圖、真實(shí)的情感、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。
【例6】(2017年全國(guó)III, C篇 第一段和最后一段)
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were rein-troduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolveswere caught in Canada and transported to the park. Bylast year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown tomore than 170 wolves.
…
The government spent nearly 30 years coming upwith a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S.Fish andWildlife Service carefully monitors and manages thewolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continuesover how well the gray wolf is fitting in(適應(yīng))at Yel-lowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down,while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable exper-iment to help biologists decide whether to reintroducewolves to other parts of the country as well.
11.What is the author’s attitude towards the Yel-lowstone wolf project?
A.Doubtful. B.Positive.
C.Disapproving. D.Uncaring.
【解題思路】本文是一篇說明文(體裁),文章首段首句(下劃線)就揭示文章主旨:在爭(zhēng)議了幾年之后,黃石國(guó)家公園重新引入灰狼??v觀全文,作者客觀地分析灰狼重返公園的原因,報(bào)道這一舉措帶來的成效;在文章的末段末句,作者重申主題并闡述了重新引入灰狼后,黃石公園生態(tài)得到平衡和改善。所以在文章末段,作者用了“The Yellowstone wolf project hasbeen a valuable experiment a valuable experiment”來說明這項(xiàng)工程很有價(jià)值,因此其態(tài)度應(yīng)當(dāng)是積極肯定的,答案選B項(xiàng)。
綜上所述,本文通過示例歸納總結(jié)了觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類閱讀理解題的解題技巧,旨在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生捕捉有效信息、掌握語篇文體特征、理解文章主旨,最終領(lǐng)悟文章的言外之意,從而提高解答觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類閱讀理解題的正確率。
(作者單位:內(nèi)蒙古巴彥淖爾市第一中學(xué))