Nowadays， there are so many detectives（偵探） in fiction that detective stories are considered their own genre（類別）. Where did this genre come from？ Most people think detective stories were created by US writer Edgar Allan Poe（埃德加·愛倫·坡）. His detective was named C. Auguste Dupin， and first appeared in 1841.

In Poe’s stories， Dupin is born into a rich French family. He is skilled at guessing the thoughts of others by noticing the smallest details. He also has a good friend who tells his stories and explains certain details to readers.

Does that sound familiar？ Arthur Conan Doyle used Poe’s style as a blueprint for Sherlock Holmes and John Watson. He was influenced by Poe. Doyle once said， “Each of Poe’s detective stories is a root from which a whole literature（文學） has developed.”

But Dupin’s way of solving cases is different. He enters the mind of the criminal and then tries to think the same way as the criminal. By knowing everything that a criminal knows， he can solve any crime. Take The Purloined Letter as an example， which is about finding a letter that is hidden by a minister（大臣）. Dupin places himself in the mind of the minister and realizes that the minister would have hidden the letter in the most obvious place.

Another thing Dupin is famous for is that he sometimes solves cases and helps people without getting paid. For example， in one story， Dupin helps a man for free who is charged for a crime he hasn’t done. Perhaps this is one of the reasons he is such a popular character.

1. Who created detective fiction？

2. Why has Dupin become a famous character？

不久前，教育部門發(fā)布通知，明確校園暴力與學生欺凌防范治理的具體要求。假設你是學生會主席孫華，你打算寫一封倡議書呼吁全校師生增強意識并實施有效策略防止霸凌。倡議書要點如下：說明倡議原因，提出有效策略，對全體學生呼吁。

Dear teachers and students，

Bully is a serious problem that can have terrible effects on children and teenagers. You should work together to prevent bully at school.

倡議書開頭的對象有誤。從學生會角度，我們需要說“we should”。

We can’t hit others or give other nicknames. These will make us uncomfortable. We can build up a culture of a safe and supportive environment. Second， we can take some courses to learn the importance of standing up against bully. Third， school should not only make rules to protect every student， but also make rules to punish the bullies. We encourage students to speak up and report bullying.

在句式上，正文部分比較單一，可以優(yōu)化和豐富句式。

在內(nèi)容上，倡議書提出的策略操作性不強，一定程度上脫離實際，可以結(jié)合學生實際提出相應的策略。

If we take action to ensure the happiness of our children and teenagers， we can make a big difference in the future.

The Students’ Union

尾段的倡議可以在情感上再強烈一些。

Dear students，

It’s acknowledged that bully at school is a serious problem. We are here to appeal everyone to work together against bully.

Bully has common behaviors， such as hitting， saying or writing bad things， giving others nicknames. Being bullied will make us feel sick and lose confidence.

We should take action to prevent bully right now. If you are in the situation， don’t be afraid. First， talk to your parents or teachers about it. Second， ask your friends to stand up for you. If your friends are bullied， you should also stand up for them. We can also take some courses to know the importance of standing up against bullying.

Every effort counts. It is only through group efforts that we can prevent bully and ensure the happiness of our children and teenagers.

The Students’ Union

倡議書屬于應用文，一般首段應表明提出倡議的原因并正式提出倡議，中間段具體陳述措施、建議等，尾段總結(jié)或號召大家行動。升格文從結(jié)構(gòu)上來看更加清晰有層次。小作者對霸凌的現(xiàn)象和感受描述中肯，內(nèi)容具體，容易引起共鳴。此外，小作者提出的策略貼近學生實際，可操作性較強。